Deterioration Reason and Improvement Measure of the Retarding Effect of Protein Retarder on Phosphorus Building Gypsum

The retarding effect of protein retarder on phosphorus building gypsum(PBG)and desulfurization building gypsum(DBG)was investigated,and the results show that protein retarder for DBG can effectively prolong the setting time and displays a better retarding effect,but for PBG shows a poor retarding effect.Furthermore,the deterioration reason of the retarding effect of protein retarder on PBG was investigated by measuring the pH value and the retarder concentration of the liquid phase from vacuum filtration of PBG slurry at different hydration time,and the measure to improve the retarding effect of protein retarding on PBG was suggested.The pH value of PBG slurry(<5.0)is lower than that of DBG slurry(7.8-8.5).After hydration for 5 min,the concentration of retarder in liquid phase of DBG slurry gradually decreases,but in liquid phase of PBG slurry continually increases,which results in the worse retarding effect of protein retarder on PBG.The liquid phase pH value of PBG slurry can be adjusted higher by sodium silicate,which is beneficial to improvement in the retarding effect of the retarder.By adding 1.0%of sodium silicate,the initial setting time of PBG was efficiently prolonged from 17 to 210 min,but little effect on the absolute dry flexural strength was observed.

Resource utilization of hazardous gypsum sludge in oxidation smelting of lead concentrate

Gypsum sludge,a hazardous waste generated by the non-ferrous smelting industry,presents a significant challenge for disposal and utilization.To investigate the feasibility of substituting gypsum sludge for limestone as a flux for smelting,the effects of calcium sulfate(CaSO_(4))and smelting conditions on oxygen-rich smelting of lead concentrate were studied.The interaction between CaSO_(4)and sulfides facilitates the conversion of CaSO_(4)into CaO,which is crucial for slag formation.The order of the influence of sulfide minerals on the conversion of CaSO_(4)is pyrite>sphalerite>galena.When using gypsum sludge exclusively as the calcium source,under optimal conditions with a CaO/SiO_(2)mass ratio of 0.8,an FeO/SiO_(2)mass ratio of 1.2,a melting temperature of 1150℃,an oxygen flow rate of 1.3 L/min,the recovery rates of Pb and Zn in the lead-rich slag reached 85.01%and 95.69%,respectively,with a sulfur content of 2.65 wt%.The As content in the smelting slag obtained by reduction smelting was 0.02 wt%.Resource utilization of gypsum sludge in lead smelting is a feasible method.

Gypsum-based Silica Gel Humidity-controlling Composite Materials:Preparation,Characterization,and Performance

Gypsum was used as substrate,and silica gel was mixed into substrate at a certain mass ratio to prepare humidity-controlling composites;moreover,the moisture absorption and desorption properties of gypsum-based composites were compared with adding different silica gel particle size and proportion.The morphological characteristics,the isothermal equilibrium moisture content curve,moisture absorption and desorption rate,moisture absorption and desorption stability,and humidity-conditioning performance were tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that,compared with pure-gypsum,the surface structure of the gypsum-based composites is relatively loose,the quantity,density and aperture of the pores in the structure increase.The absorption and desorption capacity increase along with the increase of silica gel particle size and silica gel proportion.When 3 mm silica gel particle size is added with a mass ratio of 40%,the maximum equilibrium moisture content of humidity-controlling composites is 0.161 g/g at 98% relative humidity(RH),3.22 times that of pure-gypsum.The moisture absorption and desorption rates are increased,the equilibrium moisture absorption and desorption rates are 2.68 times and 1.61 times that of pure-gypsum at 58.5% RH,respectively.The gypsum-based composites have a good stability,which has better timely response to dynamic humidity changes and can effectively regulate indoor humidity under natural conditions.

New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan

Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan. Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented. Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1 titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and 3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10 km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in a short period (67 - 66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and sauropods, there is a need to extend list of characters for phylogenetic analyses. This broad feature list should include main characters of titanosaurs from Pakistan and also from global world.

Evolution and Application of Sealing Ability of Gypsum Caprocks under Temperature-Pressure Coupling:An Example of the ZS5 Well in the Tazhong Area of the Tarim Basin

Gypsum caprocks'sealing ability is affected by temperature-pressure coupling.Due to the limitations of experimental conditions,there is still a lack of triaxial stress-strain experiments that simultaneously consider changes in temperature and pressure conditions,which limits the accuracy of the comprehensive evaluation of the brittle plastic evolution and sealing ability of gypsum rocks using temperature pressure coupling.Triaxial stress-strain tests were utilized to investigate the differences in the evolution of the confinement capacity of gypsum rocks under coupled temperaturepressure action and isothermal-variable pressure action on the basis of sample feasibility analysis.According to research,the gypsum rock's peak and residual strengths decrease under simultaneous increases in temperature and pressure over isothermal pressurization experimental conditions,and it becomes more ductile.This reduces the amount of time it takes for the rock to transition from brittle to plastic.When temperature is taken into account,both the brittle–plastic transformation's depth limit and the lithological transformation of gypsum rocks become shallower,and the evolution of gypsum rocks under variable temperature and pressure conditions is more complicated than that under isothermal pressurization.The sealing ability under the temperature-pressure coupling is more in line with the actual geological context when the application results of the Well#ZS5 are compared.This provides a theoretical basis for precisely determining the process of hydrocarbon accumulation and explains why the early hydrocarbon were not well preserved.

Deep decalcification of factory-provided freezing acidolysis solution to achieveα-high-strength gypsum

The freezing acidolysis solution of the nitric acid-phosphate fertilizer process has a high calcium content,which makes it difficult to produce fine phosphate and high water-soluble phosphate fertilizer products.Here,based on the potential crystallization principle of calcium sulfate in NH_(4)NO_(3)-H_(3)PO_(4)-H_(2)O,the deep decalcification(i.e.calcium removal)technology to achieveα-high-strength gypsum originated from freezing acidolysis-solutions has been firstly proposed and investigated.Typically,calcium can be removed from the factory-provided freezing acidolysis-solution by neutralizing it with ammonia,followed by the addition of ammonium sulfate solution.As a result,the formation of calcium sulfate in the reaction system undergoes the nucleation and growth of CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O(DH),as well as its dissolution and crystallization into short columnarα-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O(α-HH).Remarkably,with the molar ratio of SO_(4)^(2-)/Ca^(2+)at 1.8,the degree of neutralization(NH_(3)/HNO_(3) molar ratio)at 1.7,the reaction temperature of 94℃,and the reaction time of 300 min,the decalcification rate can reach 86.89%,of which the high-strengthα-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O(α-HH)will be obtained.Noteworthy,the deep decalcification product meets the standards for the production of fine phosphates and highly water-soluble phosphate fertilizers.Consequently,the 2 h flexural strength ofα-HH is 5.3 MPa and the dry compressive strength is 36.8 MPa,which is up to the standard of commercialα-HH.

Enhanced dealkalization of bauxite residue through calcium-activated desulfurization gypsum

A novel integrated approach to remove the free alkalis and stabilize solid-phase alkalinity by controlling the release of Ca from desulfurization gypsum was developed.The combination of recycled FeCl_(3)solution and EDTA activated desulfurization gypsum lowered the bauxite residue pH to 7.20.Moreover,it also improved the residual Ca state,with its contribution to the total exchangeable cations increased(68%-92%).Notably,the slow release of exchangeable Ca introduced through modified desulfurization gypsum induced a phase transition of the alkaline minerals.This treatment stabilized the dealkalization effect of bauxite residue via reducing its overall acid neutralization capacity in abating pH rebound.Hence,this approach can provide guidance for effectively utilizing desulfurization gypsum to achieve stable regulation of alkalinity in bauxite residue.

Preparation of α-High Strength Gypsum from Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Pretreated by Hydrothermal-aging Method

The synthesis of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) from flue gas desulfurization (FGD)gypsum is a good way to realize the comprehensive utilization of FGD gypsum. To obtainα-CSH with the satisfactory performances, a facile hydrothermal-aging pretreatment process for FGD gypsum raw materials was proposed, where FGD gypsum was firstly hydrothermally converted to α-CSH whiskers, and α-CSH whiskers were further hydrated to synthesize CaSO4·2H2O (CSD) by aging under the regulation of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The effects of aging time, MBA addition, aging temperature, and pH on the morphology of the synthesized CSD were investigated. The synthesized CSD crystals exhibit highly uniform prismatic morphology with the length of ca 100μm and the whiteness of 91.56%. The regulation mechanism of MBA was also illustrated. The synthesized CSD crystals with prismatic morphology were further used as raw materials to synthesize the short columnar α-CSH. The absolute dry compressive strength of paste prepared from the short columnar α-CSH is 40.85 MPa, which reaches α40 strength grade.

Effect of Low pH on Forming Process of Desulfurization Gypsum Composite Boards Strengthened by Melamine-formaldehyde Resin

Through exploring the effects of low pH on the composite system of desulfurization gypsum(DG)enhanced by melamine-formaldehyde resin(MF),it is found that the inducing of sulfate-ion,in contrast to chloride and oxalate ions,favors the longitudinal growth of the crystalline form of the hydration product,which was relatively simple and had the highest length to width(L/D)ratio.At the same time,MF can also improve L/D ratio of gypsum hydration products,which favors the formation of hydrated whiskers.Finally,in a composite system composed of hemihydrate gypsum,MF,and glass fibers,when dilute sulfuric acid was used to regulate pH=3-4,the tight binding formed among the components of the composite system compared to pH=5-6.The hydration product of gypsum adheres tightly to glass fiber surface and produces a good cross-linking and binding effect with MF.The flexural strength,compressive strength,elastic modulus,and water absorption of the desulphurized gypsum composite board is 22.7 MPa,39.8 MPa,5608 MPa,and 1.8%,respectively.

Effect of integration of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization gypsum on dealkalization of bauxite residue

The synergistic impact of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum on the dealkalization of bauxite residue was investigated through integrated analyses of solution chemistry,mineralogy,and microtopography.The results showed a significant decrease in Na_(2)O content(>30 wt.%)of FGD gypsum-treated bauxite residue after 30 min of mechanical ball milling.Mechanical ball milling resulted in differentiation of the elemental distribution,modification of the minerals in crystalline structure,and promotion in the dissolution of alkaline minerals,thus enhancing the acid neutralization capacity of bauxite residue.5 wt.%FGD gypsum combined with 30 min mechanical ball milling was optimal for the dealkalization of bauxite residue.

Research advancements in phosphogypsum crystal modifiers

The excessive demand for phosphorus-based fertilizers is contributing to the undesired byproduct of phosphogypsum(PG),typically found in large quantities in phosphoric acid industry.Without proper management,this industrial waste poses a significant environmental pollution risk.Current technologies are struggle to effectively handle the volume of PG produced,but one promising solution is its conversion into hemihydrate gypsum(CaSO_(4)·0.5 H_(2)O,HH).HH can exist in two phases,α-HH andβ-HH,withα-hemihydrate gypsum(α-HH)being preferred for its complete crystal structure and lower water requirement for hydration.The morphology ofα-HH gypsum is crucial for its material applications,and controlling crystal morphology is possible through the use of suitable crystal modifiers.This review explores various aspects of crystal modifiers and highlights their role in the preparation ofα-HH from PG.It suggests that leveraging the interfacial properties of PG could lead to innovative applications.Additionally,the review outlines future directions for PG development and identifies challenges to be addressed in the next steps.

Efficacy of borneol-gypsum in skin regeneration and pain control in toxic epidermal necrolysis:A case report

BACKGROUND Toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN)is a life-threatening dermatological emergency mainly induced by drug hypersensitivity reactions.Standard management includes discontinuation of culprit drug and application of immunomodulatory therapy.However,mortality remains high due to complications like septic shock and multiorgan failures.Innovative approaches for skin care are crucial.This report introduces borneol-gypsum,a traditional Chinese drug but a novel dressing serving as an adjuvant of TEN therapy,might significantly improve skin conditions and patient outcomes in TEN.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old woman diagnosed with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis experienced gangrenous complications and motor nerve involvement.After initial treatment of high-dose corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide,symptom of foot drop improved,absolute eosinophil counts decreased,while limb pain sustained.Duloxetine was added to alleviate her symptom.Subsequently,TEN developed.Additional topical application of borneol-gypsum dressing not only protected the skin lesions from infection but also significantly eased localized pain.This approach demonstrated its merit in TEN management by promoting skin healing and potentially reducing infection risks.CONCLUSION Borneol-gypsum dressing is a promising adjuvant that could significantly improve TEN management,skin regeneration,and patient comfort.

钛石膏在酸溶液中的除铁与相变规律研究

目的为了解决钛石膏中的杂质问题,探讨常压下石膏的相变规律,方法以工业固废钛石膏为原料,以酸浸法处理,采用X射线衍射仪和X射线荧光光谱,分别测定反应产物的物相组成和化学成分,分析产物的物相,同时定量分析产物的除铁率和石膏含量进行除铁效果表征,通过对不同条件处理原料、反应过程中酸的种类和浓度、反应温度和时间等条件探索,钛石膏的除铁效果和石膏的相变规律。采用超景深显微镜探索原料和产物的微观形貌,同步验证酸溶液中钛石膏的除铁效果。结果相较于盐酸、草酸和硝酸,硫酸的除铁效果最好且无其它杂质生成;随着酸浓度的提高,硫酸溶液中发生了二水石膏-硬石膏物相转化,在硝酸溶液和盐酸溶液中,发生了二水石膏-半水石膏物相转化,草酸溶液中最终生成草酸钙;在硫酸溶液反应中,提高提高硫酸浓度、反应温度和反应时间,均可促进二水石膏-硬石膏物相转化;对工业固废钛石膏原料进行处理时,未干燥研磨处理的原料,不影响物相的转化,由此可减少原料的操作步骤和能源消耗,节约钛石膏材料的预处理成本。结论研究结果可有效解决钛石膏中杂质问题,减少了实验和使用过程中的能源消耗,降低成本,同时可得出二水石膏-半水石膏-硬石膏之间的物相转化规律,补充石膏性能变化规律,扩大石膏资源再利用方向。

公路压覆石膏矿采空区勘探与稳定性评价——以江苏省邳州X301县道某段为例

石膏采空区具有隐蔽性和复杂性,造成的塌陷严重威胁人民生命和财产安全。为查明江苏省邳州X301县道某段压覆石膏采空区分布及其稳定性,通过In SAR监测对面积1.64 km^(2)的研究区在2017~2021年间的地面沉降特征进行分析并圈定了沉降异常,投入高密度电阻率法测线6.24 km和验证钻探261.10 m实施地下采空区勘探,综合多源信息建立三维地质模型,推断解释了采空区7处;确定6项采空区稳定性影响因素,采用综合评价法进行了采空区稳定性评价。评价结果表明,研究区共有2处不稳定采空区和5处基本稳定采空区。实践证明,在InSAR监测和高密度电阻率法联合勘探隐伏采空区的基础上,采用多因素综合评价法进行采空区稳定性评价,具有可靠的效果和良好的推广意义。

非静水压作用下石膏电学性质的理论研究

地球内部广泛存在着差应力,这些外在因素的存在影响着矿物的性质,而矿物的电学性质与结构相变息息相关.为了更加了解地球内部结构与动力学过程,采用第一性原理方法,在等效平衡压0~10 GPa范围内计算地球内部浅层矿物石膏在静水压和非静水压条件下的电学性质.计算结果表明:静水压和非静水压条件下无水石膏的密度和带隙变化基本一致,但二水石膏的密度和带隙在非静水压为6 GPa附近发生突变,这可能是由于非静水压环境使晶体结构更容易发生畸变,更有利于水分子氢键网络的重新排列和CaSO_(4)层间结构的塌缩,因此非静水压下可能更加有利于二水石膏在高温高压下的脱水反应.这对理解地幔中矿物的脱水和储水产生重大的影响,为理解地幔中矿物的脱氢和储水提供理论依据.

Chao HUANG,Main Factors Affecting the Improving Efficiency of Gypsum for Solonetzic Soil

In order to more efficiently utilize gypsum to improve meadow alkali soil slightly salinized by soda and sulfate chloride, a total of 27 treatments were de- signed from the perspectives of field capacity, alkalinity, alkaline salt content, optimal irrigation, gypsum conversion, gypsum and soil treatment and improvement depth. The ions on the obtained filtrate were analyzed in terms of salts. The improving ef- ficiency of gypsum for meadow alkali soil was analyzed through comparing the con- tents of soluble salts in pre-improvement and post-improvement soil by reasoning and calculation. The results showed that, （1） the dissolved amount and conversion amount of gypsum were increased, and the soil alkalinity was decreased corre- spondingly with the increased irrigation amount. However, after reaching a certain extent, the linear relationships became unobvious gradually. Therefore, the irrigation amount should be arranged reasonably for different treatment. （2） Compared with those at low temperature, the dissolved amount of gypsum at high temperature was increased by 1.47-1.50 times, the release amount of exchangeable sodium was in- creased by 2.98-4.70 times, and the release amount of exchangeable magnesium was increased by 2.07-2.90 times. In overall, the improving efficiency of gypsum in summer was better. However, gypsum had two shortcomings in summer. First, a large amount of gypsum leaked away. Second, a large amount of exchangeable magnesium, along with exchangeable sodium, was substituted by gypsum. （3） Compared with the other two treatments, treatment B （mixing gypsum and top 20- cm soil） showed the best improving efficiency, and it was characterized by stepwise dealkalization from top to down. In addition, mixing gypsum and topsoil is more practical in the production.

脱硫石膏-碱矿渣隧道防火涂料性能及机理研究

为了研究激发剂种类对脱硫石膏-碱矿渣隧道防火涂料(DGAC)性能的影响机理,固定碱掺量为4%,碱矿渣水泥掺量为20%,探究激发剂种类,即CaO+Na_(2)CO_(3)、Ca(OH)_(2)+Na_(2)CO_(3)、CaO+Na_(2)SO_(4)、Ca(OH)_(2)+Na_(2)SO_(4)、NaOH,其所对应的DGAC分别为CNC、CHNC、CNS、CHNS、NH,对DGAC干燥时间、凝结时间、干密度、抗压强度、耐水性及防火性的影响,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)揭示其机理。结果表明:在干燥和凝结时间方面,CNS>CHNS>CNC>CHNC>NH;在抗压强度和耐水性方面,CHNC>CNC>NH>CNS>CHNS,CHNC生成的絮状水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶较多,其与针状钙矾石交叉紧密,具有最好的耐水性和抗压强度;在防火性方面,CHNS>CNS>NH>CHNC>CNC,CHNS和CNS中的激发剂碱性较低,其生成的C-S-H凝胶数量较少,且钙矾石的形态较粗,水化产物整体结构疏松,因此其抗压强度较低,但防火性较好。

硅烷改性钛石膏沥青胶浆性能研究

为降低钛石膏堆积带来的环境问题,同时缓解道路材料短缺现状,采用钛石膏和硅烷偶联剂处理后的钛石膏部分或全部代替石灰岩矿粉,研究钛石膏和改性钛石膏对沥青胶浆常规性能和流变性能的影响。首先通过激光粒度仪和扫描电子显微镜分析钛石膏、改性钛石膏和石灰岩矿粉的粒度分布情况及微观形貌。然后制备不同钛石膏和改性钛石膏掺量的沥青胶浆,采用常规试验方法、温度扫描试验、频率扫描试验、多重应力蠕变恢复(mutiple stress creep recovery,MSCR)试验、线性振幅扫描(linear amplitude sweep,LAS)试验和弯曲梁流变(bending beam rheometer,BBR)试验测试沥青胶浆的三大指标(针入度、延度和软化点)、高温流变性能、抗疲劳性能和低温流变性能。结果表明,钛石膏和改性钛石膏的粒度范围更广,表面更为粗糙;钛石膏和改性钛石膏的加入降低了沥青胶浆的延度、针入度、不可恢复蠕变柔量(Jnr)、疲劳寿命(N_(f))、蠕变速率(m)和相位角(δ),软化点、复数模量(G^(*))、弹性恢复率(R)和蠕变劲度模量(S)有所提高,即高温性能有所提高,低温性能和疲劳性能有所下降。相同温度下,改性钛石膏的高温性能和弹性恢复指标要优于钛石膏,低温性能有所降低。研究证实使用钛石膏进行沥青混合料生产的可行性,为钛石膏的资源化利用开拓方向。

水泥工业窑灰-石膏湿法脱硫系统物料平衡及水平衡工艺流程优化

鉴于国家对大气污染物排放标准的日益严格,众多水泥厂采用窑灰-石膏湿法脱硫系统以实现高效脱硫。然而,常规窑灰-石膏湿法脱硫系统存在物料平衡及水平衡工艺流程复杂、投资及运行成本较高、占地面积大等问题。基于常规窑灰-石膏湿法脱硫工艺提出了一种优化方案,通过取消一级、二级石膏脱水设备及相应的配套设施,简化了脱硫工艺流程,并将事故浆液直接输送至窑头篦式冷却机,实现了物料平衡及水平衡工艺流程的简化。此外,在该优化方案中,事故浆液罐新增了向窑头篦式冷却机内喷入浆液的功能,通过流量计监测浆液流量,可调节物料平衡。以国内某5000t/d熟料生产线为例,此优化方案降低了一次性投资约90万元,每年可节约运行成本17.35万元,经济效益显著,对窑头废气及熟料质量的影响较小。

我国钛白粉行业现状及钛石膏处置利用政策建议

为提高钛石膏处置利用水平,推进我国“无废城市”工作,在全国范围内调研了钛白粉行业技术发展现状,全生命周期分析了钛石膏产生、处置和利用技术应用现状。采集了全国30个钛石膏样品并进行成分分析,总结了钛石膏产、排和处置利用面临的问题并提出以下政策建议:引导产业结构调整,源头上实现“无废”,加大废酸回收利用量,过程上尽量“减废”,提升废水清洁化生产水平,以资源回收替代末端治理,探寻钛石膏高质量规模化利用途径,以增效赋值替代传统堆存等。