Influence of Wind Turbine Structural Parameters on Wind Shear and Tower Shadow Effect

To overcome the problems of natural decreases in power quality,and to eliminate wind speed fluctuation due to wind shear and tower shadow effect arising from wind turbine structural parameters,an improved prediction model accounting for the dual effect of wind shear and tower shadow is,in this paper,built.Compared to the conventional prediction model,the proposed model contains a new constraint condition,which makes the disturbance term caused by the tower shadow effect always negative so that the prediction result is closer to the actual situation.Furthermore,wind turbine structural parameters such as hub height,rotor diameter,the diameter of the tower top,and rotor overhang on wind shear and tower shadow effect are also explored in detail.The results show that the wind shear effect became weaker with the increase in hub height.The hub height is independent of the tower shadow effect.The rotor diameter is positively correlated with the wind shear and tower shadow effect.The tower shadow effect is positively correlated with the diameter of the tower top and negatively correlated with the rotor overhang.

Fixed-length roof cutting with vertical hydraulic fracture based on the stress shadow effect:A case study

Pre-driven longwall retracement roadway(PLRR)is commonly used in large mine shaft.The support crushing disasters occur frequently during the retracement,and roof management is necessary.Taking the 31107 panel as research background,the roof breaking structure of PLRR is analyzed.It is concluded that the roof cutting with vertical hydraulic fracture(HF)at a specified position,that is,fixed-length roof cutting,can reduce support load and keep immediate roof intact.The extended finite element method(XFEM)is applied to simulate hydraulic fracturing.The results show that both the axial and transverse hydraulic fracturing cannot effectively create vertical HFs.Therefore,a novel construction method of vertical HF based on the stress shadow effect(SSE)is proposed.The stress reversal region and HF orientation caused by the prefabricated hydraulic fracture(PF)are verified in simulation.The sub-vertical HFs are obtained between two PFs,the vertical extension range of which is much larger than that of directional hydraulic fracturing.The new construction method was used to determine the field plan for fixed-length roof cutting.The roof formed a stable suspended structure and deformation of the main PLRR was improved after hydraulic fracturing.

Fluid-structure interaction simulation of dynamic response and wake of floating offshore wind turbine considering tower shadow effect

The comprehensive numerical simulation of the tower shadow effect on floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs),an area less explored compared to fixed-bottom wind turbines,is presented in this study.The atmospheric boundary layer inflow and the joint north sea wave project random wave are used as the operating conditions for FOWT.The combination of computational fluid dynamics(CFD)software simulator for wind farm applications and turbine simulation tool OpenFAST is used to implement fluid-structure interaction calculations.The output power,platform motion,wake velocity deficit and vortex structures are analyzed to reveal the influence of the tower shadow effect on the FOWT.The results indicate that due to the fluctuation caused by the turbulent wind and the floating platform motion,the tower shadow effect of FOWT is less significant for its periodic power decay than that of fixed-bottom wind turbines.And according to the velocity deficit analysis,the influence area of the tower shadow effect on the wake is mainly in the near wake region.

A shadow- eliminated vegetation index (SEVI) for removal of self and cast shadow effects on vegetation in rugged terrains

The effect of terrain shadow, including the self and cast shadows, is one ofthe main obstacles for accurate retrieval of vegetation parameters byremote sensing in rugged terrains. A shadow- eliminated vegetation index(SEVI) was developed, which was computed from only red and nearinfrared top-of-atmosphere reflectance without other heterogeneous dataand topographic correction. After introduction of the conceptual modeland feature analysis of conventional wavebands, the SEVI was constructedby ratio vegetation index (RVI), shadow vegetation index (SVI) andadjustment factor (f (Δ)). Then three methods were used to validate theSEVI accuracy in elimination of terrain shadow effects, including relativeerror analysis, correlation analysis between the cosine of solar incidenceangle (cosi) and vegetation indices, and comparison analysis between SEVIand conventional vegetation indices with topographic correction. Thevalidation results based on 532 samples showed that the SEVI relativeerrors for self and cast shadows were 4.32% and 1.51% respectively. Thecoefficient of determination between cosi and SEVI was only 0.032 and thecoefficient of variation (std/mean) for SEVI was 12.59%. The results indicatethat the proposed SEVI effectively eliminated the effect of terrain shadowsand achieved similar or better results than conventional vegetation indiceswith topographic correction.

Effect of chimney shadow on the performance of wind supercharged solar chimney power plants:A numerical case study for the Spanish prototype

Three-dimensional numerical simulations for a solar chimney power plant(SCPP)and wind supercharged solar chimney power plant(WSSCPP)based on the Spanish prototype using the solar ray-tracing algorithm were performed to study the shadow effect of the chimney.The area of the shadow region increases with an increase in the incident angle of the solar rays.A parametric study was performed by varying the incident angle from 0°to 30°.The temperature and velocity distributions at different incident angles were analyzed.In addition,we investigated the chimney shadow effect in several comprehensive SCPP systems.The findings show that the turbine shaft powers of the SCPP and WSSCPP were reduced by 22.4%and 13.7%,respectively,when the incident angle increased from 0°to 30°.In conclusion,it is important to consider the chimney shadow effect when estimating the performance in the design and cost analysis of SCPP systems.

Inhomogeneous Shadowing Effect in High-Energy p-A Drell-Yan Process:

Having studied the initial state energy loss versus nuclear shadowing for the Drell-Yan dimuon pairproduction in the color string model,the inhomogeneous shadowing effect is considered in this paper.We find thatthe inhomogeneous shadowing effect does amend the rate of energy loss per unit path length,-dE/dz.Finally,thetheoretical results for the Drell-Yan differential cross-section ratios are compared with the E772 and E866 data.It isfound that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

许氏平鲉幼鱼对人工鱼礁模型不同阴影情况的行为响应

阴影效应是影响人工鱼礁诱集效果的主要因素之一,为研究许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)对人工鱼礁不同阴影情况的行为响应,采用室内模拟实验方法,在实验水槽顶部固定光源,共设计3组实验:A组实验探究不同阴影面积的鱼礁模型对实验鱼的诱集效果;B组实验探究不放置鱼礁模型、悬挂不同开孔率顶板对实验鱼的诱集效果;C组实验探究阴影面积相同但开孔数量不同的鱼礁模型对实验鱼的诱集效果;对照组实验水槽中不放置鱼礁模型、不悬挂顶板。观察并记录许氏平鲉幼鱼(体长(5.06±0.09)cm,体质量(3.22±0.16)g)在水槽中的行为与分布特征。研究表明:3个实验组中许氏平鲉在鱼礁放置区域的出现率均显著高于对照组和其他区域;A组实验中,许氏平鲉在鱼礁放置区的平均出现率随着鱼礁阴影面积的增大而上升;B组实验中,许氏平鲉在顶板放置区的平均出现率显著高于对照组,但不同水平组之间差异不显著;C组实验中,开孔数为1时许氏平鲉在鱼礁放置区的平均出现率与开孔数为9时相近且高于开孔数为4和6时。研究结果表明,阴影面积越大的人工鱼礁对许氏平鲉的诱集效果越好,阴影面积相同时开孔数较多的人工鱼礁能够在提供良好庇护所的同时保证诱集效果。

Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic and Fluid−Structure Interaction of An NREL-5MW Wind Turbine

A 5-MW wind turbine has been modeled and analyzed for fluid-structure interaction and aerodynamic performance.In this study, a full-scale model of a 5-MW wind turbine is first developed based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach, in which the unsteady, noncompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) method is used. The main focus of the study is to analyze the tower shadow effect on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine under different inlet flow conditions. Subsequently, the finite element model is established by considering fluid/structure interactions to study the structural stress, displacement, strain distributions and flow field information of the structure under the uniform wind speed. Finally, the fluid-structure interaction model is established by considering turbulent wind and the tower shadow effect. The variation rules of the dynamic response of the one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI) models under different wind speeds are analyzed, and the numerical calculation results are compared with those of the centralized mass model. The results show that the tower shadow effect and structural deformation are the main factors affecting the aerodynamic load fluctuation of the wind turbine, which in turn affects the aerodynamic performance and structural stability of the blades. The structural dynamic response of the coupled model shows significant similarity, while the structural displacement response of the former exhibits less fluctuation compared with the conventional centralized mass model. The one-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI)model shows a higher frequency of stress-strain and displacement oscillations on the blade compared with the two-way FSI model.

Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

多级水力压裂应力阴影效应的数值分析

多级水力压裂作为储层改造的主要技术手段,广泛用于提高致密油气藏的气体产量。裂缝在扩展过程中的应力阴影效应对于有效连通储层的天然裂缝并形成有利于油、气体流动的复杂裂缝网络至关重要。本研究采用了自适应的有限元-离散元方法,通过改进网格自动细化和识别多个裂缝扩展模拟含天然裂缝储层的多级水力压裂。数值模型中考虑了水力裂缝、天然裂缝和微观孔隙结构的相互作用,整合了非线性的Carter滤失模型来描述多级压裂过程中压裂液的滤失效应。引入了理想平行板流的支撑剂运输方程,并采用了达西定律来分析裂缝网络中的流体渗透效应。通过比较无裂缝均质模型和天然裂缝模型的裂缝网络和流体流动,评估了天然裂缝对多级压裂裂缝行为和气体产量的影响。研究为确定和优化致密气藏中压裂簇间距提供了一种新的方法。

资管新规抑制影子银行规模扩张的政策效应

抑制影子银行扩张和金融“脱实向虚”,引导资金流向实体是我国金融监管的重要工作。选取2013-2022年42家上市商业银行为样本,利用中介效应模型,选取商业银行资本充足率作为中介变量,验证资管新规出台产生的政策效应可通过影响商业银行的资本充足率,进而抑制其影子银行业务规模扩张。进一步研究发现,就商业银行类型而言,资管新规产生的政策效应对国有商业银行和城市商业银行的抑制效果较为显著。对商业银行提出加强影子银行业务得监管以及完善内部控制体系等政策建议。

塔影效应对平均风速和湍流强度影响的外场试验研究

风场的准确测量在风工程中意义重大。测风塔是最常用的风场观测平台,而塔影效应是测风精度评估中需主要考虑的因素。基于我国3个不同区域测风塔1年的外场数据,研究了塔影效应对平均风速、湍流强度的影响,通过塔影效应影响因子(Tower Distortion Factor,TDF)和离散因子(Scatter Factor,SCF)量化分析了塔影效应的平均值和离散度。结果表明:塔体对下游气流影响明显,塔影效应可使平均风速降低15.5%、湍流强度增大26.1%;塔体对上游气流的阻挡效应弱于塔影效应,可使平均风速降低2.2%、湍流强度增大0.4%。塔影效应与平均风速、湍流强度的关系为负相关,相关系数为–0.864,线性拟合的斜率为–0.443。塔影效应对湍流强度的影响更显著,是对平均风速影响的2.257倍。在平均值上,平均风速TDF、湍流强度TDF的分布范围分别为0.0141~0.0314、0.0214~0.0385,塔影效应对平均风速和平均湍流强度影响的贡献分别为34.6%、49.0%;在离散度上,平均风速SCF、湍流强度SCF的分布范围分别为0.0179~0.0240、0.0648~0.0845,塔影效应对平均风速和平均湍流强度影响的贡献分别为10.5%、10.8%。塔影效应对平均湍流强度的影响高于对平均风速的影响,对二者离散程度造成的影响接近。

城市隧道入口上跨斜交阴影效应对驾驶人眼动影响

文中在武汉黄龙山隧道开展实车试验,以驾驶人注视持续时间和频率、扫视持续时间和频率为指标,分析普通路段、桥下阴影段、以及隧道入口段的变化规律,并构建驾驶负荷评价模型,对隧道入口区域进行评价.结果表明:驾驶人在桥下阴影段的注视、扫视持续时间总体较普通路段高,但较隧道入口段低,而注视、扫视频率呈相反变化趋势;当隧道入口区域前存在阴影效应时,视觉指标离散度增大,初次阴影效应会使驾驶人视觉指标短时发生较大变化,连续阴影效应会使驾驶人眼动行为逐渐趋于不良状态,在隧道入口段黑洞效应的出现会导致视觉指标突变,阴影效应和黑洞效应会显著提高驾驶负荷.

大型海上测风塔塔影效应的数值模拟研究

海上测风塔塔架尺寸大、结构宽、塔影效应明显,会造成海上测风误差与风电场发电量计算偏差。然而,由于缺乏海上测风数据,目前对于大型海上测风塔塔影效应的研究较少。针对该问题,本研究采用计算流体力学方法研究海上测风塔的塔影效应。研究结果表明:在测风装置放置位置方面,不同方向测风点处风速与入流风速的差值有很大不同,外伸距离越小,速度衰减越快。在测风塔不同结构影响方面,对比测风塔内部结构的塔影效应,在各测风点位处横材的影响均大于斜材。在塔影效应规律方面,对比不同高度测风塔塔段,塔影效应均在外伸长度4m处后逐渐稳定,且塔影效应随外伸长度的变化规律符合指数衰减规律。研究结果对海上测风塔的结构设计及测风数据修订具有指导意义。

塔影效应下风轮仰角对风力机气动特性的影响

考虑风力机塔影效应的影响,针对风轮仰角导致风力机气动特性更为复杂的问题,文章对不同仰角水平轴风力机流场进行了数值模拟,分析了风力机叶片截面压力分布、涡量以及塔筒表面压力随相位角的变化规律,探究了风轮仰角对风力机输出功率的影响。结果表明:增大风轮仰角会降低叶片表面压力,减小叶尖部分压差,使得叶片表面高涡量区域减小;添加风轮仰角会使叶片对塔筒影响减小,塔筒表面高涡量区域随着风轮仰角的增大逐渐减小,降低塔筒表面压力波动。当叶片经过塔筒时,塔影效应对风力机影响较大,风力机输出功率降低;当叶片竖直向上时,风力机输出功率达到最大。为风力机添加仰角后,随着风轮仰角的增大,风力机的输出功率与输出功率波动均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;风力机输出功率在风轮仰角为3°时最大,输出功率波动在风轮仰角为6°时最小。

New correction method for controlled-source electromagnetics source effects

A novel method for source effect correction based on integral equation method is proposed.By taking the electrical horizontal field Ex of current source as an example,the correction method is validated using both simulated data and field data.The results show that the correction method is feasible and effective for isotropic media.When the field data are processed,the correction method normalizes the sources with different geological structures,which eliminates the geological difference among sources,and retains the geological difference among receivers.The correction results are in line with the expectation in whole.

风资源精细化测量评估-测风塔塔影效应分析

在风电项目开发中,塔影效应分析至关重要。选用实际风电场测风塔10 min实测风数据,根据风电行业风资源评估标准及国际IEC对于风资源数据评估的要求,借助Windographer软件对同一座测风塔同一高度不同风速仪安装朝向所测风数据进行处理分析。首先对比2个风速仪不同朝向的风速相关性,然后利用标准及软件对塔影效应的风向进行处理,得到风速仪拟合后不受塔影效应影响的风速结果,将其与该风塔塔影效应影响的风速对比,即得塔影效应对风速影响的程度。

运行参数变化时双馈风电机组振荡机理及特性研究

为研究风力机功率在风电机组中传播、变换时与风电机组各环节的耦合关系及机组输出功率振荡特性,以双馈风电机组为例,首先计及塔影效应和风剪切、风速大小,推导各子系统的能量函数;考虑机组阻尼及风速变化,分析各子系统能量变化及机组输出功率的振荡特性;最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC上建模仿真,通过能量变化深入分析风力机功率在机组内传播机理及功率振荡特性。仿真结果表明:含低频振荡分量的风力机功率通过负阻尼双馈风电机组时,与机组的次同步振荡耦合,风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统输出能量大幅增加,机组输出功率中既有低频振荡也有次同步振荡,它们随机组阻尼和风速变化而变化;风速变化时双馈风电机组消耗的能量主要由风力机子系统决定。

市政广场灯光环境设计思路研究

结合实际案例,探讨了市政广场灯光环境的设计思路,旨在通过科学规划与布局、照度计算与调整等方法,展现灯光环境的多样性、互动性及具象化特征;详细阐述了灯光环境在市政广场中的语言表现,如焦点与角度的选择、层次与流变的处理,以及空间与感知的塑造;提出了市政广场灯光环境设计策略,即绿色可持续发展、光影效果的艺术运用、节能环保及智能化管理。结果表明:科学合理的灯光环境设计能够提升市政广场的夜间景观质量,增强市民与游客的参与感和体验度,促进城市可持续发展。

“父亲”还是“母亲”:谁在影响孩子参与影子教育?——兼论家庭教育时间投入中的父母责任

基于中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)数据,探讨父母教育时间投入和孩子影子教育参与、支出之间的关系。结果发现,父亲的家庭教育时间投入替代了孩子影子教育参与,母亲的家庭教育时间投入强化了孩子影子教育参与;父亲教育时间投入每提高一个单位,孩子影子教育支出减少111.77元,母亲教育时间投入每提高一个单位(1小时),孩子影子教育支出提高104.54元;父亲的家庭教育时间投入对孩子影子教育参与的影响在不同父亲职业等级家庭间存在异质性,母亲的家庭教育时间投入对孩子影子教育参与和支出的影响在不同社会经济地位家庭间不存在异质性。建议完善家庭教育责任相关细则,构建父母共同参与的家庭教育支持体系;营造良好舆论氛围,加强宣传父亲有效参与家庭教育的积极作用;持续推进家校社协同,从实践层面提升父亲教育能力和水平。