Short-term Earthquake Prediction in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region Using the Method of Modulated Earthquakes

By scanning modulated or un-modulated earthquakes spatio-temporally in the region of Sichuan-Yunnan,short-term non-stationary seismic precursory patterns were extracted with significant difference and the characteristic of non-stationary short-term seismic anomalies were analyzed as well as prediction efficiency of modulated small earthquakes before a strong earthquake. Besides,small earthquake modulation ratios near the region of the epicenter were calculated and sorted by time. The results indicated that there were significant effects using the modulated earthquake method to predict earthquakes greater than MS6. 0 in a short time. Before the MS8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake,there were obvious short-term precursory seismicity gap patterns of modulated small earthquakes.

The Study of Medium- and Short-term Prediction for Artux Earthquake (M_S=6.9) and Usunan Earthquake (M_S=5.8)

In this paper, the process of medium- and short-term prediction (submitted in special cards) of the Artux earthquake (MS=6.9) and the Usurian earthquake (MS=5.8) in Xinjiang area, is introduced. The imminent seismic risk regions are judged based on long- and medium-term seismic risk regions and annual seismic risk regions determined by national seismologic analysis, combined with large seismic situation analysis. We trace and analyze the seismic situation in large areas, and judge principal risk regions or belts of seismic activity in a year, by integrating the large area’s seismicity with geodetic deformation evolutional characteristics. As much as possible using information, we study synthetically observational information for long-medium- and short-term (time domain) and large-medium -small dimensions (space domain), and approach the forecast region of forthcoming earthquakes from the large to small magnitude. A better effect has been obtained. Some questions about earthquake prediction are discussed.

Application of Ambient Stress Parameters to Short-Term Prediction of the 2004, M_S5.0 Shuangbai, Yunnan Earthquake

Based on the data recorded by the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and using new methods, the short-term variations of the ambient stress field of Yunnan and its adjacent areas are monitored in real time. With the in-depth analyses of the spatial-temporal evolution of the ambient stress field prior to the 2004, Shuangbai M_S5.0 earthquake, concrete procedures for predicting the three elements of the earthquake are presented.

Study on the Method of Short-Term Synthetic Earthquake Prediction in the North China Region

Based on the extraction and calculation of the short-term seismic precursory information magnitude from the 114 major precursory observations in the North China region, and together with consideration of factors such as geological structure, seismicity, crustal thickness, and in particular, the current geodynamics of the region, the authors studied the time-space evolution characteristics of the short-term earthquake precursory information magnitude and its relationship with earthquakes and proposed the index and method for the short-term synthetic prediction of earthquakes with M S≥5.0 in the North China region. The inspection through R-value shows that the method is effective to a certain extent for earthquake prediction.

Anomalies of Precursory Group and Grouped Strong Earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

Three methods of extracting the information of anomalies of a precursory group are put forward, i.e., the mathematical analyses of the synthetic information of earthquake precursors (S), the inhomogeneous degree of precursory groups (ID) and the values of short-term and impending anomaly in near-source area (NS). Using these methods, we calculate the observational data of deformation, underground fluid and hydrochemical constituents obtained from different seismic stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region and conclude that the synthetic precursory anomalies of a single strong earthquake with M S6.0 differ greatly from those of the grouped strong earthquakes, for the anomalous information of precursory groups are more abundant. The three methods of extracting the synthetic precursory anomaly and the related numerical results can be applied into the practice of prediction to the grouped strong earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Inhomogeneous degree (ID) of synthetic precursory anomaly can be identified automatically because it takes the threshold of distributive characteristics of the anomalies of precursory group as its criterion for anomaly.

Study on Relation Between Dynamic Pattern of Regional Vertical Strain Rate and Several Strong Earthquakes such as Lijiang(M_s7.0)and Menyuan(M_s6.4)Earthquakes

Making use of the method of obtaining regional vertical strain rate from regional preciseleveling data and gaining dynamic pattern combining with deformation data on spanningfaults, the regional vertical strain dynamic evolution characteristics of several moderatelystrong earthquakes such as Lijiang (M_s 7.0) and Menyuan (M_s 6.4) earthquakes occurredin crustal deformation monitoring areas located in the western Yunnan and Qilianshan-Hexiregion. Based on the above-mentioned facts, by studying the time-space nonhomogeneity andstrain energy accumulation status, some criteria for judging the medium. and short-termstrong seismic risk regions according to the regional vertical strain rate dynamic informationare proposed.

Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan,China,and its Analysis on Geo-dynamics

Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote-sensing images of FY-2C thermal infrared 1st wave band （10.3-11.3 μm） designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics： （1） The precursor appeared rather early： on March 18, 2008, i.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; （2） The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages： the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; （3） Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; （4） An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the postearthquake phenomena.

Anomalous Ionospheric foF2 Variations Observed Prior to the Dalbandin Earthquake in Pakistan

Ionosphereic foF2 variations are very sensitive to the seismic effect and results of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes seem to very hopeful for short-term earthquake prediction. On January 18,2011 at 20: 23 UT a great earthquake( M = 7. 2)occurred in Dalbandin( 28. 73° N,63. 92° E),Pakistan. In this study,we have tried to find out the features of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies by using the hourly day time( 08. 00 a. m.- 05. 00 p. m.) data of critical frequency( foF2) obtained by three vertical sounding stations installed in Islamabad( 33. 78°N,73. 06°E),Multan( 32. 26°N,71. 51°E) and Karachi( 24. 89° N,67. 02° E), Pakistan. The results show the significant anomalies of foF2 in the earthquake preparation zone several days prior to the Dalbandin earthquake. It is also observed that the amplitude and frequency of foF2 anomalies are more prominent at the nearest station to the epicenter as compared to those stations near the outer margin of the earthquake preparation zone. The confidence level for ionospheric anomalies regarding the seismic signatures can be enhanced by adding the analysis of some other ionospheic parameters along with critical frequency of the layer F2.

Impending HRT wave precursors to the Wenchuan M_s8.0 earthquake and methods of earthquake impending prediction by using HRT wave

We deployed four geo-electric monitoring stations in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces from 2004, using the new generation of equipment (PS-100) and technologies to capture the HRT wave earthquake precursor. Before the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, we recorded the HRT wave precursor at the only operating station in Hongge (HG, Δ=465 km) and found that significant impending signal had been recorded at the station in the early morning ( 0―5 am) of 12th of May, 2008. The precursor for this earthquake is consistent with precursors recorded for other strong earthquakes. The measured physical properties (geo-resistivity and telluric-current) show tidal wave period oscillations from several days to several months before the earthquakes and the amplitude of such HT oscillation increases significantly towards the occurrence of an earthquake. These HT and RT waves from the epicenter have a causal relationship with the earthquakes that happened several days later. The arrival time of two RT waves is proportional to the distance from the station to the epicenter. The estimated natural decay of the amplitude is correlated with the natural period (T0) of the earthquake fault, which is proportional to the fault length. From this relationship, we can predict the earthquake magnitude. For magnitude 6―9 earthquakes, the natural period is about 1―6 hours. Such oscillation comes from the epicenter area and they can propagate several thousand kilometers in the Earth's crust. Before a strong earthquake in the shallow crust, the conductive pore fluid will experience major changes before the fault rapture. Such fluid change will emit an oscillation in the pore fluid pressure. This is the mechanism for the HRT wave generation. Since the China Earthquake Administration funded the HRT wave short-term earth-quake prediction project in 2003, the first record of HRT precursor wave has been recorded from the 2004-12-26 Sumatra Mw9.0 earthquake with the largest epicentre distance Δ=2900 km. Thereafter, we have captured HRT waves from more than twenty strong earthquakes, which are well-matched and show repeatability, consistency and regularity. All our observation with the HRT waves demonstrate that HRT wave precursors to earthquakes indeed exist. Strong earthquakes can be predicted and short-term and impending earthquake prediction is achievable in the very near future. From all the observations, including the ones at HG station from Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, we conclude that using HRT wave to predict earthquakes is feasible.

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前的地震活动异常及预测意义的讨论

昆仑山口西8.1地震前明显地出现大区域地震活动平静、高b值、高调制、低熵值的异常配套现象.回顾性分析了巨大地震前不同时间和空间尺度的地震活动性异常,探讨了巨大地震的预测可能性.

2008年新疆和静5.3级地震异常特征及短临跟踪回顾分析

2008年8月30日新疆和静发生5.3级地震,位于新疆年度地震危险区内。震前由本文作者组成的南天山东段6级地震危险区短临跟踪小组于2008年6月中旬提出了短临预报意见。本文回顾分析了这次地震前开展的短临跟踪的工作思路、前兆异常的分析讨论及地震短期预测等,并对地震短临跟踪预报工作做一些探讨。

累积危险度的动态演化及其与强震的关系

完善了累积危险度的强震危险地点跟踪预测方法 ,并对 1 989年以来首都圈及邻近地区累积危险度的演化进行了分析。结果表明 ,累积危险度的演化过程 ,反映了地震孕育及构造应力活动的进程 ;2次 6级地震前 ,均出现累积危险度数值增大 ,震后扩散—消退 ;

由孕震后期非线性层次演化探讨短临预报问题

鉴于震源区为最后失稳区，震前前兆信息量最少，最弱以及最晚出现，而近源区的调整单元（弱介质区或蠕滑断层等）前兆信息量最多，最强以及最早出现，提出由异常区边界交汇法确定震源位置（以场求源）；又鉴于孕震过程存在阶段性和层次性，提出由阶段性和层次性表现的时间特征确定主震发生时间（简称层次法），由上述二个思路和方法，本文对１９９５年永登地震孕震全过程和短临跟踪预报进行了研究。研究表明，在地点中期预报基础上进一步由层次法进行前兆跟踪是实现短临预报的途径之一。

和静5.2级地震单台地震学预报方法的跟踪研究

以1991年6月6日和静5.2级地震为例,较为系统地分析研究了部分单台地震预报的地震学方法的异常变化过程。结果表明,利用单台地震资料进行跟踪式预报的实用化研究,可以为地震预报决策提供有效的依据。

用地下水位异常对1998年1月10日张北-尚义M_S6.2地震的检验性预测

分析了１９９８ 年１ 月１０ 日张北尚义 Ｍ Ｓ６ ．２ 地震前后晋冀蒙交界地区前兆台网地下水位异常特征．用多层次跟踪预报法对该次地震进行了检验性预测，探讨了地下水位高值异常与该次地震的关系．检验预测结果表明。

景洪5.1、5.5级地震地下水动态预报启示

本文动态追踪了１９９７ 年景洪５１ 、５５ 级中强震的孕震—发震的整个过程， 异常阶段属情清楚， 异常发展层次分明， 有动态感， 过程清晰完整， 表明中强地震亦有孕震过程。震前异常阶段的属性和异常的准同步是地震预测的主要依据。跟踪各类异常， 掌握地震孕育发展的进程， 把握时机有可能预报一些地震。本文是 “八五”、“九五”攻关成果运用的结果之一。

中国大陆地区强震的逆向追踪方法研究

强震发生前,震源附近的地震活动往往会呈现出一些空间和时间的异常特征,分析和提取这些异常特征的方法较多。本文采用了与常规强震预测方法迥异的地震预测方法地震活动反向追踪法(Reverse Tracing of Precursors,RTP),对中国大陆近30年来的几个MS≥7.5大震(含2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震)进行了探索性的回溯研究。结果表明,该方法在中国大陆大震预测方面有一定的适用性,并利用该方法对中国大陆地区的未来强震活动做了一定的预测。

川西地震强化监视区的基本情况与工作设想

川西地震强化监视区属于计划建立的中国内地首批5个地震强化监视区之一。在初步方案中,该区沿川滇活动地块的东北—东部边界的一部分展布,区内有鲜水河断裂中—南段,安宁河、则木河以及大凉山等活动断裂,总面积约为6万平方千米。本文着重介绍了川西地震强化监视区的基本情况、历史与现今强震活动背景、中长期地震潜势、现有的工作基础和监测能力。最后,作者提出在该区开展强化监测工作的建议,以及与该区中期—短期震情跟踪和预报实践紧密相关的研究课题。