基于Penman-Monteith模型和Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对太行山南麓人工林蒸散的模拟

蒸散作为陆地生态系统能量平衡和水分循环的一个关键环节,其改变会影响区域气候的变化。森林蒸散模拟研究在评价森林在区域水分循环中的作用具有重要的意义。本文采用Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型和Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型模拟了太行山南麓栓皮栎-侧柏-刺槐人工混交林的蒸散(ET),对模型模拟的ET与涡度相关法所得的ET进行了比较,评价了P-M模型和S-W模型模拟人工混交林ET的适用性,讨论了这两种模型对各阻力的敏感性。研究结果表明,P-M模型和S-W模型模拟所得的ET的季节变化和日变化类似。S-W模型和P-M模型模拟的ET均低于实测的ET,S-W模型模拟的ET比实测的ET偏低6%,P-M模型模拟的ET比实测值偏低21%,因此,P-M模型模拟的ET偏低更明显。与P-M模型相比,S-W模型模拟的ET与实测值的相关系数、一致性指数(IA)、均方根误差(RMSE)、相对误差(RE)较小。与P-M模型相比,S-W模型模拟的ET与实测值的拟合直线更加趋近1∶1线。S-W模型模拟ET的效果优于P-M模型,S-W模型更适合于本研究区人工混交林蒸散的模拟。P-M模型模拟的2009年生长季的ET偏低更明显,将S-W模型模拟的ET分为蒸腾(T)和土壤蒸发(E),其中土壤E与ET比值为11.3%。土壤E约占ET的10%左右。P-M模型模拟ET偏低的原因可能与P-M模型中未考虑土壤表面阻力有关。S-W模型模拟的ET和T对冠层阻力(rcs)最敏感,其次为植物冠层高度至参考高度间的空气动力学阻力(raa),对土壤表面至冠层高度间的空气动力学阻力(rsa)相对不敏感;土壤E对土壤表面阻力(rss)最敏感,对rcs最不敏感。P-M模型模拟的ET对rcs最敏感,对空气动力学阻力(ra)敏感性较弱。

Comparison of three evapotranspiration models with eddy covariance measurements for a Populus euphratica Oliv.forest in an arid region of northwestern China

The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) in arid regions is important for improving the water use efficiency of vegetation. Based on successive observations from May to October of 2014, we estimated the ET of a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest during the growing season in an extremely arid region using the PM (Penman-Monteith), SW (Shuttleworth-Wallace) and SSW (an improved canopy transpiration model) models. Estimated ET values were compared with those of the eddy covariance measurements. Results indicated that the actual ET of the P. euphratica forest was always overestimated by the PM model. The accuracy of the SW model was higher than that of the PM model. However, some data were not easily obtained because of the complicated structure of the SW model. The newly proposed SSW model gave the most accurate ET values, and its accuracy was higher at hourly than at daily time scale. In conclusion, the SSW model is more suitable for sparse vegetation system at large scales in extremely arid regions.