A method for extracting the preseismic gravity anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau based on the maximum shear strain using GRACE data

The occurrence of earthquakes is closely related to the crustal geotectonic movement and the migration of mass,which consequently cause changes in gravity.The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite data can be used to detect gravity changes associated with large earthquakes.However,previous GRACE satellite-based seismic gravity-change studies have focused more on coseismic gravity changes than on preseismic gravity changes.Moreover,the noise of the north–south stripe in GRACE data is difficult to eliminate,thereby resulting in the loss of some gravity information related to tectonic activities.To explore the preseismic gravity anomalies in a more refined way,we first propose a method of characterizing gravity variation based on the maximum shear strain of gravity,inspired by the concept of crustal strain.The offset index method is then adopted to describe the gravity anomalies,and the spatial and temporal characteristics of gravity anomalies before earthquakes are analyzed at the scales of the fault zone and plate,respectively.In this work,experiments are carried out on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas,and the following findings are obtained:First,from the observation scale of the fault zone,we detect the occurrence of large-area gravity anomalies near the epicenter,oftentimes about half a year before an earthquake,and these anomalies were distributed along the fault zone.Second,from the observation scale of the plate,we find that when an earthquake occurred on the Tibetan Plateau,a large number of gravity anomalies also occurred at the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and the Indian Plate.Moreover,the aforementioned experiments confirm that the proposed method can successfully capture the preseismic gravity anomalies of large earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 8,which suggests a new idea for the application of gravity satellite data to earthquake research.

Revealing the role of local shear strain partition of transformable particles in a TRIP-reinforced bulk metallic glass composite via digital image correlation

The coupling effects of the metastable austenitic phase and the amorphous matrix in a transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)-reinforced bulk metallic glass(BMG)composite under compressive loading were investigated by employing the digital image correlation(DIC)technique.The evolution of local strain field in the crystalline phase and the amorphous matrix was directly monitored,and the contribution from the phase transformation of the metastable austenitic phase was revealed.Local shear strain was found to be effectively consumed by the displacive phase transformation of the metastable austenitic phase,which relaxed the local strain/stress concentration at the interface and thus greatly enhanced the plasticity of the TRIP-reinforced BMG composites.Our current study sheds light on in-depth understanding of the underlying deformation mechanism and the interplay between the amorphous matrix and the metastable crystalline phase during deformation,which is helpful for design of advanced BMG composites with further improved properties.

Effect of Initial Stress Conditions on the Threshold Shear Strain of Nanjing's Saturated Fine Sand

By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus, a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction αo, the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0, the initial average effective principal stress Po and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain γt of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that γt increases as η0,p0 and b0 increase respectively, while the other three parameters remain constant. ao has a great influence on γt, which is reduced when ao increases from 0° to 45°and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt, plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when ao is approximately 45°.

GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF MINDLIN PLATEUSING THE INCOMPATIBLE BENDING ELEMENTSWITH INTERNAL SHEAR STRAIN

An approach of the incompatible elements with additional internal shear strain is,in the presem paper,suggested and applied to geometrically nonlinear analysis of Mi-ndlin plate bending problem.It provides a quite covenient way to avoid the whear loc-king troubles.An energy consistency condition for this kind of C°elements is offered.The nonlinear element formulations and some numerical results are presented.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

The Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains for Unsaturated Soils

The principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains for rock and soil has been extended to the field of unsaturated soils.Two new interactions of suction-plastic volumetric strain and pore air pressure-plastic volumetric strain appear in the unsaturated state of a soil except the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains.It is very important to find that the suction possesses a dual property,which is the origin of generating its special functions.Thereby the effect of the suction on volumetric strain includes two opposite aspects.By means of this property of suction,the physical significance of effective stress parameter,effects of suction on volume change and preconsolidation pressure,and the mechanism of collapse upon wetting all can be explained.In addition,it is theoretically proved by application of this principle of interaction that the critical state line for unsaturated soils exists,and is unique and independent of the stress history.

Thermoelectric transport in holographic quantum matter under shear strain

We study thermoelectric transport under shear strain in two spatial dimensional quantum matter using the holographic duality.General analytic formulae for the DC thermoelectric conductivities subjected to finite shear strain are obtained in terms of black hole horizon data.Off-diagonal terms in the conductivity matrix also appear at zero magnetic field,resembling an emergent electronic nematicity,which cannot nevertheless be identified with the presence of an anomalous Hall effect.For an explicit model study,we numerically construct a family of strained black holes and obtain the corresponding nonlinear stress-strain curves.We then compute all electric,thermoelectric,and thermal conductivities and discuss the effects of strain.While the shear elastic deformation does not affect the temperature dependence of thermoelectric and thermal conductivities quantitatively,it can strongly change the behavior of the electric conductivity.For both shear hardening and softening cases,we find a clear metal-insulator transition driven by the shear deformation.Moreover,the violation of the previously conjectured thermal conductivity bound is observed for large shear deformation.

An improved strain-softening constitutive model of granite considering the effect of crack deformation

This paper presents an improved strain-softening constitutive model considering the effect of crack deformation based on the triaxial cyclic loading and unloading test results.The improved model assumes that total strain is a combination of plastic,elastic,and crack strains.The constitutive relationship between the crack strain and the stress was further derived.The evolutions of mechanical parameters,i.e.strength parameters,dilation angle,unloading elastic modulus,and deformation parameters of crack,with the plastic strain and confining pressure were studied.With the increase in plastic strain,the cohesion,friction angle,dilation angle,and crack Poisson's ratio initially increase and subsequently decrease,and the unloading elastic modulus and the crack elastic modulus nonlinearly decrease.The increasing confining pressure enhances the strength and unloading elastic modulus,and decreases the dilation angle and Poisson's ratio of the crack.The theoretical triaxial compressive stress-strain curves were compared with the experimental results,and they present a good agreement with each other.The improved constitutive model can well reflect the nonlinear mechanical behavior of granite.

Loading direction dependent mechanical behavior of graphene under shear strain

The mechanical behavior of graphene under in-plane shear is studied using molecular dynamics simulations.We show that the shear behavior of chiral graphene is dependent on the loading direction due to its structural asymmetry.The maximum shear failure strain of graphene in one direction may be 1.7 times higher than that in the opposite direction.We discuss also the influence of the cut-off parameters on the calculations.Our findings are useful for the understanding of mechanical behavior of graphene and the potential applications of graphene in nanodevices.

New Formulas of Shear Strain during Equal-channel Angular Pressing Process with Consideration of Influences of Velocity and Motion Trajectory

The influences of die parameters on shear strain were investigated by using two-dimensional finite element simulation.New formulas of shear strain were proposed.According to the results of formulas,the shear strain showed a linear dependence on the difference between internal and external fillet radius and the slope was determined by the intersection angle.The simulation results indicated that the velocities of the points from different zones were different in the specimen and the motion trajectories of different points did not follow geometrical laws.The influences of the average velocity and the motion trajectory on shear strain were incorporated in the formula to calculate the shear strain produced during equalchannel angular pressing process.The reliability of simulation results has been partially validated by experiments.

Correlation Between Crystal Rotation and Redundant Shear Strain in Rolled Single Crystals: A Crystal Plasticity FE Analysis

The correlation between crystal rotation and redundant shear strain in rolled single crystals was investigated by using the crystal plasticity finite element(CPFE) model in this paper. The deformation in aluminium single crystals of four representative orientations(rotated-Cube, Goss, Copper, and Brass) after rolling and plain strain compression was simulated, and the predictions have been validated by the experimental observations. In the rotated-Cube and Goss, the redundant shear strain and crystal rotation were in the same pattern, alternating along the thickness, while the relation between them was not obvious for the Copper and Brass due to their asymmetrical distributions of activated slip systems. The relations between slip system activation, crystal rotation, and shear strain were investigated based on the CPFE model, and the correlation between shear strain and crystal rotation has been built.

Experimental study of seismic cyclic loading effects on small strain shear modulus of saturated sands

The seismic loading on saturated soil deposits induces a decrease in effective stress and a rearrangement of the soil-particle structure, which may both lead to a degradation in undrained stiffness and strength of soils. Only the effective stress influence on small strain shear modulus Gmax is considered in seismic response analysis nowadays, and the cyclic shearing induced fabric changes of the soil-particle structure are neglected. In this paper, undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated sands with the shear wave velocity measured by bender element, to study the influences of seismic loading on Gmax. And Gmax of samples without cyclic loading effects was also investigated for comparison. The test results indicated that Gmax under cyclic loading effects is lower than that without such effects at the same effective stress, and also well correlated with the effective stress variation. Hence it is necessary to reinvestigate the determination of Gmax in seismic response analysis carefully to predict the ground responses during earthquake more reasonably.

Strain transfer mechanism of passive wireless surface acoustic wave torque sensors using shear lag theory

A shear-lag theory was developed to investigate the strain transfer from the metal substrate to the surface acoustic wave （SAW） resonator through a bonding layer. A three-layer model of host structure-adhesive layer-resonator layer was established. The strain transfer was theoretically analyzed, and the main factors impacting the SAW sensor measurement were studied. The relationship between the sensor response and the individual effect of all these factors under static loads was discussed. Results showed that better accuracy could be achieved with increase in the adhesive stiffness or resonator length, or decrease in the adhesive thickness. The values of the strain transfer rate calculated from the analytical model agreed well with that from the available experiment data.

Effects of rolling parameters of snake hot rolling on strain distribution of aluminum alloy 7075

The realization way of snake rolling was introduced. Flow velocity, strain and stress distribution of 7075 aluminum alloy plate during snake rolling and symmetrical rolling were analyzed in Deform 3D. Effects of velocity ratio, offset distance between two rolls and pass reduction on the distribution of equivalent strain and shear strain were analyzed. The results show that flow velocity and equivalent strain on the lower layer of the plate are larger than those of the upper layer because of the larger velocity of the lower roll and the gap is increased with the increase of velocity ratio and pass reduction. The shear strain of roiling direction in the center point is almost zero during symmetrical rolling, while it is much larger during snake rolling because of the existence of rub zone. The shear strain is increased with the increase of velocity ratio, offset distance and pass reduction. This additional shear strain is beneficial to improve the in_homogeneous strain distribution.

聚乙烯共混体系流变行为对吹塑薄膜雾度的影响

研究了线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混体系的吹塑薄膜雾度与流变行为之间的关系。利用DSC、光散射和WLI等方法对吹塑薄膜制品的内部结晶情况及表面形貌进行表征,利用GPC和流变学方法对单组分及共混物熔体的结构进行表征。实验结果表明,LLDPE/LDPE共混体系吹塑薄膜的总雾度主要取决于薄膜的表面粗糙度;薄膜的表面粗糙度与可恢复剪切应变参数(γ_(∞))呈开口向上抛物线函数关系,选择具有合适γ_(∞)的LDPE树脂以及添加量是控制LLDPE/LDPE共混体系吹塑薄膜雾度的关键。

冻融对水泥改良路基土力学特性影响研究

以季冻区路基粉砂土为研究对象进行室内三轴压缩试验,分析水泥改良粉砂土与素土的应力-应变关系,探究冻融循环、水泥掺量和围压对土体抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明:改良土的破坏以脆性破坏为主;围压增长不改变试样的破坏形式,土抗剪峰值随围压的增加而增大;冻融循环作用会削弱土体的黏聚力,内摩擦角的变化规律表现为在一定范围内波动;在水泥掺量相同的条件下,随冻融次数的增多,土的抗剪强度因水泥持续水化反应故呈先减小后增大再减小;当水泥掺量为2%时,土体已获得较大抗剪强度。

基于离散元方法的混合砂土剪切特性细观分析

目的为研究不同成分的砂土剪切破坏时的抗剪强度和体积变形差异。方法采用室内试验与离散元模拟结合的方法,通过建立剪切带PFC2D模型,对剪切过程中单一质砂土和混合砂土细观参数的变化规律进行了研究。结果发现粗砂、细砂、标准砂与混合砂土的剪切带形态、体积应变率等细观参数存在明显差异。结论研究表明:砂土剪切应力大小受颗粒组成影响,表现为砂土剪切应力随粗颗粒含量的增加而增大,混合砂土剪切应力高于与其成分相同的单一质砂土;砂土中颗粒运动以上跨和下跨式为主,颗粒粒径越大运动位移越大,表现为体积应变率越大。砂土剪切时体积应变率受颗粒组成影响,表现为粗砂体积应变率高于标准砂和细砂;混合砂土体积应变率高于与其成分相同的单一质砂土。研究结果可为此类砂土地质结构破坏问题提供理论借鉴。

颗粒表面粗糙度对材料小应变动力特性的影响

土体的小应变剪切模量和阻尼比是表征土体动力学特性的重要参数,不仅受到土体密实度和应力状态的影响,还受到土体颗粒级配、形状等颗粒特征的影响。颗粒表面粗糙度是重要的土体颗粒特征之一,然而关于颗粒表面粗糙度对土体小应变动力特性影响的研究较为匮乏。利用能量注入式虚拟质量共振柱设备,系统地测试了颗粒表面粗糙度不同的玻璃珠所成试样的小应变剪切模量和阻尼比;采用三维干涉显微镜测量了玻璃珠的表面粗糙度,并量化表征粗糙度对试样小应变剪切模量和阻尼比的影响。试验结果表明,在相同孔隙比和有效应力条件下,试样的小应变剪切模量随颗粒表面粗糙度增大而减小,而小应变阻尼比受颗粒表面粗糙度影响的规律不明显。研究结果表明,当材料的颗粒形状、级配等因素相近时,颗粒表面粗糙度对材料小应变剪切模量的影响不应被忽略。

高应变速率下TB6钛合金在绝热剪切带内的晶粒瞬间细化机制

采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对TB6钛合金帽型试样进行室温动态加载试验,通过微观组织表征技术对绝热剪切带内的微观结构特征进行观察,研究高应变速率下TB6钛合金绝热剪切带内的晶粒瞬间细化机制。TEM观察结果表明:绝热剪切带中晶粒的瞬时细化是三种机制共同作用的结果。第一种机制是由于位错的快速运动、增殖以及塞积促使晶粒内部产生应力集中现象,最终在此现象的作用下形成裂纹、断裂以及细晶;第二种机制是通过增大晶粒内部的颈缩程度迫使细晶形成;在转动态再结晶机制的作用下,绝热剪切带的中心区域形成100nm的细小等轴晶。

剪切大变形条件下心墙沥青混凝土渗透特性研究

为研究心墙沥青混凝土在大剪切变形条件下的渗透特性,基于自主研发的三轴剪切轴向渗透试验系统,对70号、110号沥青混凝土开展了不同围压、渗透压组合的三轴剪切渗透试验,并提出了基于全局优化算法的沥青混凝土渗透系数反演最优模型。试验结果表明:剪胀效应引起裂隙的张开与扩展,使沥青混凝土的渗透系数大幅增加。低围压下,轴向应变从8%增加至30%,渗透系数变化幅度可达2个数量级;应变状态和应变增量影响沥青混凝土的渗透性,渗透系数随应变场的变化而改变。压密阶段,随轴向应变的增加,体积增量比为负值,渗透系数减小。裂隙发育阶段,体积增量比为正值,渗透系数增大;围压对沥青混凝土的渗透性有显著影响。两种标号沥青混凝土试样的防渗安全轴向应变阈值在低围压时较小,随着围压的增加呈递增趋势。当围压加载至1.0 MPa,轴向应变增加至30%后,沥青混凝土的渗透系数仍满足规范要求。