Transcript shortening via alternative polyadenylation promotes gene expression during fracture healing

Maturation of the 3′end of almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs(m RNAs)requires cleavage and polyadenylation.Most mammalian m RNAs are polyadenylated at different sites within the last exon,generating alternative polyadenylation(APA)isoforms that have the same coding region but distinct 3′untranslated regions(UTRs).The 3′UTR contains motifs that regulate m RNA metabolism;thus,changing the 3′UTR length via APA can significantly affect gene expression.Endochondral ossification is a central process in bone healing,but the impact of APA on gene expression during this process is unknown.Here,we report the widespread occurrence of APA,which impacts multiple pathways that are known to participate in bone healing.Importantly,the progression of endochondral ossification involves global 3′UTR shortening,which is coupled with an increased abundance of shortened transcripts relative to other transcripts;these results highlight the role of APA in promoting gene expression during endochondral bone formation.Our mechanistic studies of transcripts that undergo APA in the fracture callus revealed an intricate regulatory network in which APA enhances the expression of the collagen,type I,alpha 1(Col1a1)and Col1a2 genes,which encode the 2 subunits of the abundantly expressed protein collagen 1.APA exerts this effect by shortening the 3′UTRs of the Col1a1 and Col1a2 m RNAs,thus removing the binding sites of mi R-29a-3p,which would otherwise strongly promote the degradation of both transcripts.Taken together,our study is the first to characterize the crucial roles of APA in regulating the 3′UTR landscape and modulating gene expression during fracture healing.

Is metaphyseal ulnar shortening osteotomy superior to diaphyseal ulnar shortening osteotomy in the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome?A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Although metaphyseal ulnar shortening osteotomy(MUSO)is safer for the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome(UIS)than diaphyseal ulnar shortening osteotomy(DUSO),DUSO is widely used for UIS treatment.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of DUSO and MUSO for UIS treatment and determine the factors that should be considered when choosing surgical treatment for UIS.METHODS Articles comparing the effectiveness of DUSO and MUSO for UIS treatment were systematically retrieved from MEDLINE(Ovid),PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library.The demography,incidence of complications,secondary operation rate,postoperative DASH score,wrist pain on the visual analogue scale,and grip strength improvement were also evaluated.In addition,the correlation between the improvement of grip strength and the shortening of osteotomy length of ulna was analyzed.The outcome of the patient was discontinuous,and the odds ratio,risk ratio(RR),and 95%CI were calculated and analyzed via RevMan5.3 software.RESULTS Six studies,including 83 patients receiving MUSO(experimental group)and 112 patients receiving DUSO(control group),were included in the meta-analysis.The second operation rate was significantly higher after DUSO than after MUSO.The DASH scores were slightly lower in the MUSO group than in the DUSO group.The patients receiving MUSO had slightly better pain relief effect than patients receiving DUSO.However,the incidence of complications and improvement of grip strength were not significantly different between the two groups.CONCLUSION Although DUSO and MUSO provide similar effects for UIS,MUSO is associated with a lower secondary operation rate,slightly lower postoperative DASH scores and slightly better pain relief effect than DUSO,indicating that MUSO can effectively be used for UIS treatment.

Axial length shortening in myopic children with Stickler syndrome after repeated low-level red-light therapy

AIM:To report the myopia-controlling effect of repeated low-level red-light(RLRL)therapy in patients with Stickler syndrome(STL),an inherited collagenic disease typically presenting with early onset myopia.METHODS:Three STL children,aged 3,7,and 11y,received RLRL therapy throughout the follow-up period of 17,3,and 6mo,respectively after exclusion of fundus anomalies.Data on best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),intraocular pressure,cycloplegic subjective refraction,ocular biometrics,scanning laser ophthalmoscope,optical coherence tomography,genetic testing,systemic disease history,and family history were recorded.RESULTS:At the initiation of the RLRL therapy,the spherical equivalent(SE)of 6 eyes from 3 patients ranged from-3.75 to-20.38 D,axial length(AL)were from 23.88 to 30.68 mm,and BCVA were from 0.4 to 1.0(decimal notation).Myopia progression of all six eyes slowed down after RLRL therapy.AL in five out of the six eyes shortened-0.07 to-0.63 mm.No side effects were observed.CONCLUSION:Three cases of STL whose progression of myopic shift and AL elongation are successfully reduced and even reversed after RLRL therapy.

A Brief Analysis Reasons of English Shortening Words

Shortening is one of important word formations which demands attentions of both teachers and students. The paper first briefly introduces shortening words in English into clipped words, initialisms, acronyms and blends,and then it mainly explores the reasons why shortening words appear and become popular.

M-BCJR Algorithm with Channel Shortening Based on Ungerboeck Observation Model for Faster-than-Nyquist Signaling

The M-BCJR algorithm based on the Ungerboeck observation model is a recent study to reduce the computational complexity for faster-than-Nyquist(FTN)signaling[1].In this paper,we propose a method that can further reduce the complexity with the approximately same or better bit error rate(BER)performance compared to[1].The information rate(IR)loss for the proposed method is less than 1%compared to the true achievable IR(AIR).The proposed improvement is mainly by introducing channel shortening(CS)before the M-BCJR equalizer.In our proposal,the Ungerboeck M-BCJR algorithm and CS can work together to defeat severe inter-symbol interference(ISI)introduced by FTN signaling.The ISI length for the M-BCJR algorithm with CS is optimized based on the criterion of the IR maximization.For the two cases=0.5 and=0.35,compared to Ungerboeck M-BCJR without CS benchmark[1],the computational complexities of Ungerboeck M-BCJR with CS are reduced by 75%.Moreover,for the case=0.35,the BER performance of Ungerboeck M-BCJR with CS outperforms that of the conventional M-BCJR in[1]at the low signal to noise ratio region.

Coded Modulation Faster-than-Nyquist Transmission with Precoder and Channel Shortening Optimization

Faster-than-Nyquist(FTN)signaling can improve the spectrum efficiency(SE)of the transmission system.In this paper,we propose a coded modulation FTN(CM-FTN)transmission scheme with precoder and channel shortening(CS)optimization to improve bit error rate(BER)performance and reduce the complexity of FTN equalizer.In our proposal,the information rate(IR)or spectral efficiency(SE)is employed and verified as a better performance metric for CM-FTN than the minimum Euclidian distance(MED).The precoder of CM-FTN is optimized for maximizing the IR criterion using the bare-bones particle swarm optimization(BB-PSO)algorithm.Further,a three-carrier CM-FTN system model is used to capture the broadening effect of precoder.Also targeting for the IR maximization,the inter-symbol interference(ISI)length for CS is optimized to reduce the receiver complexity without performance loss.Simulation results demonstrate that our method has a 0.6dB precoding gain compared with the nonprecoding scheme and a maximum of 87.5%of the complexity of FTN equalizer is reduced without BER loss.

HOH XIL PIGGYBACK BASINS:IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOGENE SHORTENING OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

Strong deformed sediments investigated in the Hoh Xil basin may contain detailed records for early Tertiary crustal shortening in northern Tibet (Fig.1A). Sedimentary sequences in the basin consist of the Fenghuoshan Group, the Yaxicuo Group, and the early Miocene Wudaoliang Group from lower to upper. Magnetostratigraphic research has indicated the Eocene to early Oligocene ages for the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo Groups (Liu, et al., 2000). Total 29 lithological sections with 20487 7m thick were measured spread all over the 101000km\+2 Hoh Xil basin, the largest Tertiary sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan plateau, to reveal the prototype basin and its evolution processes. They include 17 sections with 14925 3m thick of the Fenghuoshan Group, 8 sections with 4273 5m thick of the Yaxicuo Group, and 4 sections with 1284 9m thick of the Wudaoliang Group.

Effect of local longitudinal shortening on the transport of luminal contents through small intestine

A theoretical analysis of the rheological fluid flow due to peristalsis is studied. We have applied the classical lubrication theory to predict the near physiological behavior of the intestinal segment, mixing and transport. A parametric study involving the changes in local longitudinal shortening (LLS) magnitude, LLS spacing, fluid viscosity, wavelength of the wave, and occlusion of lumen caused by the wave provided insights into the dynamics of the peristalsis flow of a non-Newtonian fluid. LLS appear to have little significance in modulating the flow patterns that are caused by circular contraction alone. Results also indicate that there exists trade-off between the power requirement for peristalsis at a certain occlusion against the percentage LLS. LLS appear to be more advantageous to perform the peristalsis activity at higher occlusion than lower occlusion. Having mucosal folds in the inner lining of the intestine allows for one more advantage of slowing the transit due to increased friction factor and increase in time for absorption of the nutrients.

THE BALANCED CROSS-SECTION AND SHORTENING IN QIANGTANG TERRAIN QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

Geological studies indicate that Qinghai\|Tibet plateau crust has shortened at least 2500km and the thickness was increased to 60～70km in the past 45Ma. Different researchers advocate different views to explain the shortening according to their studies.( Tapponnier,1977;Chang et al,1986;England et al,1986;Murphy,1997;Y.Pan,1999),however it is still unresolved on how much shortening in upper crustal especially in Qiangtang terrain.Qiangtang terrain is located in the center of Qinghai\|Tibet plateau, the tectonic deformation has been resulted from intracontinental convergence and collision of India plate with Eurasian plate.The deformation style of Qiangtang terrain shows east\|west\|trending folds and thrusts which formed in the shallow tectonic level during collisional\|intracontinental period. The folds type is characterized by nonpenetrative\|foliation parallel fold, the hinges have the same trend with the thrusts. These traits are favourable for restoring the balanced cross\|section and measuring the shortening. The balanced reconstruction is based on line balancing on three different stratigraphic sections (A,B and C)across the Northern Qiangtang basin in the area between 85°E and 87°E.The sections are all north\|south\|trending in accordance with the moving direction of thrusts.

FINITE STAIN MEASUREMENT AND SHORTENING ANALYSIS IN THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

Finite strain patterns of rocks The structural styles and crustal shortening in the northern margin of Qinghai—Tibet plateau are examined by systematic finite strain measurements. The finite strain patterns in this area are of following characteristics:① The orientation of & principal axes of strain ellipsoid varies regularly in regard to different tectonic locations. In fact, most of the measured X axes are parallel to the regional structure lines, striking east\|west or approximately east\|west with some X axes trending northeast\|southwest. The measured Z\|axes are approximately at right angle to the regional structure lines, trending north\|northeast or north\|northwest.② The Flinn parameter k is higher in the northern and southern margins of the basin than that in the basin center, indicating that the margins of basin experienced extensional strain and the middle of basin undergo strain.③ Rocks of different age possess different strain state and show k value of 1～2 for Tertiary rocks, 3～4 for Jurassic—Cretaceous rocks. The k value of the basement rocks is the highest of all.

The Major Two-stage Shortening Deformation of the Northern Tibet and Tian Shan Area Since the Latest Oligocene

It seems to be progressively recognized that the stress of the India-Asia convergent front can be transferred rapidly through the southern and central Tibetan lithosphere to the northern Tibet, hence leading to the crustal thickening deformation there during or immediately after the onset of the India-Asia collision（ca.55 Ma）.This study focuses on the late Cenozoic deformation and tectonic uplift of the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area.Detailed compilations of a variety of proxy data from sediments and bedrocks suggest that the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area underwent one stage of approximately synchronous widespread contractile deformation since 25–20 Ma, which seemed to decrease at circa 18 Ma as revealed by low-temperature thermochronological data.The latest Oligocene-early Miocene was also significant basin-forming episodes when many intermontane subbasins began to receive syntectonic sedimentation in the northeastern Tibet.Subsequently, the other phase of compressional deformation began to encroach more widely into the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area in episodic steps or continuously from 16–12 Ma to present.

Strain data recorded in Xinjiang and their bearing on Tianshan’s uplift/shortening and Tarim basin’s rotation

Based on the continuous strain data recorded in Xinjiang since 1985, we discuss the mechanisms of Tianshan＇ s uplift and Tarim basin＇ s clockwise rotation. The results indicate ： 1 ） The principal - compression directions in Tianshan are nearly NS, and their intersection angles with regional structures and mountains are nearly perpendicular, which is in accordance with Tianshan＇ s uplift and crustal shortening. 2）The principal compressions around Tarim basin tend to facilitate the regional faults＇ left-lateral strike-slip movements and the basin＇ s clockwise rotation. These phenomena of uplift/shortening and rotation are fundamentally the re- suits of India plate＇ s northward push on Euro-Asia plate, and the associated Pamir arc ＇ s rapid northward movement and regional blocks＇ interaction.

The Crustal Shortening and Reconstruction of the Main Terranes Through Mesozoic-Cenozoic in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

It is one of hot issues in Tibetan research that is to study the mode,process and kinetics of the crustal shortening during Mesozoic-Cenozoic.In this paper, on the basis of systematic collection,analysis and research of the existing data and results from Himalayas,Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes,we conducted the balanced cross-section study.In the north Qiangtang,the line-balanced cross-section

PALAEOMAGNETIC AND STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS ON BLOCK ROTATIONS AND CRUSTAL SHORTENING IN CENTRAL TIBET

As a part of INDEPTH 3/GEODEPTH geological surface investigations were carried out during two field campaigns in 1998 and 1999. The working area covers a roughly N\|S (30～36°N) tren ding, 200km wide belt through the Lhasa Terrane and Qiangtang Terrane at a longitude of 88～90°E. Field geology was focused on geological mapping, structural measurements, and extensive sampling for the purpose of fission track geochronology. Additionally a total number of 742 orientated palaeomagnetic samples were drilled at 73 sites. Most of the samples were taken in fine\|grained sediments of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Neogene age. Five sites were drilled in acid to intermediate volcanics.A first sequence of measurements has been applied on a set of specimen. Most of the chosen formations (>80%) have acquired stable remanences which are carried by hematite and magnetite. As an example for the characteristic demagnetising behaviour of fine\|grained probable Cretaceous sandstones see Fig.1a. The unblocking temperature of 650℃ allows to identify hematite as remanence carrier.. Although single sites show well\|defined mean directions (e.g. site 76B: α 95 =3 8; k =185 8) the distribution among several site means of one formation could scatter (Fig.1b). It has to be checked carefully if rotations of single crustal elements are responsible for this effect. There is evidence to assume the detected characteristic remanences to be primary—further analysis including fold tests will be performed after the data set has increased.

ON SOME SIMPLE METHODS TO DERIVE THE HAIRCLIP AND PAPERCLIP SOLUTIONS OF THE CURVE SHORTENING FLOW

We use two simple methods to derive four important explicit graphical solutions of the curve shortening flow in the plane. They are well-known as the circle, hairclip, paperclip, and grim reaper solutions of the curve shortening flow. By the methods, one can also see that the hairclip and the paperclip solutions both converge to the grim reaper solutions as t → -∞.

A pilot study on vitrectomy combined with scleral shortening for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis——2y follow-up results

AIM:To evaluate the effect of vitrectomy combined with scleral shortening for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis.METHODS:Thirty-seven patients with myopic macular retinoschisis who underwent pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)combined with scleral shortening were reviewed.Axial length(AL),the height of macular retinoschisis,the height of retinal detachment if existed,the diameter of macular hole if existed and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were obtained.The preoperative and postoperative parameters were compared.RESULTS:At postoperative 24 mo,the mean AL and height of macular retinoschisis were reduced significantly by 0.79 mm and 256.51μm(t=8.064,P<0.0001;Z=-5.086,P<0.0001)respectively.In addition,the mean height of retinal detachment and diameter of macular hole were also reduced significantly by 365.38μm and 183.68μm(Z=-4.457,P=0.000008;Z=-2.983,P=0.003)respectively.Meanwhile,the postoperative BCVA was improved markedly(Z=-2.126,P=0.033).CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy combined with scleral shortening is an effective surgical method for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis,whether or not macular hole and retinal detachment are present.

Paleomagnetism of Metamorphosed Sudbury Dykes, Canada: Relevance to a Theory of Crustal Shortening across the Grenville Collisional Orogen

The 1.235 Ga ESE-trending Sudbury dyke swarm cuts Paleoproterozoic to Archean rocks,but at its SE end becomes deformed and metamorphosed by the;Ga Grenville orogen,a result of collision between Laurentia

Comparison of Shrinkage, Creep and Elastic Shortening of VMA and Powder Type Self-Compacting Concrete and Normal Vibrated Concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is flowing in nature and hence viscosity modified agent (VMA) or higher amount of binder is used for stability of mix. The mix proportion of SCC is also different from normal vibrated concrete (NC). This modifies the properties of concrete at fresh as well as at hardened state. Three mixes, one VMA type SCC, one powder type SCC and one NC, are considered with identical water to binder ratio. Properties at fresh state such as workability and segregation resistance and at hardened stage such as compressive strength, elastic modulus, shrinkage, creep and elastic shortening are determined and compared. Powder type SCC shows superior properties at fresh stage. Also compressive strength of powder type SCC is found better than that of VMA SCC and NC. Observations show more shrinkage, elastic shortening and creep for powder type SCC as compared with VMA SCC and NC.

Monitoring Oxidative Degradation of Thermally Stressed Palm Olein Shortening by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques

Deep frying with repeated use of same edible oil leads to the formation of lipid oxidation products. The presence of these oxidized products formed during frying at elevated temperature is hazardous for human health and therefore, requires prompt analysis for ensuring its fitness/quality. In this study, oxidative degradation of thermally stressed edible oils canola, sunflower and palm olein shortening was studied at 180&#176C ± 5&#176C up to 48 hours. Palm olein shortening remained stable during this period as the increase in its acid value was significantly less than canola and sunflower seed oils. The shortening samples were further studied by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformation infrared (ATR-FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate the formation of various oxidation products due to thermal stress. ATR-FTIR indicates the formation of free fatty acids (FFAs), aldehyde groups and change in degree of unsaturation while GC-MS gives important information about profile of FFAs. The combination of these analytical techniques is useful for rapid and highly sensitive analysis of oxidized edible oil thus, ensuring its quality and fitness for safe use.

Accurate Application of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Anterior Migration and Shortening Technique in Blepharoptosis Correction Surgery

Background Accurate preoperative evaluation of the levator palpebrae superioris(LPS)strength is required for specific calculation of anterior migration or shortening.This information serves as a surgical reference for more accurate correction of ptosis.Methods Between June 2017 and June 2019,155 eyes of 97 patients were studied.Patients were divided into the following 3 groups based on the ptosis degree:mild(28 cases),moderate(53 cases),and severe(16 cases).The LPS strength was evaluated preoperatively and used to calculate LPS anterior migration and shortening.The LPS aponeurosis and Müller’s muscle(L-M)complex was separated from the upper margin of the tarsal plate to the calculated height according to the levator muscle suspension system retention approach.The complex was subsequently fixed to the planned tarsal plate location.The upper eyelid margin(UEM)height,eyelid morphology,eyelid closure,eye symmetry,exposure keratitis status,and patient satisfaction were evaluated at 1 week and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively.Results In all cases,the UEM positions were normal,and only patients with severe ptosis exhibited lagophthalmos in the early posterative period.Six months postoperatively,13%of eyes in the severe group had residual ptosis;all mild and moderate cases exhibited good surgical outcomes.The eyelids closed well with no exposure keratitis.All patients were satisfied with the eyelid contour.Conclusions Accurate LPS anterior migration and aponeurosis shortening can eliminate various factors affecting surgical blepharoptosis treatment.These procedures not only reduce operation time but also enhance the stability of postoperative correction.