ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION ON THE MECHANISM OF A NOVEL DUAL-WAVE SHOCK TEST MACHINE

For qualifying the anti-shock performance of shipboard equipments and simulating actual underwater explosion environments, a novel dual-wave shock test machine is proposed to increase testing capability of shock test machines as well as to meet certain shock testing specification. The machine can generate a double-pulse acceleration shock for test articles according to specification defined in BV043/85. On the basis of the impact theory, a nonlinear dynamic model of the hydraulically-actuated test machine is established with thorough analysis on its mechanism which involves conversion of gas potential energy and dissipation of kinetic energy. Simulation results have demonstrated that the machine can produce a double-pulse acceleration shock in the time domain or a desired shock response spectrum in the frequency domain, which sets a theoretical base for the construction of the proposed machine.

Thermal fatigue behaviors of SiC power module by Ag sinter joining under harsh thermal shock test

The excellent properties of SiC bring new challenges for the device packaging.In this study,the bonding strength,fracture behaviors and microstructural evolution of micron-porous Ag joint were elevated during thermal cycling(–50 ℃–250 ℃) in SiC/DBC(direct bonding copper) die attachment structure for different time.During harsh thermal shock test,the strength of sintered joint deceased gradually with the increase of cycling number,and the value just was half of the value of as-sintered after 1 000 cycles.Coarsening of Ag grains was observed in micron-porous joint with the structure inhomogeneity and defects increasing,which were the reasons of the strength decease.In addition,it was also found that the fracture behavior of sintered joints was changed from ductile deformation of Ag grain to brittle fracture of crack propagation after 1 000 cycles.This study will add the understanding in the mechanical properties of Ag sinter joining and its applications at high temperature.

Characterization of Failure Mechanisms of Duplex and Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings Exposed to Thermal Shock Test

The beginning of failure of a (ZrO2-7%Y2O3)/(Ni-22%Co-17%Cr-12.5%Al-0.6%Y) duplex andgraded coating systems on lnconel 617 and IN738LC in burner rig tests has been characterized.The test conditions are 40 s heating up to 75O℃ substrate temperature followed by 80 s aircooling. Failure is considered at the appearance of the first bright spot during heating period.Stresses due to thermal expansion mismatch strains on cooling are the probable cause of life-limiting in this conditions of testing.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF MULTI-CYLINDER ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR SHOCK TEST MACHINE

A high fidelity dynamic model of a high-energy hydraulically-actuated shock test machine for heavy weight devices is presented to satisfy the newly-built shock resistance standard and simulate the actual underwater explosion environments in laboratory as well as increase the testing capability of shock test machine. In order to produce the required negative shock pulse in the given time duration, four hydraulic actuators are utilized. The model is then used to formulate an advanced feedforward controller for the system to produce the required negative waveform and to address the motion synchronization of the four cylinders. The model provides a safe and easily controllable way to perform a ＂virtual testing＂ before starting potentially destructive tests on specimen and to predict performance of the system. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the controller.

High-g Shocking Testing of the Martlet Wireless Sensing System

This article reports the latest development of a wireless sensing system,named Martlet,on high-g shock acceleration measurement.The Martlet sensing node design is based on a Texas Instruments Piccolo microcontroller,with clock frequency programmable up to 90 MHz.The high clock frequency of the microcontroller enables Martlet to support high-frequency data acquisition and high-speed onboard computation.In addition,the extensible design of the Martlet node conveniently allows incorporation of multiple sensor boards.In this study,a high-g accelerometer interface board is developed to allow Martlet to work with the selected microelectromechanical system(MEMS)high-g accelerometers.Besides low-pass and highpass filters,amplification gains are also implemented on the high-g accelerometer interface board.Laboratory impact experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the Martlet wireless sensing system with the high-g accelerometer board.The results of this study show that the performance of the wireless sensing system is comparable to the cabled system.

Numerical Modeling of Dual-Pulse Shock Test Machine for Simulating Underwater Explosion Shock Loads on Warship Equipments

In order to qualify shock resistance performance of shipboard equipments and simulate real underwater explosion environment,a novel dual-pulse shock test machine is proposed.The new machine will increase testing capability and meet special shock testing requirement.Two key parts of the machine,the velocity generator and the shock pulse regulator,play an important role in producing the positive acceleration pulse and the succeeding negative acceleration pulse,respectively.The generated dual-pulse shock for test articles is in conformity with an anti-shock test specification.Based on the impact theory,a nonlinear dynamic model of the hydraulically-actuated test machine is established with thorough analysis on its mechanism that involves conversion of gas potential energy and dissipation of kinetic energy.Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed machine is able to produce a double-pulse acceleration shock in the time domain or a desired shock response spectrum in the frequency domain,which sets up a base for the construction of the machine.

A Newly Designed Shock Tube for Biological Testing

A newly designed shock-tube for biological testing has been built in our labo-ratory.This tube is 39.34 m long.It consists of several sections:high pressure section,divergent section,transitional section,test section and wave-dissipated section.In theopen condition,the maximal overpressure is about 214,3 kPa,while in the closed condi-tion,the maximal overpressure may go up to 630.3 kPa.The energy source is compres-sed air.Using this equipment,we are able to inflict blast injuries with various degreesof severity in rabbits,dogs and sheep.

Numerical modeling and analysis of the mechanism of a novel shock wave regulator for impact test

Based on the concept of hydraulic dissipation of kinetic energy,a novel shock wave regulator,whichis composed of a danaper and an externally triggered valve,is presented with thorough analyses on itsworking mechanism.By establishing motion equations of each component of the regulator and simulatingthe dynamic behavior of the whole system,the shock wave regulator is demonstrated numerically to beable to change the width and amplitude of shock pulses.Prompt and easy adjustment can be achieved bychanging the equivalent flow area of damping orifices and consequently the closing velocity of the flow areaof a valve,which makes it applicable to different impact testing.

Processing the rig test data of an air filling twin-tube shock absorber

A separation method is proposed to design and improve shock absorber according to the characteristics of each force. The method is validated by rig test. The force data measured during rig test is the resultant force of damping force, rebound force produced by pressed air, and friction force. Different characters of damping force, air rebound force and friction force can be applied to seperate each force from others. A massive produced air filling shock absorber is adopted for the validation. The statistic test is used to get the displacement-force curves. The data are used as the input of separation calculation. Then the tests are carried out again to obtain the force data without air rebound force. The force without air rebound is compared to the data derived from the former tests with the separation method. The result shows that this method can separate the damping force and the air elastic force.

基于串并行双分支网络的冲击波信号重构方法

通过有限测点数据重建冲击波场内压力分布、通过残缺数据重构完整的冲击波压力曲线,对武器威力以及目标毁伤评估具有重要价值。针对爆炸冲击波信号重构问题,建立Res-GRU分支以串行方式捕捉冲击波超压信号局部时序依赖关系;建立Transformer分支以并行方式分析信号全局潜在特征;建立特征融合单元进行高阶特征融合,实现不同阶段信息逐层互补;进而构建了基于门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)和Transformer模型的串并行双分支网络(G-TNet)。试验研究表明:G-TNet综合考量了信号的时序关系、数据变化规律等特征信息;在基于有限测点数据的冲击波场压力分布重构试验中,重建的模拟、实测超压数据与原始值之间均方误差(mean square error,MSE)分别为5.0×10^(-6)、1.2×10-3,平均峰值误差分别为0.49%、27.01%,平均正压时间误差分别为15.62%、15.91%,平均比冲量误差分别为17.66%、19.33%;在基于残缺数据的冲击波压力曲线重构试验中,重构的模拟、实测信号的缺失值与原始值之间MSE分别为5.0×10^(-6)和5.0×10^(-4),平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)分别为0.0010和0.0171;G-TNet重构结果优于主流方法,满足爆炸冲击波压力重构指标要求。

正弦扫描振动模拟瞬态振动环境等效性研究

使用正弦扫描振动模拟低频瞬态振动环境是航天工业的一种传统试验方法,其对产品的环境考核可能同时存在欠试验和过试验。首先对两者等效性进行分析,进而采用冲击响应谱、最大响应谱等相关理论,对等效正弦扫描振动试验条件制定中的扫描速率、阻尼系数进行了研究,并给出参数选择建议。最终提出了制定正弦扫描振动环境试验条件的步骤,为采用正弦扫描试验进行低频瞬态环境适应性考核提供借鉴。

双壳体核电厂空间减震结构的竖向动力试验研究

为降低核电厂内安全壳的竖向加速度,提出了一种双壳体空间减震结构,基于该结构的力学特性建立了简化三质点三自由度动力模型,进一步给出了结构响应传递函数并进行了参数分析,明确了结构质量比、阻尼比和频率比对结构竖向地震响应的影响规律,完成了双壳体空间减震结构的缩尺振动台动力试验。结果表明:双壳体空间减震结构可减小内安全壳的竖向加速度,减震率为12.23%~27.84%。双壳体空间减震结构的振动台试验响应结果与理论计算值吻合较好,验证了所提出的双壳体空间减震结构简化模型的准确性以及双壳体空间减震系统的有效性。

空间管路结构振动控制技术研究

飞行器在服役过程中,管路结构会产生大量级振动响应,严重时会发生断裂失效。振动控制是延缓管路结构失效,提升可靠性的主要途径。本文通过边界简化及焊接部位建模,建立了复杂空间三维管路结构动力学模型,模态仿真结果与试验模态结果对比最大误差小于3%。在此基础上,使用金属减振器进行振动控制。通过计算,获得随机振动载荷下使用金属减振器前后空间管路结构的减振效率为8.46%;通过试验获得金属减振器实际的减振效率达到14.26%。本文计算和试验结果表明使用金属减振器能够显著降低复杂空间管路结构的振动响应。

机械起爆引信改装方法及传爆能力分析

为解决机械起爆引信失效率高的问题,探索出一种保留传爆序列的起爆引信改装方法和解除保险方法。运用Autodyn软件仿真分析工业8号雷管在空气中爆炸的冲击波超压,发现在距离雷管端面2 mm内的空气冲击波超压大幅下降,要引爆不保留传爆序列(只含传爆药)的起爆引信,雷管端面与传爆药的理论最大允许间隙约为0.33 mm。分别对保留传爆序列和不保留传爆序列2种起爆引信进行钢凹试验,设置无间隙和有间隙2种起爆情形,试验结果表明:无间隙起爆时,2种起爆引信的传爆能力相当,钢凹深度分别为1.80 mm和2.08 mm。间隙2 mm起爆时,不保留传爆序列的起爆引信未完全作用,钢板表面无形变;带传爆序列的起爆引信完全作用,钢凹深度2.04 mm。试验结果既印证了仿真分析的准确性,也说明了带传爆序列的起爆引信对雷管端面间隙不敏感,具有很高的传爆可靠性,配合解除保险方法,将显著提高机械起爆引信的作用安全性和有效性。

基于聚焦激波的微结构非接触式激励方法研究

为了解决MEMS微结构非接触式激励的问题,提出了一种基于聚焦激波的非接触式激励方法。该方法的基本原理是利用高压电容空气放电来产生激波,再通过半椭球腔体对激波进行聚焦,从而实现对微结构的非接触式激励。基于该方法搭建了微结构动态特性测试系统,并对矩形等截面和T型单晶硅微悬臂梁的动态特性进行了测试实验,获得了两种微悬臂梁的一阶有阻尼固有频率和阻尼比。实验结果表明:矩形等截面和T型单晶硅微悬臂梁一阶无阻尼固有频率分别为5 912 Hz和2 150 Hz。通过动态测试实验验证了基于聚焦激波非接触式激励方法在MEMS微结构激励上的有效性。

随机振动加速度响应谱及与冲击等效性分析

目的 获得随机振动的加速度响应谱,提升随机振动与冲击的等效性分析精度。方法 首先,基于维纳-辛钦定理,推导单自由度系统在随机振动基础激励作用下加速度响应均方值的通用表达式;其次,分别推导单自由度系统在理想白噪声和限带非均匀谱随机振动基础激励作用下的加速度响应均方值;再次,基于3σ准则,推导限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱;最后,基于加速度响应等效,通过将装备随机振动条件的3σ加速度响应谱与冲击条件的冲击响应谱进行等效性分析,对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行精细优化。结果 精细优化后,可有效改善冲击试验剪裁条件的工程实施精度。结论 获得了限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱,并基于此对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行了精细优化,对于装备合理剪裁冲击试验具有借鉴意义。

爆炸驱动激波管冲击波压力参数研究

爆炸驱动激波管的作用是通过驱动段内的炸药爆炸产生冲击波,经扩张段的激波整形对目标物体进行平面波加载。为获得爆炸驱动激波管试验段内的冲击波超压环境,得到试验件的加载条件,通过数值模拟和量纲分析的方法,综合考虑装药质量、激波管结构尺寸、目标物体位置等参数的影响,建立冲击波压力峰值与上述参数之间的经验计算模型,并通过多种工况的考核试验对该模型的准确性进行了验证。结果表明:模型得到的计算值与试验值的平均相对偏差为10%,可满足工程应用的要求,且爆炸驱动激波管试验段内冲击波超压峰值主要与装药质量、爆心距、激波管直径及驱动段长度有关,其余参数的影响基本可以忽略。

破片防护结构对冲击波测试影响的数值分析

针对防护结构对冲击波特征的影响,利用AUTODYN对防护结构条件下冲击波信号传播进行数值模拟。采用2D-Euler Multi-material算法进行仿真计算,将防护区域不同位置冲击波压力曲线、特征参数与空旷环境进行对比,分析防护结构与测点的距离及防护结构偏离冲击波传播方向的角度α对冲击波测试的影响。结果表明:在单向防护时,若达到正向防护(α=0)且防护结构与测点距离等于10倍圆柱直径时,压力峰值、正压作用时间和比冲量误差分别为0.51%、4.36%和1.91%;在多向防护时,以10倍直径距离分析,α=0时,压力峰值误差最小,为-0.43%;α=30°时,正压作用时间和比冲量误差更小,为-2.91%和0.66%。

摆锤冲击作用下大理岩的损伤特征研究

为了研究局部循环冲击作用下大理岩的损伤变化特征,论文利用损伤因子定义岩石的损伤程度,借助摆锤冲击试验机对大理岩试件进行不同冲击能量下接触面积之比为1/18S的循环冲击试验,分析其不同冲击能量和冲击次数对大理岩试件的冲击损伤,损伤因子随着冲击能量和冲击次数不同的变化特征。研究结果表明:当摆锤扬角为10°时,试件未发生明显的损伤破坏,随着循环冲击次数的增加,损伤因子不断增加,当循环冲击增加到一定次数时,试件会发生宏观破坏,损伤因子会发生显著变化;随着摆锤扬角的增大,波速开始明显降低,试件发生断裂破坏时所需的冲击吸收能量和冲击次数不断减少,损伤因子增长率可达75%。考虑到矿岩对溜井井壁的冲击方式为不同接触面积的局部冲击,研究结果可以为矿山溜井井壁受矿岩冲击损伤的研究提供一个新的思路。

电磁触发锁紧释放机构设计与试验研究

近年来发展的以形状记忆合金驱动、热刀为代表的空间应用低冲击锁紧释放装置,解决了火工品解锁器的冲击和污染等问题,但同时引入了解锁同步性差、温度环境适应性不足等问题。为解决上述问题,提出了一种电磁触发锁紧释放机构设计方案,完成了工程样机的研制,并进行了锁紧力加载、最短加电时间、解锁同步性、解锁冲击及真空热环境下解锁等功能性测试。结果表明:加载10000 N锁紧力工况下,最短加电时长为0.05 s时可以正常解锁,2000 Hz范围内解锁冲击加速度不大于100g(g为重力加速度),可以兼容0.104 s星载火工品电源,多台解锁器解锁同步性小于0.02 s,热真空过程中低温为-50℃、常温为28℃和高温为90℃这3种工况下均可以正常解锁。该产品质量轻、尺寸小、解锁响应快、可重复使用、解锁冲击小、解锁同步性和环境适应性好,具有很大的工程应用潜力。