A Quantitative Method for Evaluating the Transporting Capacity of Oil-Source Faults in Shallow Formation of Oil-Rich Sags

Objective Oil-source faults have an important effect on reservoir formation and distribution in shallow formations with non- hydrocarbon generation in oil-rich fault-related basins （Jiang Youlu et al., 2015）. However, the fault transporting capacity cannot be evaluated quantitatively at present. Taking the Zhanhua Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin as an example, this work analyzed the factors influencing the transporting capacity of the oil-source faults and proposed a quantitative method for evaluating their transporting capacity.

Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The development, evolution and formation mechanism of faults and their control on the migration and accumulation of Mesozoic oil and gas in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of Mahu sag were studied by the interpretation of seismic and drilling data. Two types of faults, normal and strike-slip, are developed in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of the Mahu sag and they are mostly active in the Yanshanian period. They are divided into four grade faults: The grade I strike-slip faults with NWW to near EW direction are related to the left-lateral transpressive fault zones in the northwest of Junggar Basin since the end of the Triassic. The grade II faults with NE to NNE direction are the normal faults located at the junction of the fault zone and the slope zone, and their formation is related to the extension at the top of the nose-like structures in the fault zone. The grade III faults, which are also the normal faults, are the result of the extension at the top of the lower uplifts in the slope zone and differential compaction. The grade IV faults with NE direction are normal faults, which may be related to the extension environment at the tip of the lower uplifts. Faults not only are the channel for the vertical migration of oil and gas, but also control the oil-gas accumulation. There are two types of oil-gas reservoirs in the middle-shallow layers of slope zone of Mahu sag: fault block reservoirs and fault-lithologic reservoirs. They have large traps and promising exploration potential.

Study on Anti-Disturbance and High-Resolution Shallow Seismic Exploration of Active Faults in Urban Regions

The significance of detection of urban active faults and the general situation concerning detection of urban active faults in the world are briefly introduced. In a brief description of the basic principles of anti-disturbance and high-resolution shallow seismic exploration, the stress is put on the excitation of seismic sources, the performance of digital seismographs, receiving mode and conditions, geometry as well as data acquisition, processing and interpretation in the anti-disturbance and high-resolution shallow seismic exploration of urban active faults. The study indicates that a controlled seismic source with a linear or nonlinear frequency-conversion scanning function and the relevant seismographs must be used in data acquisition, as well as working methods for small group interval, small offset, multi-channel receiving, short-array and high-frequency detectors for receiving are used. Attention should be paid to the application of techniques for static correction of refraction, noise suppressing, high-precision analysis of velocity, wavelet compressing, zero-phasing of wavelet and pre-stacking migration to data processing and interpretation. Finally, some cases of anti-disturbance and high-resolution shallow seismic exploration of urban active faults are present in the paper.

Study on relationship between deep and shallow structures along north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan basin

Based on the results of surface geology, shallow and deep seismic survey, features of micro-earthquake activity along the north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan sub-basin and their relationship with the surface active faults and the deep-seated crustal structure are analyzed using the recordings from the high-resolution digital seismic network. The focal mechanism solutions of micro-earthquakes, whose locations are precisely determined by the seismic network, have confirmed the structural characteristics to be the rotational planar normal fault and demon-strated the surface traces of the north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan sub-basin. By using the digital recordings of earthquakes with the high resolutions and analyzing the mechanism solutions, our study has revealed the rela-tionship between the geological phenomena in the shallow and deep structures in Yanqing-Huailai basin and the transition features from the brittle to ductile deformation with the crustal depth.

Application of Ultra-shallow Seismic Survey to the Wanggezhuang Fault in Qingdao

At present,there is less theoretical research and practical experience in the aspect of ultrashallow seismic exploration to the target layers at depths of only tens of meters both at home and abroad. Seismic exploration plays an important role in the location of faults and active structures,but the depth dozens of meters below the ground surface is the blind area of any kind of deep and shallow seismic exploration. Starting from the point of view of detecting urban active faults,and using related theories and methods of geology,geophysics and mathematics,the paper discusses the preconditions for acquiring efficient ultra-shallow seismic survey results in complicated geological backgrounds in Qingdao.Taking the Qingdao area as an example in this paper,we study the depth condition of Quaternary deposits,and apply 4-8 stacking folds to satisfy the requirement to get the exploration results with high-resolution and high-SNR. Preliminary results reveal that selecting a proper surveillance layout is one of the keys to acquire authentic exploration results in ultra-shallow P-wave reflection exploration. Our results also show that ultrashallow seismic reflection method in detecting faults in the Qingdao area has good application prospects.

不同勘探方法对浅层小断距隐伏断裂探测效果

采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面勘探、槽探3种方法联合探测临汾盆地郭家庄断裂的空间位置,并研究其活动特征。结果表明,不同探测方法对断层信息的揭示存在很大差异,浅层地震勘探在探测具有一定断距的断层,同时地层存在一定物性差异的情况下能取得理想的效果,且不同的工作参数探测效果不相同;钻孔联合剖面勘探能提高对小断距断层的分辨率,但受地形及地层主观认别等因素的影响,可能会遗漏断距小、标识层薄的断层;槽探能较好地识别地表断层的微小断距,但受施工深度和施工条件影响。3种方法相结合,可以精确确定断裂的空间位置和活动特征。

用高分辨率地震反射剖面揭示临颍断裂浅部构造特征

为研究临颍断裂浅部构造特征,完成2条跨断裂高分辨率地震反射剖面。根据探测获取的地震反射剖面,结合石油地震剖面以及区域地质资料,分析临颍隐伏断裂位置、浅部构造特征及活动性。结果表明,临颍断裂是一条整体走向北西、倾向北东的正断层,最新活动时代为早更新世,断裂上盘发育一个次级断裂,与主断层成反“Y”字形态。研究结果可为许昌市及邻区地震危险性评价、城镇规划及国土利用提供地震学依据。

邯东断裂浅部特征及第四纪活动性分析

邯东断裂为太行山山前断裂以东的一条隐伏断裂,是华北平原坳陷区内邯郸凹陷的东界断裂,位于邯郸东部新区规划建设范围内。研究其空间分布特征和活动性对于地震危险性评价及城区重大工程项目选址具有重要意义。本文采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面探测和年代学测试方法,对邯东断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行系统研究,共布设跨断裂浅层地震勘探测线6条、钻孔联合地质剖面3条。综合分析表明,邯东断裂为一条近NNE-SSE走向的高角度正断层,倾向W,视倾角约50°~75°。断裂上断点埋深南浅北深,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期。中更新世早期,南段与北段相比较为活跃。

Exploration of Laoyachen fault in Zheng-zhou and its activity investigation

In the paper, an exploration is made by the techniques of shallow seismic prospecting, borehole composite profile analysis, field morphological investigation, and new geological dating for the Laoyachen fault in Zhengzhou that was originally recognized as an active one. The result from shallow seismic prospecting indicates this fault only existed in the stratum prior to the Neogene, dislocations and activity traces of this fault could not be found in the Neogene stratum. At the same time, the surface morphological investigation reveals that the location of the so-called "fault scarp" is not consistent with that of Laoyachen fault. Moreover, seismic drilling and borehole composite profile analysis also indicate that the scarp only developed in Malan Loess. The stratum beneath it is gentle and no dislocation traces can be seen. Therefore, we propose that this scarp is not relevant to the Laoyachen fault, which might be resulted from the diverted course of Yellow River. Laoyachen fault is not an active one.

华北平原中南部聊城-兰考断裂的第四纪晚期活动性探测——兼论1937年菏泽7.0级地震发震机制

华北平原是中国人口最多、经济最为发达的地区之一,也是受地震灾害影响最为严重的地区之一。对于该地区断裂活动性和大地震发震机制的研究有利于探索板内地震的发震规律、减轻地震灾害所造成的损失。聊城-兰考断裂是华北平原中南部一条重要的隐伏深大断裂。结合浅层地震勘探、钻孔勘探和第四纪测年方法,对聊城-兰考断裂的活动性进行了精细的研究。坝城寺钻孔揭示聊城-兰考断裂南段错断了全新统底界,为全新世早期活动断裂,揭露出该断裂晚更新世以来造成了4次古地震事件,单次事件的垂直位错为1.2±0.2~3.7±0.2 m。根据钻孔揭示的地层落差计算出该断裂晚更新世早期的平均垂直滑动速率约为0.1±0.05 mm/a,晚更新世晚期—全新世中期的平均滑动速率为0.35±0.04 mm/a。根据1937年菏泽7.0级和6(3/4)级地震的等震线和地表破裂分布特征认为,小留-解元集断裂和东明-成武断裂为该地震的发震断裂;聊城-兰考断裂对于该地区应力的积累、地震的发生具有很好的控制和约束作用,为区域控震构造。

浅埋偏压隧道断层影响带段落穿越方案研究

某山区铁路隧道地质情况复杂,位于浅埋偏压地形,且受到断层影响,隧道围岩极其破碎,施工难度大。为解决施工困难,研究、设计了施工方案,并利用FLAC3D有限差分软件对各工况下的隧道开挖方案进行数值模拟,研究了边坡加固、洞内支护及开挖工法等措施对隧道围岩和结构稳定性的影响,确定并验证了施工方案的可行性,为浅埋偏压隧道断层影响带段落施工提供了借鉴。

自然电场法在冀北围场县浅覆盖区某萤石矿勘查中的应用

围场北部地区萤石矿床发育,多为热液充填型萤石矿床,萤石矿的产出与断层密切相关。研究区被黄土和冲洪积砂砾层覆盖,通过常规地质手段很难到达寻找矿体的目的。而自然电场法相对其他地球物理方法具有施工便捷、成本低、速度快的特征,对于寻找浅覆盖区的含水断层具有良好的效果。本次工作经过综合研究研究区的地质和矿体特征,首次通过自然电场圈出了含水构造的范围。在重点剖面布设钻孔进行验证,见到了厚度较大的萤石矿体,通过寻找含水断层间接达到了寻找萤石矿的目的。这为冀北其他此类型矿山找矿提供启示和借鉴经验。

浅层地震勘探与钻孔探测揭示的安宁河东支断裂特征

已有资料证实安宁河东支断裂为一条隐伏断裂,为探明其位置、分析其活动性,跨断裂完成了两条高分辫率的浅层勘探剖面。在浅层地震勘探成果的基础上,于断裂两侧各布设了一个钻孔。根据浅层地震、钻孔并结合该区域地质资料,对该断裂的位置、活动性等开展了分析和讨论。结果显示,安宁河东支断裂为走向NNE-SN,倾向E的逆断层,错断埋深约38~42 m的第四系沉积层,为一条具晚更新世活动性的隐伏活动断裂,初步估算其晚更新世滑动速率为0.17 mm/a。

循环相关熵和一维浅卷积神经网络轴承故障诊断

针对传统二维深度卷积神经网络结构复杂、易产生过拟合和难以有效处理低信噪比信号的问题,提出了一种基于循环相关熵和一维浅卷积神经网络的故障诊断-CCe-1D SCNN方法。该方法综合利用了一维浅卷积神经网络结构简单、计算复杂度低和循环相关熵能在低信噪比环境下有效提取故障特征的优点。首先,计算轴承故障振动信号的循环相关熵函数、循环相关熵谱密度函数和广义循环平稳度;其次,将一维归一化的广义循环平稳度作为一维浅卷积神经网络的输入层,通过一维浅卷积神经网络自动实现故障特征提取和模式分类;最后,将CCe-1D SCNN方法应用于电机轴承故障特征提取和分类,实验结果表明:CCe-1D SCNN方法在低噪声比情况下仍能保持很高的模式识别正确率,为一种自动故障特征提取和模式识别的有效方法。

Study on coupling between deep and shallow structures of Xingtai area and some significant questions

In the light of results from study on coupling between deep and shallow structures in Xingtai earthquake area during the 'Ninth Five-Year Plan' period and other previous results from deep seismic refraction/reflection and seismic prospecting of petroleum, we infer that there exist a series of shallow faults in the upper crust above the 8 km-deep detachment surface in Xingtai macroseismic focal region, where none of the faults, including Aixinzhuang fault reaches the Quaternary stratum, except that the Xinhe fault cuts through the mid-Pleistocene formation upwards. Aixinzhuang fault and other faults extend downwards into Xinhe fault whereas the Xinhe listric fault stretches downwards at a low dip angle into the detachment surface. The abyssal fault with high dip angle under the detachment surface cutting through the middle and lower crust to Moho is the causative fault for the large Xingtai earthquake, whose dislocation can cause strong earthquakes, shallow fault activity and the motion of surface material. The shallow faults in the upper crust are not causative faults for strong earthquakes, although they may be active faults. The existence of the detachment surface brings about a special relationship between shallow and deep structures, i.e. they are relatively independent of each other and have effects on each other It not only transmits partial energy and deformation between the upper and lower crust,but also has a certain decoupling effect. Finally we conclude that active faults do not necessarily reach the latest stratum, and the age of uppermost faulted stratum cannot represent the latest active period of the fault. This put to us a significant question in regard to the age determination and study of active faults. Other noticeable questions are also inferred to in this study.

二连盆地阿南凹陷阿3断块下白垩统沉积相研究

内蒙古二连盆地东北部马尼特坳陷东部阿尔善构造带南部的阿南凹陷阿3断块自投入开发以来先后经历了断块的无水采油期、断块的低含水开发期、断块的中低含水期,目前为断块的高含水开发期,进入开发瓶颈期,开发矛盾突出。以阿3断块下白垩统的阿尔善组阿四段和腾格尔组腾一段为研究对象,开展沉积构造、粒度特征、和测井曲线电性特征等识别研究。结果表明:(1)阿尔善期发育近岸水下扇内扇、扇中亚相,至腾格尔组沉积末期发育滨浅湖亚相;(2)平面上受北部阿南大断层的影响,砂体多为北东—南西向展布,垂向上沉积过程中发育水进沉积体系域,水体自下而上逐渐变深,水域扩大;(3)由于相变导致的物性变化制约剩余油挖潜,在沉积相指导下,结合实际生产情况,寻找剩余油相对富集区域。研究区域构造背景、物源方向、时空演化基础上总结阿3断块近岸水下扇沉积模式,寻找优质储层为油田开发提供地质依据。

Study on shallow structural features in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region

A seismic survey by 10 shallow profiles and 6 ultra-shallow profiles was performed in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region in 2002. The result shows that there are three （in some areas as many as seven） stable interfaces in the survey region, but no reflection phases are found in depths greater than 500 m. The number of interfaces in the southwestern part is obviously greater than in the northwestern part of Tianchi volcano, which suggests that the faults in the southwest have a stronger controlling power over the flow direction of volcano-spewed lava as compared with those in the northwest. Six shallow faults exist in the survey region. The shallow faults are nearly vertical graben-like faults and are mostly distributed on the southwest of Tianchi crater, indicating that volcanic activities in the southwest are stronger than in the northwest. On this ground, it could be further deduced that the NE-trending major fault of Tianchi volcano （ the Liudaogou-Tianchi-Zengfengshan fault） is more active than the NW-trending Baishanzhen-Tianchi-Jince fault.

Characteristics of the Zhengzhou Laoyachen Fault Revealed by Seismic Exploration Data

Exploration and research of fault activities are the fundamentals of earthquake prediction and prevention and disaster reduction. In order to determine the location, characteristics and activities of the Zhengzhou-Laoyachen fault, shallow seismic prospecting with different exploration depth across the Laoyachen fault was carried out in the northern suburbs of Zhengzhou city in 2006. The images of the subterranean structure and tectonics at depths of 30m～6000m have been available by applying the combined methods of explosive seismic sources and vibrator seismic sources, as well as the combination of diverse observation systems with different parameters. The outcome indicates that the Laoyachen fault is a normal fault running NW and dipping NE, which offsets stratums ahead of Neogene (N). However, no fault displacements are found in the interior stratums of Q+N.

Exploration of Suspected Surface Ruptures of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake at Frontal Areas of Longmenshan Using Shallow Seismic Reflection

The great M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008 was generated by abrupt faulting in the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault along the Longmenshan fault zone. The earthquake not only produced surface ruptures along the Yingxiu-Beichuan and Guanxian-Jiangyou faults,but also surface ruptures,arching of highway pavement,sand-boils and waterspouts in various degrees in areas such as Shifang and Mianzhu on the Chengdu Plain. To understand the shallow geological structures under the surface rupture zone,a 6350m long high-resolution shallow seismic reflection profile in near-EW direction was performed. This profile is located at Shigu town,Shifang city,where a suspected earthquake surface rupture zone was discovered. In this study,a group interval of 3m,shotpoint interval of 18m,and a 300-channel 25-fold observation system were used. In consideration of both near-surface reflections and dipping interface imaging,we adopted the split-spread geometry and asymmetrical zero-offset receiving technique. To better suppress random-noise and raise the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic data,30 times vertical stacking of vibrator signals was made for each common-shot gather after correlation of individual records. By using the above work method and spread geometry,we obtained high-resolution images of structures in the depth range of 15m～800m after data processing. The result shows the existence of buried thrust faults thrusting to the plain area and back-thrust faults under the surface rupture zone. It also shows that the activity of the buried thrust faults may be the main cause for folding and deformation in near-surface strata and coseismic surface rupturing.

The Method for Inferring a Buried Fault from Resistivity Tomograms and Its Typical Electrical Features

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used to experimentally detect shallow buried faults in urban areas in the past a few years, with some progress and experience obtained. According to the results from Olympic Park, Beijing, Shandong Province, Gansu Province and Shanxi Province, we have generalized the method and procedure for inferring the discontinuity of electrical structures (DES) indicating a buried fault in urban areas from resistivity tomograms and its typical electrical features. In general, the layered feature of the electrical structure is first analyzed to preliminarily define whether or not a DES exists in the target area. Resistivity contours in resistivity tomograms are then analyzed from the deep to the shallow. If they extend upward from the deep to the shallow and shape into an integral dislocation, sharp flexure (convergence) or gradient zone, it is inferred that the DES exists, indicating a buried fault. Finally, horizontal tracing is be carried out to define the trend of the DES. The DES can be divided into three types-type AB, ABA and AC. In the present paper, the Zhangdian-Renhe fault system in Zibo city is used as an example to illustrate how to use the method to infer the location and spatial extension of a target fault. Geologic drilling holes are placed based on our research results, and the drilling logs testify that our results are correct. However, the method of this paper is not exclusive and inflexible. It is expected to provide reference and assistance for inferring the shallow buried faults in urban areas from resistivity tomograms in the future.