Enhancing Autonomy Capability in Regional Power Grids:A Strategic Planning Approach with Multiple Autonomous Evaluation Indexes

After the integration of large-scale DistributedGeneration(DG)into the distribution network,the randomness and volatility of its output result in a reduction of spatiotemporal alignment between power generation and demand in the distribution network,exacerbating the phenomenon of wind and solar power wastage.As a novel power system model,the fundamental concept of Regional Autonomous Power Grids(RAPGs)is to achieve localized management and energy autonomy,thereby facilitating the effective consumption of DGs.Therefore,this paper proposes a distributed resource planning strategy that enhances the autonomy capabilities of regional power grids by considering multiple evaluation indexes for autonomy.First,a regional Energy Storage(ES)configuration strategy is proposed.This strategy can select a suitable reference value for the upper limit of ES configuration based on the regional load andDGoutput to maximize the elimination of source load deviations in the region as the upper limit constraint of ES capacity.Then,a control strategy for regional ES is proposed,the charging and discharging reference line of ES is set,and multiple autonomy and economic indexes are used as objective functions to select different proportions of ES to control the distributed resources of the regional power grid and establish evaluation indexes of the internal regional generation and load power ratio,the proportion of power supply matching hours,new energy consumption rate and tie line power imbalance outside the region to evaluate changes in the regional autonomy capabilities.The final simulation results showthat in the real regional grid example,the planning method in the planning year in the region of the overall power supply matching hour ratio and new energy consumption rate increased by 3.9%and 4.8%on average,and the power imbalance of the tie line decreased by 7.8%on average.The proposed planning approach enables the maximization of regional autonomy while effectively smoothing the fluctuation of power exchange between the regional grid and the higher-level grid.This presents a rational and effective planning solution for the regional grid,facilitating the coordinated development between the region and the distribution network.

Predicting of Power Quality Steady State Index Based on Chaotic Theory Using Least Squares Support Vector Machine

An effective power quality prediction for regional power grid can provide valuable references and contribute to the discovering and solving of power quality problems. So a predicting model for power quality steady state index based on chaotic theory and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is proposed in this paper. At first, the phase space reconstruction of original power quality data is performed to form a new data space containing the attractor. The new data space is used as training samples for the LSSVM. Then in order to predict power quality steady state index accurately, the particle swarm algorithm is adopted to optimize parameters of the LSSVM model. According to the simulation results based on power quality data measured in a certain distribution network, the model applies to several indexes with higher forecasting accuracy and strong practicability.

Efficiency Analysis of Listed Power Companies Based on Malmquist Index

This paper improved the known study for technical progress in Malmquist productivity index calculating. In the method, all the possible movements for decision making units （DMUs） are listed, and the condition that several DMUs lie on the productivity frontier is analyzed. The dynamic efficiencies of Chinese listed power companies from 1997 to 2006 were evaluated. The empirical results indicate that the improved method is effective.

Index system and methods for comprehensive assessment of cross-border power grid interconnection projects

With the global economy integration and progress in energy transformation,it has become a general trend to surpass national boundaries to achieve wider and optimal energy resource allocations.Consequently,there is a critical n eed to adopt scie ntific approaches in assessi ng cross-border power grid interconnection projects.First,con sidering the promotion of large-scale renewable energy resources and improvements in system adequacy,a comprehensive assessment index system,including costs,socio-economic benefits,environmental benefits,and technical benefits,is established in this study.Second,a synthetic assessment framework is proposed for cross-border power grid interconnection projects based on the index system comprising cost-benefit analysis,with market and network simulations,iterative methods for indicator weight evaluation,and technique for order preferenee by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)method for the project rankings.Fin ally,by assessi ng and comparing three cross-border projects betwee n Europe and Asia,the proposed index system and assessment framework have been proved to be effective and feasible;the results of this system can thus support investment decision-making related to such projects in the future.

Technical and Economic Index System for CO_2 Emission Reduction in China's Power Industry

The main technic and economic indices for carbon dioxide emission reduction of Chinese electric power industry are designed systematically in this paper.According to quantitative calculation and influential factor analysis on the carbon dioxide emission reduction of the industry from 1978 to 2009,the author estimates and calculates the relevant indices during the 12 th Five-Year Plan period and in 2020.Finally the author analyzes the relationship and difference between the conventional technical and economic indices for electric power planning and the new index system for the low carbon economy development.

Research on Security Assessment Index System for Operating Reserve in Large Interconnected Power Grid

Optimization and placement of spinning reserve is an important issue in power system planning and operation. Systematic way for security assessment of operating reserve needs to study. A security assessment index system for operating reserve in large interconnected power grids is presented in this paper. Firstly, classification and determination methods of operating reserve at home and abroad are investigated, and operating reserve is divided into transient state operating reserve and quasi-steady state operating reserve from the view of security assessment. Secondly, assessment indexes and optimization methods for transient state operating reserve are studied. Thirdly, optimization model, deterministic and probabilistic optimization methods for quasi-steady state operating reserve are explored. Finally, some principles for determination of operating reserve are suggested, and a security assessment index system is put forward. The proposed index system, considering both transient and quasi-steady state, both deterministic and probabilistic methods, provides a systematic way to assessment and arrangement of operating reserve.

The Wiener Index of an Undirected Power Graph

The undirected power graph P(Zn) of a finite group Zn is the graph with vertex set G and two distinct vertices u and v are adjacent if and only if u ≠ v and or . The Wiener index W(P(Zn)) of an undirected power graph P(Zn) is defined to be sum of distances between all unordered pair of vertices in P(Zn). Similarly, the edge-Wiener index We(P(Zn)) of P(Zn) is defined to be the sum of distances between all unordered pairs of edges in P(Zn). In this paper, we concentrate on the wiener index of a power graph , P(Zpq) and P(Zp). Firstly, we obtain new results on the wiener index and edge-wiener index of power graph P(Zn), using m,n and Euler function. Also, we obtain an equivalence between the edge-wiener index and wiener index of a power graph of Zn.

The Correlation between the Power Quality Indicators and Entropy Production Characteristics of Wind Power+Energy Storage Systems

Power quality improvements help guide and solve the problems of inefficient energy production and unstable power output in wind power systems.The purpose of this paper is mainly to explore the influence of different energy storage batteries on various power quality indicators by adding different energy storage devices to the simulated wind power system,and to explore the correlation between systementropy generation and various indicators,so as to provide a theoretical basis for directly improving power quality by reducing loss.A steady-state experiment was performed by replacing the wind wheel with an electric motor,and the output power qualities of the wind power systemwith andwithout energy storagewere compared and analyzed.Moreover,the improvement effect of different energy storage devices on various indicatorswas obtained.Then,based on the entropy theory,the loss of the internal components of the wind power system generator is simulated and explored by Ansys software.Through the analysis of power quality evaluation indicators,such as current harmonic distortion rate,frequency deviation rate,and voltage fluctuation,the correlation between entropy production and each evaluation indicator was explored to investigate effective methods to improve power quality by reducing entropy production.The results showed that the current harmonic distortion rate,voltage fluctuation,voltage deviation,and system entropy production are positively correlated in the tests and that the power factor is negatively correlated with system entropy production.In the frequency range,the frequency deviationwas not significantly correlated with the systementropy production.

Differentiation degree combination weighting method for investment decision-making risk assessment in power grid construction projects

Power grid construction projects are distinguished by their wide variety,high investment,long payback period,and close relation to national development and human welfare.To improve the investment accuracy in such projects and effectively prevent investment risks,this paper proposes an investment optimization decision-making method for multiple power grid construction projects under a certain investment scale.Firstly,an in-depth analysis of the characteristics and development requirements of China’s power grid projects was performed.Thereafter,the time sequence and holographic method was adopted to conduct multi-dimensional,multi-perspective risk assessment of different parts of power grid projects,and a holographic risk assessment index system was developed.Moreover,an investment decision model considering the comprehensive risk based on combination weighting was developed according to the output and input of power grid construction projects.A new combination weighting optimization method that takes into account the investment willingness of enterprises was designed to improve the current weighting evaluation methods.Finally,the validity and applicability of the proposed evaluation method were verified by case examples.

Research on Power Quality Evaluation Based on Radar Chart Method and Fuzzy Membership Degree

Aiming at the current limit value of six steady-state energy indexes, the current radar method is used for reference. A method of comprehensive evaluation of power quality based on improved radar method is proposed, which improves the power quality index Type radar pattern to represent the steady-state indicator. Each of the main indicators corresponds to a partial ring, and the angle of the annular portion is mainly affected by the size of the weight. Compared with the previous radar map method to maintain the independence of the indicators and a single indicator of the binding data assessment. The method has the advantages of good feasibility.

Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation on COGAG Power Plant of Performance

A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of COGAG power plant performance is given by using a method of fuzzy mathematics, and multilevel fuzzy evaluation model is set up. Taking a naval ship as an example, the major parameters related to COGAG power plant performance are obtained by computer simulation, and a set of synthetic performance evaluation index system is established. The result shows that the strong fuzzy propulsion system performance indexes can be quantified by this fuzzy evaluation model in order to provide the reference for choosing the optimal design of ship propulsion system.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure III: Discovery of Pyramid Effects with and without Seasonal Variation

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so far, we could classify the pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types. (i) The pyramid effects in which the PS converted the test subject’s unexplained energy to affect biosensors when the test subject entered the PS and meditated. (ii) The pyramid effects in which the potential power of the PS affected biosensors if the test subject had not been inside the PS for at least 20 days and the test subject’s unexplained energy was excluded. In this paper, we report new results regarding (ii). As a result of dividing a year according to the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn and analyzing the pyramid effect of each period, the following points were found. 1) There was a pyramid effect without seasonal variation. The pyramid effect on the lower and upper layers was different throughout the year for the biosensors placed at the PS apex in two layers, regardless of the season. 2) There was a pyramid effect with seasonal variation. The value of the psi index, which indicates the magnitude of the pyramid effect, changed as the seasons changed, while different pyramid effects were maintained on the lower and upper layers. Regarding the change in the pyramid effect depending on the season, the psi index in summer was larger than that in winter in both the lower and upper layers. From these results, we found that there are two types of potential power at the PS apex: seasonal potential power and non-seasonal potential power.

CLASSIFYING WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES BY PHYSICAL INDEX SYSTEM

The classification of tropical cyclones(TCs) is significant to obtaining their temporal and spatial variation characteristics in the context of dramatic-changing global climate. A new TCs clustering method by using K-means clustering algorithm with nine physical indexes is proposed in the paper. Each TC is quantified into an 11-dimensional vector concerning trajectory attributes, time attributes and power attributes. Two recurving clusters(cluster A and E)and three straight-moving clusters(cluster B, C and D) are categorized from the TC best-track dataset of the western North Pacific(WNP) over the period of 1949-2013, and TCs' properties have been analyzed and compared in different aspects. The calculation results of coefficient variation(CV) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) reveal a high level of intra-cluster cohesiveness and inter-cluster divergence, which means that the physical index system could serve as a feasible method of TCs classification. The clusters are then analyzed in terms of trajectory, lifespan, seasonality, trend,intensity and Power Dissipation Index(PDI). The five classified clusters show distinct features in TCs' temporal and spatial development discipline. Moreover, each cluster has its individual motion pattern, variation trend, influence region and impact degree.

Information content method for evaluating diagnostic tests and its comparison of power with other methods

This paper derives the variance of the information content and develops its statistical inference method. We describe the relations between information content and sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, prevalence rate. If sensitivity, specificity and efficiency are fixed, the closer to 0. 5 the prevalence rate is, the more the information content. If prevalence rate and efficiency are fixed, the closer to each other the sensitivity and specificity are, the more the information content. We compare the power of information content method, efficiecy test, Youden's index test and kappa coefficient method. The information content method has higher power than the other methods in most conditions. It is especially sensitive to the difference between two sensitivities. It comes to conclusion that the information content method has more virtues than the other methods mentioned in this paper.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure IV: Discovery of Entanglement Due to Pyramid Effects

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so far, we could classify pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types: (i) the pyramid effects due to the potential power of the PS and (ii) the pyramid effects due to the influence of the test subject meditating inside the PS. We have been using edible cucumber sections as the biosensors. The pyramid effect existence was clarified by measuring and analyzing the concentration of volatile components released from the biosensors. The biosensors were arranged as a pair: one member of the pair was placed at the PS apex and the other was placed at the calibration control point 8.0 m away from the PS. In this paper, we report a new discovery regarding the type (i) pyramid effects. We discovered a phenomenon considered to be entanglement between the biosensor pairs detecting the pyramid effects. In other words, the biosensors at the PS apex, which were affected by the potential power of the PS, affected the biosensors at the calibration control point. We also confirmed that the effects on the biosensors placed at the calibration control point were not due to the potential power of the PS. Furthermore, we showed that the magnitude of the effect of entanglement changed with the seasons. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure V: Seasonal Changes in the Periodicity of Diurnal Variation of Biosensors Caused by Entanglement Due to Pyramid Effects

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific experiments to elucidate the so-called “pyramid power”. The experiments use a pyramidal structure (PS). In order to detect the PS effects, a biosensor is made from cucumber fruit sections and the released volatile components are analyzed as gas concentration. We reported the phenomenon of entanglement between biosensors in part IV of the paper series, Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure. The entanglement affected the gas concentration of the biosensors 8 m away, but not the biosensors at the PS apex. In this paper, we report another characteristic of the entanglement. The results and our conclusion are as follows. Result 1: The periodicity of diurnal variation in gas concentration changed with entanglement. Result 2: As a result of analyzing the gas concentration data separately for the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn, the seasonal dependence of the periodicity of diurnal variation due to entanglement was clarified. Conclusion: We reaffirmed the existence of the entanglement between biosensors due to the pyramid effects by a phenomenon different from Part IV of the paper series, Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

A Novel Design Framework for Smart Operating Robot in Power System

This paper proposes the concept and framework of smart operating system based on the artificial intelligence(AI)techniques. The demands and the potential applications of AI technologies in power system control centers is discussed in the beginning of the paper. The discussion is based on the results of a field study in the Tianjin Power System Control Center in China. According to the study, one problem in power systems is that the power system analysis system in the control center is not fast and powerful enough to help the operators in time to deal with the incidents in the power system. Another issue in current power system control center is that the operation tickets are compiled manually by the operators, so that it is less efficient and human errors cannot be avoided. Based on these problems, a framework of the smart operating robot is proposed in this paper, which includes an intelligent power system analysis system and a smart operation ticket compiling system to solve the two problems in power system control centers. The proposed framework is mainly based on the AI techniques, especially the neural network with deep learning, since it is faster and more capable of dealing with the highly nonlinear and complex power system.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure VI: Pyramid Effects due to Potential Power and Pyramid Effects due to Bio-Entanglement

Research on the so-called “pyramid power” began in the late 1930s. However, in general, pyramid power has been regarded as having no scientific basis, so there are very few systematic papers on pyramid power other than our academic research papers. Since October 2007, we have been conducting research to experimentally elucidate the unexplained phenomenon of a pyramid by using a pyramidal structure (PS). There have been two main types of experiments: (i) an experiment to detect the pyramid effects that appear due to the potential power (pyramid power) that the PS inherently has;and (ii) an experiment to detect the pyramid effects that appear when a test subject meditates inside the PS. To detect the pyramid effects, biosensors with evenly cut cucumber fruits, Cucumis sativus, were used. As a result of analyzing the concentration of volatile components emitted from the biosensors, we demonstrated the existence of pyramid power near the PS apex and discovered that the PS has the function of converting the unexplained energy of the meditator test subject. The research results so far have been reported as eleven original papers, three comprehensive reports, and one book chapter. We reported the phenomenon of the entanglement between biosensors in parts IV and V of the paper series, “Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure”. Furthermore, we clarified that the influence of the entanglement is included in the psi index Ψ, which is an index of the magnitude of the pyramid effects. The purpose of the present paper was to separate and analyze the psi index Ψ into the effect of the potential power of the PS and the effect of the entanglement between biosensors (we have named this as the Bio-Entanglement). To do this, we placed biosensors at the PS apex in two layers. The value of the pyramid effect on the biosensors in the upper layer was always larger than that in the lower layer. We found that this was mainly due to the potential power of the PS. We also found that the factor that caused the pyramid effect to change seasonally was mainly the effect of the Bio-Entanglement. In short, we determined that the potential power of the PS, and the Bio-Entanglement had different effects on the biosensors. We were also able to propose a model that could qualitatively explain the analysis results of the psi index Ψ. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

An Index Assessing the Energetic Complementarity in Time between More than Two Energy Resources

Energy complementarity can be a tool for managers to prioritize investments in new power generation ventures. An index for complementarity assessment should allow comparison of complementarities at different sites. This article proposes a new method for the calculation of complementarity index, allowing the comparison two energy resources and also allowing the comparison of more than two energy resources. In addition, the proposed index still allows the use of hourly or daily series and not only maximum or minimum values. Finally, this article also presents a map for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, indicating the energetic complementarity in time between hydropower, wind energy and PV solar energy.