为了研究管制员飞行冲突调配的人因差错问题,进而有效评估管制员解决飞行冲突的可靠性,以保障空中交通的安全运行,提出系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis, STPA)与认知可靠性与失误分析方法(Cognitive Reliability an...为了研究管制员飞行冲突调配的人因差错问题,进而有效评估管制员解决飞行冲突的可靠性,以保障空中交通的安全运行,提出系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis, STPA)与认知可靠性与失误分析方法(Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, CREAM)相结合的人因可靠性分析方法。首先,通过STPA方法构建系统控制模型,识别不安全控制行为(Unsafe Control Action, UCA)以及致因因素,找到管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中可能存在的差错行为;其次,基于CREAM扩展法对管制员的差错行为进行定量分析,得到管制员调配飞行冲突的人因失误概率。研究显示:使用该方法能够系统、全面地识别出管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中出现的差错行为,进而计算管制员飞行冲突调配的人因失误概率。实例分析表明该方法可以预测管制员在飞行冲突调配过程中的人因失误概率及可靠性,为管制员人因可靠性分析提供了新思路。展开更多
Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method(CREAM)is widely used in human reliability analysis(HRA).It defines nine common performance conditions(CPCs),which represent the factors thatmay affect human reliability ...Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method(CREAM)is widely used in human reliability analysis(HRA).It defines nine common performance conditions(CPCs),which represent the factors thatmay affect human reliability and are used to modify the cognitive failure probability(CFP).However,the levels of CPCs are usually determined by domain experts,whichmay be subjective and uncertain.What’smore,the classicCREAMassumes that the CPCs are independent,which is unrealistic.Ignoring the dependence among CPCs will result in repeated calculations of the influence of the CPCs on CFP and lead to unreasonable reliability evaluation.To address the issue of uncertain information modeling and processing,this paper introduces evidence theory to evaluate the CPC levels in specific scenarios.To address the issue of dependence modeling,the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)method is used to process the dependence among CPCs and calculate the relative weights of each CPC,thus modifying the multiplier of the CPCs.The detailed process of the proposed method is illustrated in this paper and the CFP estimated by the proposed method is more reasonable.展开更多
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) milk-based ice cream is one of the innovative non-dairy milk products gaining popularity among consumers. The objective was to develop coconut milk-based ice cream incorporated with soursop (A...Coconut (Cocos nucifera) milk-based ice cream is one of the innovative non-dairy milk products gaining popularity among consumers. The objective was to develop coconut milk-based ice cream incorporated with soursop (Annona muricata) fruit puree and gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis, conduct a sensory evaluation using descriptive tests by trained panelists (n = 9) then evaluate for consumer acceptability by semi trained panelists (n = 30). A seven-point hedonic scale for colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability was used. The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were separated to determine their significance differences. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done for factor reduction to make it easy for the multi-dimensional descriptive data to be interpreted. PCA results indicated that unit increase in soursop and gum Arabic in the ice cream led to 83.1% increase in starchy taste, 78.3% increase in consistency and 73.6% decrease in coconut aroma. For consumer acceptability test, the obtained results showed that, soursop puree addition at successive levels led to a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on colour, flavour, texture, taste and overall acceptability while of gum Arabic incorporation was not significant (p > 0.05) for all attributes. The effect due to interaction between gum Arabic and soursop puree at the different levels however was significant for colour, flavour and texture but not significant for taste and overall acceptability. Our results therefore point to a potential application of soursop fruit and gum Arabic as alternative ingredients in the manufacture of a non-dairy ice cream with desirable sensory properties that would expand the variety of options consumers can choose from.展开更多
Flour serves as one of the primary ingredients of cookies,which affects dough properties,physical changes during baking,and post-baking cookie properties.Two gluten-free cookie formulations were developed with the goa...Flour serves as one of the primary ingredients of cookies,which affects dough properties,physical changes during baking,and post-baking cookie properties.Two gluten-free cookie formulations were developed with the goal of use as inclusions in frozen desserts.Blonde and chocolate cookies were made with sorghum flour or all-purpose wheat flour and then evaluated for physical and chemical properties.To determine functionality in a frozen state,texture analysis was conducted on cookies at−30℃,−17°C,and 20℃,replicating various ice cream storage temperatures.To simulate the process effect of incorporating the product into a frozen dessert,cookies were crumbled mechanically,and the crumbles were separated based on size.When evaluating cookies,no significant differences(P<0.05)were observed in width(W),thickness(T),spread,and W/T ratio for flour source within formula.Blonde cookies had lower moisture contents than chocolate cookies;further,blonde cookies made from sorghum flour had less moisture than those made with wheat flour.As the cookie temperature decreased from 20℃to−17℃,cookie hardness increased,with flour type having no effect.Within formula,cookies had similar instrumental color parameters.However,blonde cookies made from sorghum flour produced more smaller-sized pieces than those made from wheat flour.The results of this study demonstrate that sorghum flour cookies have desirable properties for use as inclusions in ice cream and other frozen desserts.展开更多
目的:观察探讨0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹的美学效果。方法:选取2019年11月-2022年1月门诊收治的105例面部单纯糠疹患儿为观察对象,通过随机数字法随机分为联合组(n=53)和对照组(n=52),对照组给予多磺酸粘...目的:观察探讨0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹的美学效果。方法:选取2019年11月-2022年1月门诊收治的105例面部单纯糠疹患儿为观察对象,通过随机数字法随机分为联合组(n=53)和对照组(n=52),对照组给予多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗,联合组在对照组基础上加用0.03%他克莫司软膏治疗,比较两组治疗后的临床疗效、症状体征评分、皮肤生理功能指标[角质层含水量(Water content of stratum corneum,WCSC)、皮肤油脂(Skin sebum,SC)、经表皮水分流失(Transepidermal water loss,TEWL)]、复发情况、不良反应及美学效果满意度。结果:治疗4周后,联合组总有效率为88.68%,对照组为71.15%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前两组患儿各项症状体征评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周后,两组患儿鳞屑、瘙痒、色素减退、皮损面积及皮损数量评分均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且联合组各症状体征评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前两组患儿皮肤生理功能指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周后,两组患儿WCSC和SC均显著升高(P<0.05),TEWL均显著降低(P<0.05),且联合组改善优于对照组(P<0.05);结束治疗随访4周,联合组患儿复发率(14.89%)低于对照组(27.03%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗期间,两组患儿均未出现明显不良反应;联合组患儿美学效果总满意度(96.23%)显著高于对照组(82.69%)(P<0.05)。结论:0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹疗效显著,可有效改善患儿皮损症状和皮肤生理功能,能有效预防复发,提高美学效果,且安全性好,值得临床推广应用。展开更多
文摘为了研究管制员飞行冲突调配的人因差错问题,进而有效评估管制员解决飞行冲突的可靠性,以保障空中交通的安全运行,提出系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis, STPA)与认知可靠性与失误分析方法(Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, CREAM)相结合的人因可靠性分析方法。首先,通过STPA方法构建系统控制模型,识别不安全控制行为(Unsafe Control Action, UCA)以及致因因素,找到管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中可能存在的差错行为;其次,基于CREAM扩展法对管制员的差错行为进行定量分析,得到管制员调配飞行冲突的人因失误概率。研究显示:使用该方法能够系统、全面地识别出管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中出现的差错行为,进而计算管制员飞行冲突调配的人因失误概率。实例分析表明该方法可以预测管制员在飞行冲突调配过程中的人因失误概率及可靠性,为管制员人因可靠性分析提供了新思路。
基金Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.21QA1403400)Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.20YF1414800)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Power Station Automation Technology(Grant No.13DZ2273800).
文摘Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method(CREAM)is widely used in human reliability analysis(HRA).It defines nine common performance conditions(CPCs),which represent the factors thatmay affect human reliability and are used to modify the cognitive failure probability(CFP).However,the levels of CPCs are usually determined by domain experts,whichmay be subjective and uncertain.What’smore,the classicCREAMassumes that the CPCs are independent,which is unrealistic.Ignoring the dependence among CPCs will result in repeated calculations of the influence of the CPCs on CFP and lead to unreasonable reliability evaluation.To address the issue of uncertain information modeling and processing,this paper introduces evidence theory to evaluate the CPC levels in specific scenarios.To address the issue of dependence modeling,the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)method is used to process the dependence among CPCs and calculate the relative weights of each CPC,thus modifying the multiplier of the CPCs.The detailed process of the proposed method is illustrated in this paper and the CFP estimated by the proposed method is more reasonable.
文摘Coconut (Cocos nucifera) milk-based ice cream is one of the innovative non-dairy milk products gaining popularity among consumers. The objective was to develop coconut milk-based ice cream incorporated with soursop (Annona muricata) fruit puree and gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis, conduct a sensory evaluation using descriptive tests by trained panelists (n = 9) then evaluate for consumer acceptability by semi trained panelists (n = 30). A seven-point hedonic scale for colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability was used. The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were separated to determine their significance differences. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done for factor reduction to make it easy for the multi-dimensional descriptive data to be interpreted. PCA results indicated that unit increase in soursop and gum Arabic in the ice cream led to 83.1% increase in starchy taste, 78.3% increase in consistency and 73.6% decrease in coconut aroma. For consumer acceptability test, the obtained results showed that, soursop puree addition at successive levels led to a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on colour, flavour, texture, taste and overall acceptability while of gum Arabic incorporation was not significant (p > 0.05) for all attributes. The effect due to interaction between gum Arabic and soursop puree at the different levels however was significant for colour, flavour and texture but not significant for taste and overall acceptability. Our results therefore point to a potential application of soursop fruit and gum Arabic as alternative ingredients in the manufacture of a non-dairy ice cream with desirable sensory properties that would expand the variety of options consumers can choose from.
基金The authors would like to extend an expression of gratitude to the USDA for analyzing particle sizes on the two flour samples.Masters'candidate Janae Brown in the Food Science Institute at Kansas State University(Manhattan,KS,USA)assisted in taking pictures for this publication.The authors acknowledge support from the Kansas State University Research and Extension,publication number 23-087-J.Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S.Department of Agriculture.The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.This work was supported in part by the U.S.Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service.
文摘Flour serves as one of the primary ingredients of cookies,which affects dough properties,physical changes during baking,and post-baking cookie properties.Two gluten-free cookie formulations were developed with the goal of use as inclusions in frozen desserts.Blonde and chocolate cookies were made with sorghum flour or all-purpose wheat flour and then evaluated for physical and chemical properties.To determine functionality in a frozen state,texture analysis was conducted on cookies at−30℃,−17°C,and 20℃,replicating various ice cream storage temperatures.To simulate the process effect of incorporating the product into a frozen dessert,cookies were crumbled mechanically,and the crumbles were separated based on size.When evaluating cookies,no significant differences(P<0.05)were observed in width(W),thickness(T),spread,and W/T ratio for flour source within formula.Blonde cookies had lower moisture contents than chocolate cookies;further,blonde cookies made from sorghum flour had less moisture than those made with wheat flour.As the cookie temperature decreased from 20℃to−17℃,cookie hardness increased,with flour type having no effect.Within formula,cookies had similar instrumental color parameters.However,blonde cookies made from sorghum flour produced more smaller-sized pieces than those made from wheat flour.The results of this study demonstrate that sorghum flour cookies have desirable properties for use as inclusions in ice cream and other frozen desserts.
文摘目的:观察探讨0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹的美学效果。方法:选取2019年11月-2022年1月门诊收治的105例面部单纯糠疹患儿为观察对象,通过随机数字法随机分为联合组(n=53)和对照组(n=52),对照组给予多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗,联合组在对照组基础上加用0.03%他克莫司软膏治疗,比较两组治疗后的临床疗效、症状体征评分、皮肤生理功能指标[角质层含水量(Water content of stratum corneum,WCSC)、皮肤油脂(Skin sebum,SC)、经表皮水分流失(Transepidermal water loss,TEWL)]、复发情况、不良反应及美学效果满意度。结果:治疗4周后,联合组总有效率为88.68%,对照组为71.15%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前两组患儿各项症状体征评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周后,两组患儿鳞屑、瘙痒、色素减退、皮损面积及皮损数量评分均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且联合组各症状体征评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前两组患儿皮肤生理功能指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周后,两组患儿WCSC和SC均显著升高(P<0.05),TEWL均显著降低(P<0.05),且联合组改善优于对照组(P<0.05);结束治疗随访4周,联合组患儿复发率(14.89%)低于对照组(27.03%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗期间,两组患儿均未出现明显不良反应;联合组患儿美学效果总满意度(96.23%)显著高于对照组(82.69%)(P<0.05)。结论:0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹疗效显著,可有效改善患儿皮损症状和皮肤生理功能,能有效预防复发,提高美学效果,且安全性好,值得临床推广应用。
