Effects of Regulation of C/N Ratio Wheat Straw Application on Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Tobacco

[Objective]The aim was to study the effects of regulation of C/N ratio wheat straw application on tobacco nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium uptake. [Method]Effects of regulation C/N ratio wheat straw application on the flue-cured tobacco yield,output value,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium content and cumulative uptake of the upper,middle and bottom leaf were studied by using the field plot experiments at Banqiao town,Qujing city,Yunnan Province during the 2008-2009 summer growing seasons. [Result]The results showed that the application of wheat straw alone or after C/N regulation,could significantly increase tobacco production,potassium content,the potassium and nitrogen accumulation amount of leaf,and was more conducive to the potassium uptake of tobacco leaf with wheat straw application after C/N regulation. Compared with non-straw application,the yield of tobacco increased by 6.59%,3.58%,5.98%,8.80% with application of wheat straw alone,wheat straw and vetch,wheat straw and oilseed cake,wheat straw and urea nitrogen,the potassium content in tobacco leaf increased by 3.85%,7.76%,8.82%,11.21%,respectively,the total potassium cumulative amount of leaf increased by 10.71%,11.62%,15.32% ,21.01% and the total nitrogen cumulative amount increased by 9.76%,1.22%,8.14%,14.00%. However,the differences of tobacco leaf nitrogen content among the different treatments were not significant,the phosphorus uptake of tobacco leaf decreased. [Conclusion]application of high C/N ratio wheat straw in flue-cured tobacco production,which should be concerned not only to adjust C/N ratio by adding nitrogen,but also considering additional phosphorus application.

N掺杂对Si-DLC薄膜的结构性能影响及摩擦机理研究

采用平板阴极等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术,通过调控N_(2)流量在GCr15基底上制备了系列硅氮共掺杂类金刚石碳基(Si/N-DLC)薄膜,分析探索N掺杂对于Si-DLC薄膜结构、力学性能和摩擦学行为的作用规律以及Si/NDLC薄膜的低摩擦磨损机理.结果表明:N元素的引入促进Si-DLC薄膜中sp^(2)-C结构的形成,降低了薄膜的硬度和弹性模量,但能大幅改善Si-DLC薄膜的韧性并增强结合(>20 N).更重要的是,N掺杂可有效降低Si-DLC薄膜的摩擦系数并改善其耐磨性能,摩擦系数和磨损率相较于Si-DLC薄膜分别降低了约26%和45%.其摩擦机理是类石墨碳(GLC)转移膜的形成使得摩擦界面发生转移,有效降低了Si/N-DLC薄膜的摩擦系数,并且依赖于摩擦界面的石墨化程度和氢含量.而磨损行为取决于其薄膜自身韧性和抵抗弹塑性变形的能力,磨痕内部脆性断裂缺口会造成转移膜的大面积破坏,加剧了黏着磨损.此外,确定了Si/N-DLC薄膜低摩擦(摩擦系数≤0.05)的最佳服役区间,相关结果为Si/N-DLC薄膜的结构性能调控和工程应用提供参考.

Mn/Fe比对Al-Mg-Si合金组织和性能的影响

以Al-Mg-Si合金为研究对象,采用金属型铸造研究Mn/Fe比对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明:Al-Mg-Si铸态合金组织中枝晶间存在α-Al基体和大量析出相,主要以Mg_(2)Si相为主,还存在少量的共晶Si相、AlFeSi相和Al(FeMn)Si相。随Mn/Fe比的增大,合金中的晶粒逐渐变得细小圆整,且由树枝晶向等轴晶发生转变。Mn可以促进铝合金中针状的β-AlFeSi相向骨骼状、颗粒状或块状的α-Al(FeMn)Si相的转变。当Mn/Fe比为0.5时,合金的热导率达到最大值181.08 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)。当Mn/Fe比为1.0时,合金的晶粒尺寸最小且具有最佳的力学性能,抗拉强度、伸长率和硬度相较于Mn/Fe为0.2时分别提升17.45%、49.57%和27.48%,达到167.35 MPa、17.23%、HV 62.86。

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.

Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor

The effects of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen(COD/N)ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO)on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)were investigated using an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor(AIC-MBR)with synthetic wastewater.The results showed that the COD efficiencies were consistently greater than 90% regardless of changes in the COD/N ratio.At the COD/N ratio of 4.77 and 10.04,the system nitrogen removal efficiency became higher than 70%.However,the nitrogen remova...

Preparation, Characterization of Hydrotalcites and the Catalytic Properties in Synthesis of o-Phenylphenol over Pt/CHT

Mg/Al mixed oxides with molar ratios of 2_6 of Mg to Al used as supports for platinum catalysts were obtained by the thermal decomposition method. The effect of the composition of the mixed oxides on the physicochemical properties was studied by TPD, nitrogen sorption, XRD and TG-DTA characterization methods. The synthesis of o-phenylphenol(OPP) from a dimer(obtained from cyclohexanone condensation) was investigated over Pt/CHT catalysts and compared with those over Pt/MgO and Pt/Al 2O 3 catalysts. These catalysts show a high activity and selectivity for OPP, with a conversion reaching 93.8% and a selectivity reaching 87.9% in some experiments. For Pt/CHTx catalysts, the calcined hydrotalcites exhibited strong base sites, which were necessary to catalyze the synthesis of OPP.

Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio control on Artemia growth, water quality, biofloc microbial diversity under high salinity and zero-water exchange culture condition

Biofloc technology has been applied successfully in the intensive aquaculture of several fish and shrimp species. The growth of heterotrophic microorganisms can be stimulated through adding extra carbon, which reduces the nitrogen level in the water and provides microbial protein to the animals. However, most of the studies and practical applications have been conducted in freshwater and marine environment. This paper focused on brine shrimp Artemia that lives in high salinity environment together with other halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms. The effect of carbon supplementation on Artemia growth, water quality, and microbial diversity of biofl ocs was studied in the closed culture condition without any water exchange. The salinity of the culture medium was 100. A 24-d culture trial was conducted through supplementing sucrose at carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 5, 15, and 30 (Su5, Su15, and Su30), respectively. The culture without adding sucrose was used as a control. Artemia was fed formulated feed at a feeding ration of 60% recommended feeding level. The results showed that sucrose supplementation at higher C/N ratio (15 and 30) signifi cantly improved the Artemia survival, growth and water quality ( P <0.05). Addition of sucrose at C/N ratio of 15 and 30 significantly increased biofloc volume (BFV)( P <0.05). The Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that supplementing carbon at C/N ratio of 15 had a better total bacterial diversity and richness, and shaped the microbial composition at genera level. This study should provide information for studying the mechanism of biofloc technology and its application in high salinity culture conditions.

Experiment and Modeling of Pure and Binary Adsorption of n-Butane and Butene-1 on ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Si/Al Ratios

Four ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with different Si/Al ratios for the catalytic cracking of C4 fractions to produce ethylene and propylene were prepared in this study.First,the adsorption isotherms of pure n-butane and butene-1 and their mixtures on these catalysts at 300K and p=0—100kPa were measured using the intelligent gra- vimetric analyzer.The experimental results indicate that the presence of Al can significantly affect the adsorption of butene-1 than that of n-butane on ZSM-5 zeolites.Then,the double Langmuir(DL)model was applied to study the pure gas adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites for pure n-butane and butene-1.By combining the DL model with the ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST),the IAST-DL model was applied to model the butene-1(1)/n-butane(2)binary mixture adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data,indicating that the IAST-DL model is effective for the present systems.Finally,the adsorp- tion over a wide range of variables was predicted at low pressure and 300K by the model proposed.It is found that the selectivity of butene-1 over n-butane increases linearly with the decrease of Si/Al ratio.A correlation between the selectivity and Si/Al ratio of the sample was proposed at 300K and p=0.08MPa.

Development of Si_3N_4/Al composite by pressureless melt infiltration

Pressureless infiltration process to synthesize Si3N4/Al composite was investigated. Al-2%Mg alloy was infiltrated into Si3N4 and Si3N4 containing 10% Al2O3 preforms in the atmosphere of nitrogen. It is possible to infiltrate Al-2%Mg alloy in Si3N4 and Si3N4 containing 10% Al2O3 preforms. The growth of the dense composite of useful thickness was facilitated by the presence of magnesium powder at the interface and by flowing nitrogen. During infiltration Si3N4 reacted with aluminium to form Si and AlN, the growth of composite was found to proceed in two ways, depending on the Al2O3 content in the initial preform. Firstly, preform without Al2O3 content gives rise to AlN, Al3.27Si0.47 and Al type phases after infiltration. Secondly, perform with 10% Al2O3 content gives rise to AlN-Al2O3 solid solution phase (AlON), MgAl2O4, Al and Si type phases. AlON phase was only present in composite, containing 10% Al2O3 in the Si3N4 preforms before infiltration.

Effect of compression ratio on microstructure evolution of Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy prepared by SIMA process

A new Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy with non-dendritic microstructure was prepared by strain induced melt activation(SIMA)process.The effect of compression ratio on the evolution of semisolid microstructure of the experimental alloy was investigated.The results indicate that the average size ofα-Mg grains decreases and spheroidizing tendency becomes more obvious with the compression ratios increasing from 0 to 40%.In addition,the eutectic Mg2Si phase in the Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy transforms completely from the initial fishbone shape to globular shape by SIMA process.With the increasing of compression ratio,the morphology and average size of Mg2Si phases do not change obviously.The morphology modification mechanism of Mg2Si phase in Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy by SIMA process was also studied.

Synthesis of ultralong Si_3N_4 nanowires by a simple thermal evaporation method

Largescale vaporsolid synthesis of ultralong silicon nitride （Si3N4） nanowires was achieved by using simple thermal evaporation of mixture powders of active carbon and monoxide silicon. The products were charac terized by Xray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energydispersive Xray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that the silicon nitride nanowires have a smooth surface, with lengths of up to several hundreds of microns and diameters of 100300 nm. A detailed study of both the chemical and structural composition was performed. Such ultralong sil icon nitride nanowires demonstrate potential applications as materials for constructing nanoscale devices and as reinforcement in advanced composites.

Enhancement of catalytic and anti-carbon deposition performance of SAPO-34/ZSM-5/quartz films in MTA reaction by Si/Al ratio regulation

In order to further improve the catalytic performance of zeolite catalyst for methanol to aromatics(MTA)technology, the double-tier SAPO-34/ZSM-5/quartz composite zeolite films were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal crystallization. The Si/Al ratio of SAPO-34 film was used as the only variable to study this material. The composite zeolite material with 0.6Si/Al ratio of SAPO-34 has the largest mesoporous specific surface area and the most suitable acid distribution. The catalytic performance for the MTA process showed that 0.6-SAPO-34/ZSM-5/quartz film has as high as 50.3% benzene-toluenexylene selectivity and 670 min lifetime. The MTA reaction is carried out through the path we designed to effectively avoid the hydrocarbon pool circulation of ZSM-5 zeolite, so as to improve the aromatics selectivity and inhibit the occurrence of deep side reactions to a great extent. The coke deposition behavior was monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, it is found that with the increase of Si/Al ratio, the active intermediates changed from low-substituted methylbenzene to high-substituted methylbenzene, which led to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. This work provides a possibility to employ the synergy effect of composite zeolite film synthesizing anti-carbon deposition catalyst in MTA reaction.

Silica-alumina molar ratio and some factors effect on the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash

In order to improve the activity and eliminate some impurities, pretreatment was used before hydrothermal synthesis. The fly ash was mixed with an aqueous NaOH solution, the alkali melted fly ash was also adopted, which is hydrothermally treated at about 104 ℃, and the liquid/solid ratio was controlled at 6：1. In order to control Si/Al molar ratio, SiO2 or Al2O3 powers were added to the fly ash. The results of XRD and SEM show that the alkali melted can activate fly ash and eliminate its quartz and mullite, along with the improvement of Si/Al molar ratio and alkalinity. In addition, zeolite Na-A changes into sodalite gradually, and nepheline is the synthesized intermediate product. Those results were discussed on the basis of a formation mechanism of zeolite from fly ash.

An Elevated Dietary Cysteine to Methionine Ratio Does Not Impact on Dietary Methionine Efficiency and the Derived Optimal Methionine to Lysine Ratio in Diets for Meat Type Chicken

Optimal dietary methionine (Met) to lysine (Lys) ratio in presence of elevated dietary cysteine (Cys) levels was derived for meat type growing chicken. Twelve averaged weighed Ross 308 birds (each 50% of male and female per dietary treatment) were utilized in N balance trials. During starter (d10 - 20) and grower period (d25 - 35) five dietary treatments were used. Diets based on uniform mixtures of maize, wheat, soybean meal, potato protein and fish meal were supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AA). In diets 1 - 3, the dietary Cys to Met ratio was set as 85, 95 and 105 to 100, respectively. Diet 4, at a Cys to Met ratio of 105 to 100, was additionally supplemented with betaine (BET) as methyl group donor. Diets 1 - 4 were limiting in Met, diet 5 without L-Lys·HCl addition was limiting in Lys. Individual N-balance data per treatment were utilized for assessing protein quality and efficiency of dietary Met (Diets 1 - 4) or Lys (Diet 5) based on “Goettingen approach”. Elevated dietary Cys supply and supplemented BET failed to improve both dietary protein quality and Met efficiency. The established optimal Met to Lys ratio was on average 34 to 100 for growing chicken during starter and grower period, respectively.

Germanium/silica ratio and trace element composition of Early Cambrian siliceous rocks in Keping:implications for the siliceous rocks'formation and paleoenvironment interpretations

This study used the germanium/silica(Ge/Si)ratios,together with rare earth elements and other trace elements to infer the siliceous source and sedimentary environment of the siliceous rocks located at the bottom of Yuertusi Formation in Northwestern Tarim Basin,Keping,China.Previous studies have shown that this siliceous rock stratum formed at the edge of the carbonate platform on the continental shelf.Researchers suggest that these siliceous rocks were formed by hydrothermal activity,but some still draw different conclusions.Understanding the silicon source and depositional environment of these siliceous rocks would help us learn the processes of environmental changes and the causes of biological explosions during this period.The value of germanium/silica ratios of these siliceous rocks is from 0.15 to 0.37 pmol/mol and much lower than above 10|imol/mol values in siliceous rocks that are known formed by hydrothermal activity.All samples are rich in HREE,which differ from hydrothermal siliceous rocks that are rich in LREE.Most samples lack hydrothermal related elements.All these features show that the source of these siliceous rocks'siliceous is not hydrothermal flu ids.The samples'Ce/Ce*range from 0.88 to 1,and Th/U ratios range from 0.01 to 0.36.These features suggest these siliceous rocks were formed in an anoxic environment.Considering all the evidence,we conclude that the siliceous rock stratum at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation in northwest Tarim Basin.Keping,was formed in anoxic seawater at the edge of the carbonate platform on the continental shelf.Its silicon source is seawater instead of hydrothermal fluid.

Preparation and sintering of nano Fe coated Si_3N_4 composite powders

Fe/Si3N4 composite powder was synthesized by the heterogeneous precipitation-thermal reduction process,and then pressed into flakes under a pressure of 10 MPa.Flakes were sintered by pressureless and hot-pressing at 1 600℃under 0.1 MPa N2. The chemical composition,phases and microstructure of composite powder and sintered flakes were investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results show that the structure of composite powders is Si3N4 coated by nano Fe.The crystal phases of sintered flakes by pressureless are Fe(Si)compound,SiC and Si3N4.The crystal phases of the sintered samples by hot-pressing are Fe,Fe(Si) compound and Si3N4.It is found that crystal phases flakes obtained by pressureless and hot-pressing are very different.

Principle of Line Configuration and Monte-Carlo Simulation for Shared Multi-Channel System

Based on the steady-state solution of finite-state birth and death process, the principle of line configuration for shared multi-channel system is analyzed. Call congestion ratio equation and channel utilization ratio equation are deduced, and visualized data analysis is presented. The analy-sis indicates that, calculated with the proposed equations, the overestimate for call congestion ratio and channel utilization ratio can be rectified, and thereby the cost of channels can be saved by 2000 in a small system.With MATLAB programming, line configuration methods are provided. In order to generally and intuitively show the dynamic running of the system, and to analyze,promote and improve it, the system is simulated using M/M/n/n/m queuing model and Monte-Carlo method. In addition, the simulation validates the correctness of the theoretical analysis and optimizing configuration method.

S/N Ratio of 4-Channel A/D Geological Radar Non-uniform Sampling Signals

Using the quantitative error probability density method we studied the S/N ratio of alternately sampled signals digitized by a 4-channel A/D. A complete expression for the S/N ratio of a 4-channel A/D non-uniform sampling signal was deduced. First we obtained an expression for the S/N ratio of a 1-channel A/D uniform sampling signal when the sampling frequency was equal to or greater than 2 times the frequency of the sampled signal. Based on the S/N ratio of a 2-channel A/D,alternating,non-uniform sampling signal,we analyzed the distribution of quantitative error using the quantitative error probability density method and the distribution convolution formula. From this the S/N ratio expression of a 4-channel A/D sampling signal was deduced. The simulation result shows that the deduced expression is correct.

p-Si/n-Ga_(2)O_(3)异质结制备与特性研究

本实验采用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)工艺,在p(111)型Si衬底上制备了p-Si/n-Ga_(2)O_(3)结构的PN结。通过X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜等对样品进行了晶体结构、表面形貌、表面粗糙度等的表征分析;通过磁控溅射与蒸镀方法在样品上生长Ti/Au电极并进行I-V特性曲线、开启电压、开关电流比、反向饱和电流、理想因子、零偏压下的势垒高度等结特性测试,研究了掺杂浓度与薄膜厚度对PN结特性的影响,并对其原因进行了分析;通过二步生长法和缓冲层温度优化实验,减少了Si衬底与β-Ga_(2)O_(3)之间的晶格失配与热失配带来的影响,对薄膜与器件特性进行了优化。最终获得了表面粗糙度最低可达到4.21 nm的高质量n型β-Ga_(2)O_(3)薄膜,以及具有较低理想因子(42.1)的PN结。

Effects of soil nitrogen:phosphorus ratio on growth rate of Artemisia ordosica seedlings

To address how the ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P ratios) in soil affect plant growth, we performed a two-factor (soil available N:P ratios and plant density) randomized block pot experiment to examine the relationships between soil N:P ratios, and the N:P ratios and growth rate of Artemisia ordosica seedlings. Under moderate water stress and adequate nutrient status, both soil N:P and plant density influenced the N:P ratios and growth rates of A. ordosica. With the increase of soil N:P ratios, the growth rates of A. ordosica seedlings decreased significantly. With the increase of soil N:P ratios, N:P ratios in A. ordosica seedlings increased significantly. While the nitrogen concentrations in the plant increased slightly, the phosphorus concentrations significantly decreased. With the increase of plant density, the shoot N:P ratios and growth rates significantly decreased, which resulted from soil N:P ratios. Thus, soil N:P ratios influenced the N:P ratios in A. ordosica seedlings, and hence, influenced its growth. Our results suggest that, under adequate nutrient environment, soil N:P ratios can be a limiting factor for plant growth.