Surface and subsurface oil shale (OS) rocks in Jordan have potential economic value for the country and still unutilized. This research paper focuses on central and southern OS deposits in Jordan. Brief characterizati...Surface and subsurface oil shale (OS) rocks in Jordan have potential economic value for the country and still unutilized. This research paper focuses on central and southern OS deposits in Jordan. Brief characterization of four OS deposits is presented. Size distribution test and elemental analysis were performed. Shale oil was extracted via three solvation methods: Soxhlet extraction, extraction via mixing and stirring, and lastly super-critical fluid extraction. Major shale oil fractions were obtained from extract fractionation on chromatographic column. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique was used to study qualitatively the fractional composition of OS extract. Results show that all studied OS deposits have quite similar trend in their particle size distribution and their elemental composition. These OS deposits are found to be varying in their solvation behavior, fractional yield, and shale oil composition. Highest yield is obtained from polar solvents. The OS extraction via solvation processes is promising under certain extraction conditions such as super-critical conditions. The solvation variability of Jordanian OS indicates that different extraction techniques suit different OS deposits. Such variability should be considered in any future extraction options.展开更多
Bioleaching of oil shale by Bacillus mucilaginosus was carried out in a reaction column for 13 d. The pH value of the leaching liquor decreased steadily from 7.5 to 5.5 and the free silicon dioxide concentration reach...Bioleaching of oil shale by Bacillus mucilaginosus was carried out in a reaction column for 13 d. The pH value of the leaching liquor decreased steadily from 7.5 to 5.5 and the free silicon dioxide concentration reached approximately 200 mg/L in it. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） observations revealed that a mass of small particles separated from the matrix of oil shale. Energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS） analysis implied that the total content of Si,O, A1 was decreased in the particle area of the matrix. These facts indicate that the silicate was removed, leading to the structural transformation of oil shale. Comparison of the shale oil yields before and after bioleaching illustrated that approximately 10% extra shale oil was obtained. This finding suggests that the demineralisation of the oil shale by silicate bacteria improves shale oil yield.展开更多
The oil yield of oil shale was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectrometry coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction. The extraction conditions, including the amount of sample, extraction time and e...The oil yield of oil shale was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectrometry coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction. The extraction conditions, including the amount of sample, extraction time and extrac- tion temperature, were examined and optimized. Twenty-four oil shale samples were collected and divided into calibration set and prediction set randomly with a ratio of 2：1. The oil yields of all the samples were determined by the routine method（low-temperature retorting） for reference. The linear regression（LR） equations of oil yield vs. the total area of the spectrum peaks in a wavenumber range of 3100--2800 cm-1 as well as the sum of absorbance of three absorption peaks（2855, 2927 and 2955 cm-l）, and the multiple linear regression（MLR） model of oil yield vs. the absorbances of the three absorption peaks were constructed with the samples in calibration set and applied to the evaluation of the oil yields of the samples in prediction set, respectively. The results show that the MLR model provides more accurate predictions than the other LR two equations. The determination coefficient（P2p ）, the root- mean-square error of prediction（RMSEP） and the residual prediction deviation（RPD） of the MLR model are 0.9616, 0.6458 and 3.6, respectively. The present method is a rapid and effective alternative to the routine low-temperature retorting method.展开更多
文摘Surface and subsurface oil shale (OS) rocks in Jordan have potential economic value for the country and still unutilized. This research paper focuses on central and southern OS deposits in Jordan. Brief characterization of four OS deposits is presented. Size distribution test and elemental analysis were performed. Shale oil was extracted via three solvation methods: Soxhlet extraction, extraction via mixing and stirring, and lastly super-critical fluid extraction. Major shale oil fractions were obtained from extract fractionation on chromatographic column. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique was used to study qualitatively the fractional composition of OS extract. Results show that all studied OS deposits have quite similar trend in their particle size distribution and their elemental composition. These OS deposits are found to be varying in their solvation behavior, fractional yield, and shale oil composition. Highest yield is obtained from polar solvents. The OS extraction via solvation processes is promising under certain extraction conditions such as super-critical conditions. The solvation variability of Jordanian OS indicates that different extraction techniques suit different OS deposits. Such variability should be considered in any future extraction options.
文摘Bioleaching of oil shale by Bacillus mucilaginosus was carried out in a reaction column for 13 d. The pH value of the leaching liquor decreased steadily from 7.5 to 5.5 and the free silicon dioxide concentration reached approximately 200 mg/L in it. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） observations revealed that a mass of small particles separated from the matrix of oil shale. Energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS） analysis implied that the total content of Si,O, A1 was decreased in the particle area of the matrix. These facts indicate that the silicate was removed, leading to the structural transformation of oil shale. Comparison of the shale oil yields before and after bioleaching illustrated that approximately 10% extra shale oil was obtained. This finding suggests that the demineralisation of the oil shale by silicate bacteria improves shale oil yield.
基金the National Innovation Project of Production-Study-Research-Application of China（No.OSR-02-04）, the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China（No.20130061110068） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.21207047）.
文摘The oil yield of oil shale was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectrometry coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction. The extraction conditions, including the amount of sample, extraction time and extrac- tion temperature, were examined and optimized. Twenty-four oil shale samples were collected and divided into calibration set and prediction set randomly with a ratio of 2：1. The oil yields of all the samples were determined by the routine method（low-temperature retorting） for reference. The linear regression（LR） equations of oil yield vs. the total area of the spectrum peaks in a wavenumber range of 3100--2800 cm-1 as well as the sum of absorbance of three absorption peaks（2855, 2927 and 2955 cm-l）, and the multiple linear regression（MLR） model of oil yield vs. the absorbances of the three absorption peaks were constructed with the samples in calibration set and applied to the evaluation of the oil yields of the samples in prediction set, respectively. The results show that the MLR model provides more accurate predictions than the other LR two equations. The determination coefficient（P2p ）, the root- mean-square error of prediction（RMSEP） and the residual prediction deviation（RPD） of the MLR model are 0.9616, 0.6458 and 3.6, respectively. The present method is a rapid and effective alternative to the routine low-temperature retorting method.
