Numerical Simulation of the Protective Effect of Complex Boundaries Toward Shock Waves in a 3D Explosive Field

A numerical method is presented that simulates 3D explosive field problems. A code MMIC3D using this method can be used to simulate the propagation and reflected effects of all kinds of rigid boundaries to shock waves produced by an explosive source. These numerical results indicate that the code MMIC3D has the ability in computing cases such as 3D shock waves produced by air explosion, vortex region of the shock wave, the Mach wave, and reflected waves behind rigid boundaries.

Modeling of the whole process of shock wave overpressure of freefield air explosion

The waveform of the explosion shock wave under free-field air explosion is an extremely complex problem.It is generally considered that the waveform consists of overpressure peak,positive pressure zone and negative pressure zone.Most of current practice usually considers only the positive pressure.Many empirical relations are available to predict overpressure peak,the positive pressure action time and pressure decay law.However,there are few models that can predict the whole waveform.The whole process of explosion shock wave overpressure,which was expressed as the product of the three factor functions of peak,attenuation and oscillation,was proposed in the present work.According to the principle of explosion similarity,the scaled parameters were introduced and the empirical formula was absorbed to form a mathematical model of shock wave overpressure.Parametric numerical simulations of free-field air explosions were conducted.By experimental verification of the AUTODYN numerical method and comparing the analytical and simulated curves,the model is proved to be accurate to calculate the shock wave overpressure under free-field air explosion.In addition,through the model the shock wave overpressure at different time and distance can be displayed in three dimensions.The model makes the time needed for theoretical calculation much less than that for numerical simulation.

Investigation of Shock Waves in Non-Ideal Gas under the Action of Magnetic Field

In present paper, certain aspect of shock wave in non-ideal gas, when magnetic field is orthogonal to the trajectories of the gas particles and electrical conductivity is taken to be infinite, is investigated. Considering one-dimensional unsteady non-planer motion, basic equations, its general solution and formation of shock-wave, conservation laws and jumps conditions, variation of area of non-uniform cross section and analytical solution of strong non planer shock is obtained.

Modulation of heat shock protein response in SH-SY5Y by mobile phone microwaves

AIM: To investigate putative biological damage caused by GSM mobile phone frequencies by assessing electromagnetic fields during mobile phone working. METHODS: Neuron-like cells, obtained by retinoicacid-induced differentiation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, were exposed for 2 h and 4 h to microwaves at 1800 MHz frequency bands. RESULTS: Cell stress response was evaluated by MTT assay as well as changes in the heat shock protein expression (Hsp20, Hsp27 and Hsp70) and caspase-3 activity levels, as biomarkers of apoptotic pathway. Under our experimental conditions, neither cell viability nor Hsp27 expression nor caspase-3 activity was significantly changed. Interestingly, a significant decrease in Hsp20 expression was observed at both times of exposure, whereas Hsp70 levels were significantly increased only after 4 h exposure. CONCLUSION: The modulation of the expression of Hsps in neuronal cells can be an early response to radiofrequency microwaves.

Interplanetary shock-associated aurora

Interplanetary shocks or solar wind pressure pulses have prompted impacts on Earth's magnetospheric and ionospheric environment, especially in causing dynamic changes to the bright aurora in the polar ionosphere. The auroral phenomenon associated with shock impingements, referred to as shock aurora, exhibits distinct signatures differing from other geophysical features on the dayside polar ionosphere. Shock aurora provides a direct manifestation of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere interaction. Imagers onboard satellites can obtain the associated large-scale auroral characteristics during shock impingement on the magnetopause. Therefore, auroral data from satellites are very useful for surveying the comprehensive features of shock aurora and their general evolution. Nonetheless, the ground-based high temporal-spatial resolution all-sky imagers installed at scientific stations play an essential role in revealing medium-and small-scale characteristics of shock aurora. Here, we focus on shock aurora imaging signatures measured by imagers onboard satellites and ground-based all-sky imagers.

Comparison of Hsps Expression after Radio-frequency Field Exposure in Three Human Glioma Cell Lines

Objective To investigate and compare the effect of radio-frequency （RF） field exposure on expression of heat shock proteins （Hsps） in three human glioma cell lines （MO54, A172, and T98）. Methods Cells were exposed to sham or 1950 MHz continuous-wave for 1 h. Specific absorption rates （SARs） were 1 and 10 W/kg. Localization and expression of Hsp27 and phosphorylated Hsp27 （（78） Ser） （p-Hsp27） were examined by immunocytochemistry. Expression levels of Hsp27, p-Hs27, and Hsp70 were determined by Western blotting. Results The Hsp27 was primarily located within the cytoplasm, p-Hsp27 in both cytoplasm and nuclei of MO54, A172, and T98 cells. RF field exposure did not affect the distribution or expression of Hsp27. In addition, Western blotting showed no significant differences in protein expression of Hsp27 or HspT0 between sham- and RF field-exposed cells at a SAR of 1 W/kg and 10 W/kg for 1 h in three cells lines. Exposure to RF field at a SAR of 10 W/kg for 1 h slightly decreased the protein level of phosphorylated Hsp27 in MO54 cells. Conclusion The 1950 MHz RF field has only little or no apparent effect on Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression in MO54, A172, and T98 cells.

UNSTEADY INTERACTION OF SHOCK WAVE DIFFRACTING AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN AIR

The reflection and diffraction of a planar shock wave around a circular cylinder are a typical problem of the complex nonlinear shock wave phenomena in literature.It has long been studied experimentally,analytically as well as numerically.Takayama in 1987 obtained clear experimental pictures ofisopycnics in shock tube under the condi- tion that the impinging shock wave propagates as far as 3 diameters away from the cylinder.To know more complete- ly the whole unsteady process,it is desirable to get experimental results in a region which is more than 10 diameters away from the cylinder.This is what has been done in this paper by using the pulsed laser holographic interferometry for several shock Mach numbers of the impinging shock. Results for several moments are shown,giving more know- ledge about the whole unsteady flow field.This is useful for a reliable and complete understanding of the changing force acting on the cylinder,and provides interesting data to check the performance of many recently developed high resolution numerical methods for unsteady shock wave calculation.

激波管模拟产生近场爆炸冲击波

激波管可以在实验室环境下模拟爆炸产生冲击波,具有参数易于控制和测量手段准确多样等优势,在爆炸冲击效应的研究中被广泛应用。但与真实爆炸相比,尤其是近场爆炸,激波管产生的冲击波存在正压作用时间难以缩短、超压峰值难以提升的困难。通过对激波管运行理论和数值模拟分析发现:缩短正压作用时间的关键是让反射稀疏波尽快追上入射激波;提升超压峰值的关键是提高驱动气体的驱动能力。为此,设计了一种驱动段为锥形截面的激波管,使得反射稀疏波更快地追上入射激波,从而有效减小激波管设备长度并缩短正压作用时间;同时,采用正向爆轰驱动技术,利用化学能代替高压空气驱动提高驱动气体声速,在低爆轰初始压力下可以获得高的超压峰值。数值计算结果表明,在入射激波马赫数(MS=2.0)相同条件下,相对于等截面驱动方式,采用锥形截面驱动方式时,激波管长度可以减少近2/3,正压作用时间可以缩短近1/2。激波管实验结果表明,锥形截面驱动激波管产生的超压曲线满足近场爆炸冲击波形要求,并获得了超压峰值为64.7~813.4 kPa、正压作用时间为1.7~4.8 ms的爆炸冲击波波形。该研究可为近场爆炸冲击波致伤及装备防护效应评价实验提供参考。

大口径爆炸激波管出口冲击波流场图像测量

为了获取大视场下爆炸冲击波的纹影图像以及冲击波与被测模型相互作用后的流场演化特征,开展了基于聚焦纹影的反射式高速纹影测试。利用激光光源和高反射膜建立了系统所需的光源输入,并通过简化刀口栅设计,实现了远距离大口径爆炸激波管出口冲击波流场图像演化特征以及与固体模型相互作用的高时空分辨特征。研究结果表明,设计的聚焦式反射纹影系统在80 m以上距离处获取了大口径大当量爆炸激波管出口处6 m×3 m视场的冲击波特征,以及与固体相互作用的高时空分辨图像和状态数据;相比传统聚焦纹影系统,该系统具有结构简单、可实现性强、测试距离远,覆盖视场大等特点;通过设计不同光源输入,探讨了激光光源在远距离拍摄中的优势;通过冲击波阵面与固体模型的相互作用特征,揭示了冲击波作用于被测固体模型后的形成、演化和绕流状态。该测量结果能够为武器装备在受到冲击波作用后的状态评估和响应特性分析提供直观的图像数据支撑。

Effect of early goal directed therapy on tissue perfusion in patients with septic shock

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to observe the effect of early goal directed therapy(EGDT)on tissue perfusion,microcirculation and tissue oxygenation in patients with septic shock.METHODS:Patients with early septic shock(<24 hours) who had been admitted to the ICU of Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from September 2009 through May 2011 were enrolled(research time:12 months),and they didn't meet the criteria of EGDT.Patients who had one of the following were excluded:stroke,brain injury,other types of shock,severe heart failure,acute myocardial infarction,age below 18 years,pregnancy,end-stage disease,cardiac arrest,extensive burns,oral bleeding,difficulty in opening the mouth,and the onset of septic shock beyond 24 hours.Patients treated with the standard protocol of EGDT were included.Transcutaneous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide(PtcO_2,PtcCO_2) were monitored and hemodynamic measurements were obtained.Side-stream dark field(SDF) imaging device was applied to obtain sublingual microcirculation.Hemodynamics,tissue oxygen,and sublingual microcirculation were compared before and after EGDT.If the variable meets the normal distribution,Student's t test was applied.Otherwise,Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used.Correlation between variables was analyzed with Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient method.RESULTS:Twenty patients were involved,but one patient wasn't analyzed because he didn't meet the EGDT criteria.PtcO_2 and PtcCO_2 were monitored in 19 patients,of whom sublingual microcirculation was obtained.After EGDT,PtcO_2 increased from 62.7+24.0 mmHg to 78.0±30.9mmHg(P<0.05) and tissue oxygenation index(PtcO_2/FiO_2) was 110.7+60.4 mmHg before EGDT and 141.6±78.2 mmHg after EGDT(P<0.05).The difference between PtcCO_2 and PCO_2 decreased significantly after EGDT(P<0.05).The density of perfused small vessels(PPV) and microcirculatory flow index of small vessels(MFI) tended to increase,but there were no significant differences between them(P>0.05).PtcO_2,PtcO_2/FiO_2,and PtcCO_2 were not linearly related to central venous saturation,lactate,oxygen delivery,and oxygen consumption(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Peripheral perfusion was improved after EGDT in patients with septic shock,and it was not exactly reflected by the index of systemic perfusion.

冲击作用下CL⁃20含能共晶的反应分子动力学模拟

共晶技术是降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL‐20)感度的有效方法之一,研究冲击作用下CL‐20共晶的化学反应,有助于理解CL‐20共晶的冲击反应机制,对炸药安全评价分析具有重要意义。本研究采用ReaxFF‐lg反应力场的分子动力学方法,同时结合非平衡加载方法,对CL‐20/2,5‐二硝基甲苯(DNT)、CL‐20/1,3‐二硝基苯(DNB)和CL‐20/1‐甲基‐3,5‐二硝基‐1,2,4‐三唑(MDNT)三种共晶在2~5 km·s^(-1)冲击速度下的冲击压缩过程进行了分子动力学模拟,获得了含能共晶在冲击作用后的热力学演化特征、初始化学反应路径和产物信息,并与CL‐20的情况进行了对比分析。研究发现:CL‐20/DNT、CL‐20/DNB和CL‐20/MDNT 3种共晶都有一定程度的降低冲击感度作用,3种共晶的冲击感度顺序依次为CL‐20/MDNT>CL‐20/DNB>CL‐20/DNT。3种共晶的分解反应均是从CL‐20分解开始,且CL‐20的分解速度比DNT、DNB和MDNT快。在2 km·s^(-1)冲击速度下,CL‐20共晶首先发生聚合反应,CL‐20与共晶配体分子间的聚合反应早于CL‐20分子间的聚合,且反应频次远高于CL‐20分子之间聚合。在3 km·s^(-1)的冲击条件下,CL‐20首先发生了N—N以及C—N键断裂,笼型结构被破坏,同时生成NO_(2),CL‐20初步断键后的结构及产物NO_(2)会进一步与共晶配体分子DNT、DNB、MDNT结合,降低CL‐20反应中间产物的浓度,达到降感作用。在4,5 km·s^(-1)冲击条件下,CL‐20中的环状骨架结构会直接遭到破坏,发生C—N键断裂,产生小分子碎片,直接生成N2,同时有NO_(2)、H_(2)、CO_(2)、H_(2)O等产物生成。

基于CFD仿真的炮口制退器性能影响因素研究

目的 在降低火炮后坐力的同时,保证炮手区域超压和温度符合要求。方法 利用流体仿真软件进行炮口流场的数值模拟,对制退器性能影响因素进行仿真分析。根据分析结果,得到改进后的制退器模型,并进行仿真和试验对比。结果 加装侧孔外反射挡板和侧孔倾斜对制退器性能的影响较大,并随角度的变化而变化,加装吹孔能有效降低炮后超压和温度。改进后,制退器的效率提升8.33%,炮后超压值平均降低44.10 kPa,炮后温度值平均降低358.28 K。结论 改进后的制退器具有更高的制退效率以及较低的炮后超压值和温度值。

隧道内障碍物对爆破冲击波传播特性影响研究

隧道掌子面开挖爆破产生的冲击波对施工安全构成极大威胁,为研究隧道内障碍物对掌子面开挖爆破产生的冲击波传播特性影响,依托宁攀高速公路胜利隧道,采用动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟爆破冲击波在隧道内障碍物段的传播,并采用现场测试方法对数值模拟结果进行验证。研究表明:正常衰减的冲击波传播至障碍物面上方2 m处超压迅速增长4.1%,通过障碍物后由于绕流作用超压增长2.2%,障碍物上方冲击波总体呈现增强-衰减-再增强-再减小的特性;障碍物中心轴线前5 m处反射冲击波超压开始高于初始冲击波,反射冲击波传播至障碍物面时超压峰值增长至初始冲击波的2.4倍;障碍物对正后方0.5 m范围内超压峰值有一定的降低作用,0.5~2 m范围内冲击波超压有所增长,随后恢复为正常超压衰减。现场测试结果表明,障碍物前2.5 m处形成2个超压峰值,经障碍物表面反射第2个冲击波超压峰值为初始峰值的2.95倍。

水下非接触爆炸下冲击波载荷与速度场等效关系研究

对于平板在水下非接触爆炸下的结构响应问题,学界目前常采用仿真和试验手段开展研究。但目前的仿真手段主要采用任意拉格朗日欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler, ALE)方法进行,计算效率低且在中远场计算中难以得到真实的结果,而试验手段成本较高。基于能流密度公式和TAYLOR板理论对平板水下非接触爆炸冲击波载荷与速度场等效关系展开研究,提出了冲击波载荷和等效初速度场的等效换算方法,建立了平板初速度场与水下爆炸参数的等效关系并开展试验验证。结果表明,基于能流密度的冲击波等效初速度场具有更好的计算精度和效率,这一方法可作为研究平板或者简单板架在水下爆炸冲击波作用下结构响应的一个重要的等效计算方法。

高温热冲击下花岗岩内一维热传导规律试验研究

热对岩石物理力学性质的劣化作用受岩石的结构、矿物组成及分布等多方面因素共同决定。为解决工程中存在的半无限大物体经历高温热冲击时其内部的一维热传导问题,通过设置高温热冲击试验,对热冲击过程中的温度场、升温速率、温度梯度场进行分析,并引入热冲击因子来定量表征高温热冲击过程中热对岩石的破坏程度,探讨热源温度及介质对花岗岩传热的影响,研究结果表明:不同冲击温度下花岗岩内温度变化均分为3个阶段:快速升温阶段、缓慢升温阶段、稳定阶段;由于花岗岩的非均质性,高温热冲击下花岗岩内温度场和温度梯度场分布均具有紊乱性,且温度梯度场紊乱程度高于温度场;高温热冲击过程中热冲击因子在花岗岩内的分布具有明显的非均质性,且其波峰具有动态移动的性质;100℃时,水相对硅油具有更大的对流换热系数,此状态下花岗岩内温度、升温速率、温度梯度均具有更大的峰值且更早进入稳定阶段。

物理因子促进干细胞的成骨分化

背景:针对骨缺损传统修复方法的局限性,干细胞广泛应用于再生医学的研究。化学性因子是当前的研究热点,但是近年来的研究证实,国内外应用物理因素调控干细胞分化的研究不断深入,物理因子联合生物支架在骨组织工程中为解决骨缺损修复难题提供了一种新的思路和方法,具有良好的发展前景。目的:就物理因子如电磁场、超声等对干细胞成骨分化的分子机制以及信号通路的调控、在骨组织工程中应用的可行性等方面做一总结。方法:应用计算机检索中国知网和PubMed数据库中近20年的相关文献,在标题和摘要中以“干细胞,骨缺损,成骨分化,电磁场,超声,冲击波,低强度激光,机械力,骨组织工程”或“stem cell,osteoporosis,osteogenic differentiation,Electromagnetic Fields,Ultrasound,Bone Tissue Engineering”为检索词进行检索,对相关文章94篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)物理因子作为一种无创、非接触的辅助疗法对骨组织工程有着显著影响,在调控干细胞的成骨分化、促进细胞的增殖以及在骨工程支架内的生存能力方面有着积极作用。(2)除了激活信号通路和成骨基因转录外,物理因子还可以改善血管化、增加支架中形成的骨的体积、面积和厚度,可以促进骨整合,提高骨支架再生健康骨组织的成功率。(3)然而,将物理因子用于骨组织工程的研究均采用不同的实验条件,如支架类型、细胞类型及干预条件等,无法直接进行比较以确定最佳参数设置,在临床应用中,这些不同干预对促进骨折愈合的有效性研究结果也缺乏一致性,因此未来还需要进一步确定物理因子用于骨组织工程的最佳参数。(4)总体而言,物理因子作为一种理想的辅助疗法,在与各种生物材料结合并应用于骨组织工程方面具有巨大的潜力。

远场爆炸冲击波作用下高层建筑上部结构动态响应试验研究

为研究高层建筑上部结构在远场爆炸冲击波整体加载作用下的动态响应规律,设计并制作1:30缩比的整体高层建筑模型,完成野外化爆试验,获取建筑模型迎爆面冲击波压力曲线和不同高度位置处的位移曲线,结合数值模拟的方法判断试验加载状态,并对建筑模型的破坏形态和实测数据进行分析。研究结果表明:在远场爆炸冲击波作用下,高层建筑框架柱破坏模式以受剪破坏为主,框架梁构件以弯曲破坏为主,同时不同构件间的相互作用对破坏模式也有重要的影响;爆心与建筑物夹角θ≤25°时,迎爆面各处冲击波压力参数相同;当建筑结构整体仍处于弹性变形阶段时,各高度位置前期水平位移变化曲线近似重合,运动周期保持一致,后期由于高度不同,位移峰值有一定差别,与高度近似呈线性增长的关系;建筑模型的变形与破坏主要取决于比冲量的大小,冲击波峰值影响较小。

天然橡胶在减震降噪领域的研究进展

本文主要介绍了天然橡胶的研究进展以及其在减振降噪领域的应用;提出了天然橡胶在减振降噪领域面临的主要问题以及未来发展趋势和面临的挑战,为天然橡胶的广泛应用提供参考。

结构参数对闭口体系新型激波吹灰器工作特性的影响研究

锅炉吹灰器可以有效实现清除锅炉内部的积灰,提高锅炉运行效率,对锅炉安全运行具有重要意义。SPG型激波吹灰器是在传统激波吹灰器基础上发展而来的闭口体系新型高性能吹灰器,使用数值方法对该装置的可行性进行验证,并分析工作特性,可以为实际应用与改进提供参考。基于CFD技术,将SPG型激波吹灰器作为研究对象,使用动网格技术对设备内活塞的真实运动过程进行仿真模拟,利用Fluent软件模拟计算SPG型激波吹灰器内部流场的连续变化这一动态过程,并通过调整喷管、燃烧室以及压力蓄能器的结构参数,在出口处监测得到各部件结构参数变化对排气特性的影响规律,获取其工作特性。结果表明:喷管的长径比从2增加到4时,出口参数峰值出现滞后现象,但压力峰值与速度峰值获得显著提升,且喷管的扩张段改为直管可以降低膨胀损失,适当增加喷管长径比并直接连接直管是一种较好的方案;燃烧室径向和轴向壁面之间的间距缩短均可使出口压力峰值提高,但轴向距离缩短压力峰值增加幅度更大;在压力蓄能器中,去除阻尼装置压力提升较少,且无法减缓活塞复位,使排出气体减少,去除限位器后喷管出口压力大幅提高,但其峰值持续时间变短。