Core clock component MtLUX controls shoot architecture through repression of MtTB1/MtTCP1A in Medicago truncatula

Plants are capable of regulating their shoot architecture in response to diverse internal and external environments.The circadian clock is an adaptive mechanism that integrates information from internal and ambient conditions to help plants cope with recurring environmental fluctuations.Despite the current understanding of plant circadian clock and genetic framework underlying plant shoot architecture,the intricate connection between these two adaptive mechanisms remains largely unclear.In this study,we elucidated how the core clock gene LUX ARRHYTHMO(LUX)regulates shoot architecture in the model legume plant Medicago truncatula.We show that mtlux mutant displays increased main stem height,reduced lateral shoot length,and decreased the number of lateral branches and biomass yield.Gene expression analysis revealed that Mt LUX regulated shoot architecture by repressing the expression of strigolactone receptor MtD14 and MtTB1/MtTCP1A,a TCP gene that functions centrally in modulating shoot architecture.In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that Mt LUX directly binds to a cis-element in the promoter of MtTB1/MtTCP1A,suggesting that Mt LUX regulates branching by rhythmically suppressing MtTB1/MtTCP1A.This work demonstrates the regulatory effect of the circadian clock on shoot architecture,offering a new understanding underlying the genetic basis towards the flexibility of plant shoot architecture.

Multi-Scale Mixed Attention Tea Shoot Instance Segmentation Model

Tea leaf picking is a crucial stage in tea production that directly influences the quality and value of the tea.Traditional tea-picking machines may compromise the quality of the tea leaves.High-quality teas are often handpicked and need more delicate operations in intelligent picking machines.Compared with traditional image processing techniques,deep learning models have stronger feature extraction capabilities,and better generalization and are more suitable for practical tea shoot harvesting.However,current research mostly focuses on shoot detection and cannot directly accomplish end-to-end shoot segmentation tasks.We propose a tea shoot instance segmentation model based on multi-scale mixed attention(Mask2FusionNet)using a dataset from the tea garden in Hangzhou.We further analyzed the characteristics of the tea shoot dataset,where the proportion of small to medium-sized targets is 89.9%.Our algorithm is compared with several mainstream object segmentation algorithms,and the results demonstrate that our model achieves an accuracy of 82%in recognizing the tea shoots,showing a better performance compared to other models.Through ablation experiments,we found that ResNet50,PointRend strategy,and the Feature Pyramid Network(FPN)architecture can improve performance by 1.6%,1.4%,and 2.4%,respectively.These experiments demonstrated that our proposed multi-scale and point selection strategy optimizes the feature extraction capability for overlapping small targets.The results indicate that the proposed Mask2FusionNet model can perform the shoot segmentation in unstructured environments,realizing the individual distinction of tea shoots,and complete extraction of the shoot edge contours with a segmentation accuracy of 82.0%.The research results can provide algorithmic support for the segmentation and intelligent harvesting of premium tea shoots at different scales.

Establishment of highly efficient plant regeneration of Paeonia ostii‘Fengdan’through optimization of callus,adventitious shoot,and rooting induction

Tree peony is a famous ornamental plant,while the low propagation rate is the main hurdles hindering the industry development.Till now,the highly efficient regeneration system for tree peony is not established.In this study,using Paeonia ostii’Fengdan’mature embryos,the effects of variations in inoculation method,initiating culture,adventitious shoot induction,rooting media,plant growth regulators(PGRs),and a nonconventional PGR(plant extracts)on regeneration from explants were evaluated.In embryo cultures,embryonic callus induction rate of 1/4 embryos was the highest among those of embryos with other three technical treatments(whole embryos,1/2 embryos,and pieces of embryos).The woody plant medium(WPM)containing 1.0 mg·L^(-1)6-BA,0.5 mg·L^(-1)GA3,30.0 g·L^(-1)sucrose,and 3.0 g·L^(-1)phytagel significantly improved shoot induction and multiplication.3.0 mg·L^(-1)plant extracts promoted hypocotyl germination,rooting,and root growth,in direct embryo culture,and a combination of 3.0 mg·L^(-1)plant extracts+2.0 mg·L^(-1)IBA+1.5 mg·L^(-1)IAA produced optimal rooting induction rate for multiple shoots in direct embryo culture and indirect somatic embryogenesis.For the three in vitro micropropagation methods,the highest shoot proliferation coefficient(5.4±0.2)was obtained with indirect somatic embryogenesis.Fortunately,the propagation ability of shoots remains high,even when culture propagation was continued for more than two years.Thus,a reliable system for plant regeneration from mature embryos derived from P.ostii’Fengdan’callus and two direct embryo culture systems have been established.The novel regeneration system could facilitate uniform seedling production.

Effect of Cytokinins on the Micropropagation of Carob(Ceratonia siliqua L.)through Shoot Tip Culture

In order to determine the most suitable cytokinin for the micropropagation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), the effect of four cytokinins: BAP, zeatin, kinetin and 2-iP, was tested on explants derived from young seedlings of seven days. Organogenesis is better in the presence of BAP (0.5 mg/l), while buds growth is favored by zeatin (0.5 mg/l). The combination of the most suitable cytokinin (BAP at 0.5 mg/l) with IBA improves the caulogenesis when the concentration of this latter is low (0.1 mg/l);high concentrations of IBA have an inhibitory effect on elongation and neoformation of shoots and leaves. The multiplication and growth of shoots are more favorable on WPM medium in the presence of BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/l) alone or combined with 0.5 mg/l with GA3, while rooting is mainly favored by IBA, especially at 2 mg/l.

A two-parameter multiple shooting method and its application to the natural vibrations of non-prismatic multi-segment beams

This paper presents an enhanced version of the standard shooting method that enables problems with two unknown parameters to be solved.A novel approach is applied to the analysis of the natural vibrations of Euler-Bernoulli beams.The proposed algorithm,named as two-parameter multiple shooting method,is a new powerful numerical tool for calculating the natural frequencies and modes of multi-segment prismatic and non-prismatic beams with different boundary conditions.The impact of the axial force and additional point masses is also taken into account.Due to the fact that the method is based directly on the fourth-order ordinary differential equation,the structures do not have to be divided into many small elements to obtain an accurate enough solution,even though the geometry is very complex.To verify the proposed method,three different examples are considered,i.e.,a three-segment non-prismatic beam,a prismatic column subject to non-uniformly distributed compressive loads,and a two-segment beam with an additional point mass.Numerical analyses are carried out with the software MATHEMATICA.The results are compared with the solutions computed by the commercial finite element program SOFiSTiK.Good agreement is achieved,which confirms the correctness and high effectiveness of the formulated algorithm.

In Vitro Propagation of Three Strawberry Cultivars through Runner Tips Culture

At the Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, strawberry in vitro propagation was done. Five Benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations were utilized for shoot induction—0.0 mg/L (Control), 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L and five Indole Buteric Acid (IBA) concentrations—0.0 mg/L(Control), 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/l—were used for the induction of the root. The highest mean amount of shoots (eight) and length of the shoot (3.40 cm) were observed at a concentration of BAP of 0.5 mg/L. Festival also had the highest mean amount of leaves (6) when we used the identical concentration, while RABI-3 and Camarosa did the least well. The IBA of 0.5 mg/L concentration of rooting performed the best across all metrics tested among the five concentrations. The longest (3.3 cm) roots and most roots (7) were likewise obtained from this concentration in Festival. However, RABI-3 and Camarosa performed worse than Festival in the same concentration. Half-strength MS media without IBA concentration showed no response regarding root induction for each of the three cultivars.

Efficient Decomposition Shooting Method for Solving Third-Order Boundary Value Problems

The present paper proposes a mathematical method to numerically treat a class of third-order linear Boundary Value Problems (BVPs). This method is based on the combination of the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and, the modified shooting method. A complete derivation of the proposed method has been provided, in addition to its numerical implementation and, validation via the utilization of the Runge-Kutta method and, other existing methods. The method has been applied to diverse test problems and turned out to perform remarkably. Lastly, the simulated numerical results have been graphically illustrated and, also supported by some absolute error comparison tables.

Rice gene OsUGT75A regulates seedling emergence under deep-sowing conditions

Poor seedling emergence is a challenge for direct seeding of rice under deep-sowing field conditions.Here we reveal that UDP-glucosyltransferase OsUGT75A promotes rice seedling emergence under deepsowing conditions by increasing shoot length.Expression of OsUGT75A was higher in the middle regions of the shoot and in shoots under deep-sowing conditions.Levels of free abscisic acid(ABA)and jasmonates(JA)were higher in shoots of OsUGT75A mutants than in those of wild-type plants,and OsUGT75A mutants were more sensitive to ABA and JA treatments.Reduced shoot length was attributed to higher ABA INSENSITIVE 3(OsABI3)expression and lower JASMONATE-ZIM domain protein(OsJAZ)expression in shoots.Shoot extension by OsUGT75A is achieved mainly by promotion of cell elongation.An elite haplotype of OsUGT75A associated with increased shoot length was identified among indica rice accessions.OsUGT75A acts to increase seedling emergence under deep-sowing conditions.

Electromagnetic scattering and imaging simulation of extremely large-scale sea-ship scene based on GPU parallel technology

Aiming to solve the bottleneck problem of electromagnetic scattering simulation in the scenes of extremely large-scale seas and ships,a high-frequency method by using graphics processing unit(GPU)parallel acceleration technique is proposed.For the implementation of different electromagnetic methods of physical optics(PO),shooting and bouncing ray(SBR),and physical theory of diffraction(PTD),a parallel computing scheme based on the CPU-GPU parallel computing scheme is realized to balance computing tasks.Finally,a multi-GPU framework is further proposed to solve the computational difficulty caused by the massive number of ray tubes in the ray tracing process.By using the established simulation platform,signals of ships at different seas are simulated and their images are achieved as well.It is shown that the higher sea states degrade the averaged peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)of radar image.

The IDD Transcription Factors:Their Functions in Plant Development and Environmental Response

INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversity of physiological processes and functions in plant growth and development,including floral transition,plant architecture,seed and root development,and hormone signaling.In this review,we especially summarized the latest knowledge on the functions and working models of IDD members in Arabidopsis,rice,and maize,particularly focusing on their role in the regulatory network of biotic and abiotic environmental responses,such as gravity,temperature,water,and pathogens.Understanding these mechanisms underlying the function of IDD proteins in these processes is important for improving crop yields by manipulating their activity.Overall,the review offers valuable insights into the functions and mechanisms of IDD proteins in plants,providing a foundation for further research and potential applications in agriculture.

规范场论中自对偶磁单极子解的存在唯一性

Magnetic monopoles stand for the static solution arising from a(1 + 3)–dimensional theory describing the interaction between a real scalar triplet and non–Abelian gauge field. In this paper, we obtain a two–point boundary value problem of a first–order ordinary differential equations from the self–dual monopole model. Then we establish the existence and uniqueness theorem for the problem by using a dynamical shooting method, we also obtain sharp asymptotic estimates for the solutions at infinity.

Does the root to shoot ratio show a hormetic response to stress? An ecological and environmental perspective

Root/shoot(R/S)ratio is an important index for assessing plant health,and has received increased attention in the last decades as a sensitive indicator of plant stress induced by chemical or physical agents.The R/S ratio has been discussed in the context of ecological theory and its potential importance in ecological succession,where species follow different strategies for above-ground growth for light or below-ground competition for water and nutrients.We present evidence showing the R/S ratio follows a biphasic dose–response relationship under stress,typical of hormesis.The R/S ratio in response to stress has been widely compared among species and ecological succession classes.It is constrained by a variety of factors such as ontogeny.Furthermore,the current literature lacks dose-response studies incorporating the full dose–response continuum,hence limiting scientific understanding and possible valuable application.The data presented provide an important perspective for new-generation studies that can advance current ecological understanding and improve carbon storage estimates by R/S ratio considerations.Hormetic response of the R/S ratio can have an important role in forestry for producing seedlings with desired characteristics to achieve maximum health/productivity and resilience under plantation conditions.

Effects of UV-B treatment on controlling lignification and quality of bamboo (Phyllostachys prominens) shoots without sheaths during cold storage

For evaluating the effects of UV-B treatment on lignification and quality of bamboo(Phyllostachys prominens) shoots during postharvest, fresh bamboo shoots without sheaths were irradiated with UV-B at a dose of 8.0 kJ m^(–2) and then stored at(6±1)℃ along with 85–90% relative humidity(RH) for 15 d. The results showed that UV-B treatment apparently slowed down the increase rates of flesh firmness, weight loss, and contents of cellulose and lignin. It also decreased the activities of 4-coumarate CoA ligase(4CL), peroxidase(POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD) and phenylalanine ammonialyase(PAL) and the expression of their encoding genes during cold storage. It was suggested that these effects of UV-B treatment on decreases in these enzymatic activities and the expression of encoding genes might collectively regulate lignin synthesis and accumulation in the flesh of bamboo shoots and consequently benefit in maintaining the edible quality of bamboo shoots during cold storage.

Establishing Submersed Macrophytes via Sinking and Colonization of Shoot Fragments Clipped off Manually

In this paper, sinking and growth of apexes and mid-stems of Myriophyllum spicatum L., Hydrilla verticillata （L.f.） Royle and Ceratophyllum demersum L. in concrete ponds containing eutrophic water and sediment were investigated. Sinking rates of apexes and mid-stems reached 34.8% and 4.4% at the 6 th day and 91.1% and 66.7% at the 22 nd day for M. spicatum, 57.8% and 55.6% at the 6 th day and 100% and 97.8% at the 22 nd day for H. vertieillata, 18.9% and 86.7% at the 6 th day and 95.6% and 100% at the 22 nd day for C. demersum, respectively. Most sunken fragments established themselves successfully with significant growth. Total shoot length ofplantlets developed from apexes and mid-stems increased by 399% and 61% for M. spicatum, 593% and 256% for H. vertieillata and 114% and 104% for C. demersum, respectively. The results showed that it was feasible to establish submersed macrophytes via sinking and colonization of shoot fragments clipped off manually.

Standardization of harvesting age of bamboo shoots with respect to nutritional and anti-nutritional components

Bamboo shoots can be harvested at different ages but the data on the changes in nutritional composition with age are scanty. We standardized harvesting age of bamboo shoots in central India to obtain best quality produce with respect to nutritional composition. The shoots harvested on different days （2–20 days after emergence from ground） were analyzed for their nutritional （dietary fibres, carbohydrates, proteins, total phenols, ascorbic acid, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and phenolic acids） and anti nutritional （cyanogen） constituents. A significant variation （at p ≤ 0.5） was observed in the nutritional composition of shoots of Dendrocalamus asper, D. strictus and Bambusa tulda harvested at different days. An overall decrease was observed in proteins and total phenols while dietary fibres and carbohydrates increased with ages. Significant variation （at p ≤ 0.5） was also observed in phenolic acids while minerals did not vary significantly. Results revealed that the optimum harvesting age for D. asper, D. strictus and B. tulda was on 10–14 days, 6–10 days and 10–16 days （after emergence from the ground） respectively. These results can be used to obtain quality bamboo shoots.

Influence of core box vents distribution on flow dynamics of core shooting process based on experiment and numerical simulation

Core shooting process plays a decisive role in the quality of sand cores, and core box vents distribution is one of the most important factor determining the effectiveness of core shooting process. In this paper, the influence of core box vents distribution on the flow dynamics of core shooting process was investigated based on in situ experimental observations with transparent core box, high-speed camera and pressure measuring system. Attention was focused on the variation of both the flow behavior of sand and pressure curves due to different vents distribution. Taking both kinetic and frictional stress into account, a kinetic-frictional constitutive model was established to describe the internal momentum transfer in the solid phase. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulation was then performed and good agreement was achieved between the experimental and simulated results on both the flow behavior of sand and the pressure curves. It was found that vents distribution has direct effect on the pressure difference of different locations in the core box, which determines the buoyancy force exerting on the sand particles and significantly influences the filling process of core sand.

Algorithm on robot soccer pass and shoot a ball

Introduces of robot soccer’s competition software of Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), the concept of running range and the method of calculating the running range for both the opponent and our teammates according to the distances between the ball and robot soccers, and therefore the method of calculating the angle that the robot passes or shoots the ball according to the running ranges of both sides. And gives the examples of passing the ball when the ball’s position is in the backcourt and shooting the ball when the ball’s position is in the frontcourt.