Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) silage quality:assessment of degradation(in situ) and gas production(in vitro)

Alfalfa （Medicago sativa） is difficult to ensile successfully because of the low content of moisture and water-soluble carbohydrates （WSC） in fresh alfalfa and the high buffering capacity in fresh alfalfa. Here, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of three lactic acid bacteria （LAB） inoculants （Lactobacillus case/, lactobacillus plantarum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus） on silage quality, in sitE/ruminal degradability, and in vitro fermentation of alfalfa silage. The first cut of alfalfa was wilted, chopped, and randomly divided into four groups： the control （CON） and control mixed with three separate LAB inoculants （106 cfu g-1）. Simmental steers with a body weight of （452±18） kg and with installed rumen fistulas were prepared for in situ degradation and for in vitro gas production. LAB inoculants had a lower （P〈0.05） content of butyric acid than the CON group. Among them, the L. casei inoculated silage had a higher （P〈0.05） content of water-soluble carbohydrate （WSC） and a lower （P〈0.05） NH3-H content. The effective degradation （ED） of crude protein in LAB inoculation decreased （P〈0.05）, while the ED of acid detergent fiber increased （P〈0.05） in situ fermentation. The alfalfa silage with LAB inoculants produced more carbon dioxide （P〈0.05）. The NH3-H content of mixed incubation fluid in L. casei inoculated silage was lower （P〈0.05） compared with other groups. Therefore, this study showed that LAB inoculants could improve both ensiling quality and degradation. In particular, the L. casei inoculations exhibited better performance by limiting proteolysis during ensiling.

The Effect of Microbial Inoculants Applied at Ensiling on Sorghum Silage Characteristics and Aerobic Stability

Whole crop forage sorghum (Saccharatum) cultivar FS5 was harvested at the soft dough stage of maturity. The sorghum was chopped to approximately 2 cm pieces and ensiled under laboratory conditions in 1.5 L Weck glass jars. At ensiling, it was treated with two commercial microbial inoculants: inoculant A and inoculant B. The inoculants were applied at 2 × 105 colony forming units g-1 DM. Silage with no additives served as a control. Three jars per treatment were opened on days 2, 4, 8, 15 and 60 post-ensiling to study fermentation dynamics. After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed and subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 days. Results showed that both inoculants caused a more rapid rate of pH decline and a higher amount of lactic acid production. Silages treated with each inoculant produced a little more CO2 and resulted in more glucose loss as compared with the control. Addition of inoculants did not influence (P > 0.05) the ash and crude protein contents, but tended to decrease the concentration of acetic acid (P < 0.05), butyric acid (P<0.01) and propionic acid (P<0.01), and increase the lactic acid concentration (P<0.01). Silages treated with inoculant A possess the more DM loss, and the higher yeast counts upon aerobic exposure. Silage treated with inoculant B had the most DM (P<0.05), lactic acid contents (P<0.01), the least acetic acid content (P<0.05). Inoculant B reduced the ADF (P<0.01), ADL and NDF (P<0.05) contents. It was concluded that lactic bacteria inoculants may improve the fermentation but might impair the aerobic stability for sorghum ensilage.

Improving Acacia auriculiformis seedlings using microbial inoculant(Beneficial Microorganisms)

A microbial inoculant, known as effective microorganisms （EM）, was applied to determine its efficacy on seed germination and seedling growth in the nursery of Acacia auriculiformis A Curm. ex Benth. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cow dung （3：1） and kept in polybags; EM was poured at different concentra- tions （0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%）. Seed germination rate and growth parameters of seedlings - shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, vigor, volume, and quality indices and stur- diness - were measured. The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed, along with the measurement ofpigrnent contents in leaves. The highest germination rate （72%） was observed in 2% EM solution while the lowest （55%） was found in control treatment. The highest shoot and root lengths （30.6 cm and 31.2 cm respectively） were recorded in 2% EM and were significantly （p 〈0.05） different from control. Both fresh and dry weights of shoots were maximum （8.66 g and 2.99 g respectively） in 2% EM, whereas both fresh and dry weights of root were maximum （2.56 g and 1.23 g respectively） in 5% EM solution. Although the highest vigor index, volume index, and sturdiness （4450, 628 and 67.5 respec- tively） were found in 2% EM, the highest quality index （0.455） was found in 5% EM solution. The nodule number was higher at a very low （0.5%） concentration of EM but it normally decreased with the increase of concentration. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid were maximum （43.26 mg.L-1, 13.56 mg.L-1 and 17.99 mg.L-1 respectively） in 2% EM. Therefore, low concentration of EM （up to 2%）can be recommended for getting maximum seed germination and seed- ling development ofA. auriculiformis in the nursery.

Effects of Microbial Inoculants on Nutrient Availability and Rice Yield

Under field conditions, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of ammonification bacteria, potassium bacteria and phosphorus bacteria on nutrient availability in soil and yield of rice in the cold region of China and compared to the conventional fertilization. Results showed that DF1P2 treatment （ammonifiers 1.5× 108 cfu· m2, phosphorus bacteria 1.5× 108 cfu. m2, and potassium bacteria 1.5× 108 cfu· m2） increased available nutrient concentrations in soil, increased the concentrations of N, P, and K in plant organs and increased the rice yield and was the most significantly among all the treatments. This treatment could be recommended as the best suitable biological fertilizer application rate for the rice production in the cold region of China.

Application of complex inoculants in improving the processability of grey cast iron for cylinder blocks

Effect of several complex inoculants on mechanical properties, process-ability and sensibility of grey cast iron used in cylinder block were investigated. The experimental results showed that the grey cast iron treated with 60%FeSi75+40%RE complex inoculants has tensile strength consistently at about 295 MPa along with good hardness and improved metallurgy quality. While the grey cast iron inoculated with 20%FeSi75+80%Sr compound inoculants has the best process-ability, the lowest cross-section sensibility and the least microhardness difference. The wear amount of the drill increases correspondingly with the increase of the microhardness difference of matrix structure, indicating the great effect of homogeneousness of matrix structure in the grey cast iron on the machinability of the grey cast iron.

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacterial Inoculants on Rice Straw Silage

The trail was designed to study on technique aspects of ensiling rice straw （RS） appended amounts of lactobacillus. There were two groups according to silage ways, baled silage （BS） and chopped silage （CS）, in which lactobacillus was added at levels of 10, 15 and 20 mg·kg^-1, respectively and the mixtures were placed into a packed polyethylene bags and stored at room temperature for 45 days. The results showed that lactobacillus had remarkable effect on fermentation characteristics of RS. The quality of the silage was improved with the lactobacillus addition. In the experiment the optimal quality of rice straw silage （RSS） can be obtained when lactobacillus was added with 15 or 20 mg·kg^-1 level. The effect of different silage methods was very remarkable to the silage quality of same material. The quality of CS was better than that of long silage, at the same time, BS was feasible on condition of eligible level of lactic acid bacteria.

Nursery practice on seed germination and seedling growth of Dalbergia sissoo using beneficial microbial inoculants

Nursery practice using microbial inoculants was performed to find out the efficacy of the inoculants on seed germination and seedling growth of sissoo（Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.）.Microbial inoculants or effective microorganisms（EM） are a mixture of many different beneficial microorganisms in a solution.The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cowdung（3：1） kept in polybags with pouring EM solution at different concentrations（0.1%,0.5%,1%,2%,5% and 10%） before and after a week of sowing the seeds.Seed germination rate and growth parameters of seedlings were measured,such as,shoot and root length,vigor index,fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and total biomass increment.The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed along with the measurement of pigment contents in leaves.The highest germination rate（69%） was observed in 2% EM treatment,followed by 67% and 65% in 1% and 5% EM.The highest shoot length（33.2 cm） was in 2% EM,whereas highest root length（26.3 cm） was in 1% EM.Both fresh and dry weights from shoot and root,were maximum（4.16 g and 1.57 g;2.12 g and 0.83 g respectively） in 2% EM and were significantly（p ≤ 0.05） different from control.Vigor index was highest（4071） in 2% EM,which was significantly（p ≤ 0.05） different from control.Total dry weight increment was highest in 2% EM treatment,followed by 1% and 5% concentrations of EM.Nodulation number was higher at very low（0.1%） concentration of EM solution but it normally decreased with the increase of EM concentrations.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid were highest（60.11,17.05 and 42.48 mg·L1respectively） in 2% EM treatment and lowest（39.35,13.55 and 27.29 mg·L-1 respectively） in control treatment.Therefore,low concentration of EM（up to 2%） can be used for getting maximum seed germination rate and seedling development of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Effect of Morphology of Instantaneous Inoculant on Inoculated Result of Melted Iron

The characteristics of some elements in inoculant were analyzed.The effect of the morphology of instantaneous inoculant on its melting velocity was studied.When the inoculants pass through the same sieve number,the volume and the ratio of surface area to volume are different.It is evident from the theoretical analysis and experiment under some conditions that the melting velocity of inoculant depends on the morphology of inoculant.The morphology of inoculant during production should be controlled carefully.

Research Advances in Preparation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） can enhance plant stress resistance against biological and abiotic factors, playing an important role in increasing crop yield and reducing pesticide use. It is also of great development potential in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and environmental remediation. We summarized preparation of AMF inoculants from the components of inoculant preparation system, including mycorrhizal fungi, host plants, culture matrix and nutrition, and pointed out the direction and prospect of inoculants market in the future.

Effects of Microbial Inoculants from Sewage Sludge on Initial Growth of Festuca arundinacea L.

Microbial inoculants were isolated from sewage sludge and applied to turfgrass medium. Effects of microbial inoculants on seed germination and initial growth of Festuca arundinacea L. were analyzed to investigate the optimal proportion of compound microbial inoculants. Significant differences were found in various growth indices and chlorophyll content of F. arundinacea between microbial treatment and control The combination of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Trichoderma reesei exhibited the best results. Compared with the control, seed germination rate, seedling height, shoot dry weight, root weight, chlorophyll a content and chlorophyll b content of F. arundinacea treated with the combination of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Trichoderma reesei were improved by 11.60%, 43.47%, 148%, 159%, 144% and 136%, respectively. Based on comprehensive analysis of various indicators, the optimal proportion （V/V） of microbial combination was Pseudomonas stutzeri： Tfichoderma reesei = 1： 1, which was the most conducive to plant growth and development.

Biochar Based Inoculants Improve Soybean Growth and Nodulation

Most rhizobial inoculants that stimulate legume yield are applied with carriers that enhance root contact. The physicochemical properties of biochar are suitable for microbial growth, and it could be an alternative to peat, which comes from decreasing reserves but is the commonest solid inoculant carrier. The aim of the current research was to evaluate biochars as carriers of bradyrhizobia in solid inoculant and as coatings for seeds. Biochars and peat were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 532C and storage time was assessed. A seed coating system was developed using biochar, bacteria liquid culture, water, and guar gum. The viability of bacteria in the coating and in solid biochar was evaluated at 4°C and 21°C. Two biochars were selected for a germination assay. Finally, greenhouse experimentation investigated the effect of biochar inoculant and seed coating on soybean growth and nutrient uptake. The storage time experiment showed that not all biochars equally sustain bacteria survival over time. The germination assay demonstrated that biochar seed coating had no effect on soybean germination. Greenhouse experimentation indicated that the effect of Pyrovac biochar on soybean growth characteristics and nutrient uptake depended on the fertilizer. The main finding was that biochar solid inoculant positively affected plant growth metrics, root characteristics, and the chemical composition of plants supplied with N-free nutrient solution.

Seedling Petri-dish inoculation method:A robust,easy-to-use and reliable assay for studying plant-Ralstonia solanacearum interactions

Ralstonia solanacearum causes a lethal bacterial wilt disease in many crops,leading to huge losses in crop production every year.Understanding of plant-R.solanacearum interactions will aid to develop efficient strategies to control the disease.As a soilborne pathogen,R.solanacearum naturally infects plants via roots.A huge limitation in studying plant-R.solanacearum interactions is the large variation of R.solanacearum infection assay due to the variable soil conditions and uneven inoculum exposure.Here,we developed a robust and reliable Petri-dish inoculation method which allows consistent and stable infection in young plant seedlings.This method is easy to use,takes about only 10 days from seed germination to the completion of inoculation assay,and requires less inoculum of bacteria as well as growth chamber space.We proved the efficacy of the seedling Petri-dish inoculation method by analyzing plant defense primed by molecular patterns,resistance of defense-related plant mutants,and virulence of R.solanacearum mutants.Furthermore,we demonstrated that the seedling Petri-dish inoculation method can be applied to other host plants such as tobacco and has great potential for high-throughput screening of resistant plant germplasms to bacterial wilt in the future.

Effects of Low Temperature-tolerant Microbial Inoculants from Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Turf Storage in Winter

Beneficial microorganisms were extracted from municipal solid waste compost and treated under low temperature stress to prepare complex microbial inoc- ulants. Turfgrass was inoculated with the prepared microbial inoculants to investigate the ecological effect of ~crobial inoculants on turf storage in winter. The re- suits showed that complex low temperature tolerant microbial inoculants significandy improved plant height and aboveground biomass of turfgrass. Compared with the non-inoculated control, plant height and biomass of the first batch of inoculated turfgrass were enhanced by 6.47% and 14.32%, respectively; and they were en- hanced by 6.94% and 17.41%, respectively, for the second batch of inoculated turfgrass. Under low temperature stress in winter, the reviving rate of inoculated tarfgrass was significandy higher than that of control, which was improved by 3.34% and 43.33% for the first and second batches of inoculated turfgrass respective- ly. After low temperature storage in winter, inoculated turfgrass revived in advance; specifically, the reviving date of the second batch of inoculated turfgrass was 3 d earlier than that of control. This low temperature tolerant microbial consortium was effective for turfgrass as an ecofriendly and acceptable technology to improve plant performance and development in winter and accelerate time to market of turf.

Research Progress of Application of Microbial Inoculants in Agricultural Production

Microbial inoculants have received increasing attention in strengthening plant biological barriers,antagonizing and inhibiting harmful microorganisms,and ensuring the safe production of agricultural products.This paper summarized the research status of agricultural microbial inoculants,the application of microbial inoculants in agriculture,and the trends and prospects of agricultural microbial research.

Drought adaptation of Bauhinia faberi var.Microphylla seedlings with dual inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Bauhinia faberi via.Microphylla(BFM)is an important tree species for vegetation restoration in the dry valley of southwestern China.However,there were few studies on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)in improving the drought adaptation of BFM.In order to investigate the response of BFM to water stress(WS),we tested four inoculation treatments((no AMF,Control),Glomus mosseae(GM),Glomus intraradices(GI),Glomus mosseae+Glomus intraradices(GMI))in pots,experimented under three field water holding capacity(WHC)of 70%,50%and 30%.The changes of seedling survival rate(SR),AMF relative root length colonization rate(Col),growth,photosynthetic parameters,water status and leaf nutrients were examined.The results showed that under 30%WHC drought conditions,SR with dual inoculation of AMF was not higher than with single inoculation of GM,suggesting that increasing the diversity of AMF did not definitely improve plant SR,and that the species of inoculated AMF might have an important impact on SR.The sensitivity of dual inoculated Col to water stress was lower than that of single inoculation,which was more favorable for dual inoculated BFM seedlings adapting to drought environment.The overall drought resistance ability(D)also showed that dual inoculation of AMF improved plant drought adaptation compared with single inoculation,which was related to the higher Col of dual inoculated AMF.This study is of practical importance to promote vegetation restoration in arid areas in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

健康谣言的干预策略:基于信息生命周期的视角

如何有效治理健康谣言是社交媒体时代的一大难题。健康谣言传播具有信息和信息加工主体两个层面的驱动因素,可依据信息生命周期理论将其分为产生期、评价期和传播期三阶段,系统归纳与分析不同阶段的健康谣言干预策略:产生期重在预防,强调对大众进行心理接种、提升自身健康素养;评价期关注个体的主观能动性,包括聚焦信息准确性以及促进自身分析式加工;传播期通过提高辟谣信息可信度、善用反驳文本和调节个体情绪状态,实现精准辟谣。未来研究可继续创新信息生命周期视角下健康谣言的治理策略,细化考察不同类型与易感人群下的干预手段;归纳与验证不同策略在现实世界中的应用效果,充分发挥行为科学与网络平台对建立健康谣言干预的长效机制的作用。

植物乳杆菌和模仿葡萄球菌复配对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的影响

本研究以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CD101和模仿葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus simulans)NJ201作为复配发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,以不接菌自然发酵香肠为空白对照。通过测定两组pH值、色差、质构等理化指标,游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质的种类与含量,测定从香肠中提取的多肽对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力,探究复配发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的改善作用。结果表明,植物乳杆菌CD101和模仿葡萄球菌NJ201复配发酵能够迅速降低羊肉香肠在发酵期间的pH值,提高香肠的安全性;提高羊肉香肠的亮度与色泽、硬度和咀嚼性,改善其品质;增加游离氨基酸总量、挥发性风味物质种类,提升羊肉香肠的风味;显著提高羊肉香肠多肽对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基以及羟自由基的清除率,提升香肠多肽抗氧化活性。综上,接种发酵能对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽的抗氧化能力均有明显改善。本研究能够为发酵肉制品的工业化生产提供理论依据。

近代来华传教士雒魏林对《种痘法》的翻译及原因分析

《种痘法》是中国人痘术理论技术经验的结晶,被多位近代来华传教士翻译成英文传至西方,尤其以雒魏林的译本最为完整,虽然其译本存在错译、漏译现象,但对该书完整地传至西方贡献很大。雒魏林翻译该书的原因有三:一是中医对天花的病因病机认识深刻且治疗规范成熟;二是部分种痘法则契合现代西医理念;三是希望通过种痘慈善活动开拓医疗传教事业。《种痘法》是19世纪初来华新教传教士翻译的中医著作的代表,反映了在近代西医东渐过程中,中医并非只是单一受西方医学影响的对象,某些传统中医的理论和技术同样具有超前性和现代性,对当时世界医学的发展做出了重要贡献。

减施氮肥和接种根瘤菌对大豆生理生长与氮素利用效率及产量的影响

在干旱、半干旱地区农业生产中,广泛采用接种根瘤菌、施用氮素等措施来促进大豆生长以提高产量,然而少有研究讨论接种根瘤菌与施用氮素的交互作用对大豆生长和产量的影响规律。本研究通过为期2年的田间试验,设置4个施氮水平(N0:0 kg/hm^(2);N1:60 kg/hm^(2);N2:120 kg/hm^(2);N3:180 kg/hm^(2))和2种接种水平,即接种根瘤菌(R)和清水拌种。在大豆各生育期测量根瘤数、根瘤干质量、叶面积指数、干物质积累及根系特性等大豆生长指标和叶绿素含量、光合参数、荧光参数等生理指标,同时还测定氮素吸收量等指标并计算氮素利用效率。结果表明,RN2处理下的大豆生长状况最佳,2年平均最大根瘤数为241.47、最大根瘤干质量为1.30 g、最大根长密度为15.00 cm/cm^(3)、最大叶面积指数为5.44 cm^(2)/cm^(2)、最大干物质积累量为17 530.51 kg/hm^(2)、最大叶绿素含量为53.55、最大净光合速率为32.75μmol/(m^(2)·s)、最大种子产量为4 659.4 kg/hm^(2)。由此可见减少氮肥施用量(N2)的同时接种根瘤菌(R)对于促进关中平原大豆的生理生长、提升对氮素的利用效率、提高大豆产量具有重要意义。本研究可为提高干旱半干旱地区大豆生产水平提供理论支持和实践经验。

不同孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响

为探究硫氧孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响,在相同铸造条件下,用树脂砂型分别浇注75Si Fe孕育剂和硫氧孕育剂随流孕育处理的球墨铸铁试样。通过组织观察、室温拉伸试验、布氏硬度试验等分析了两种不同孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁的显微组织、力学性能和拉伸断口的影响,探寻硫氧孕育剂随流孕育与球墨铸铁组织和性能的联系。结果表明:两种试样均由大量的珠光体、少量的铁素体、大量的石墨球组成,其中用75Si Fe孕育剂进行随流孕育,石墨球易畸变,圆整度不好,石墨球数量少,尺寸较大,平均球化率为84%,平均石墨球数为137个/mm^(2);而用硫氧孕育剂进行随流孕育,石墨形态改善明显,石墨球径更细小,分布更均匀,石墨球数量大幅增加,平均球化率为91%,平均石墨球数为297个/mm^(2)。硫氧孕育剂试样的抗拉强度和断后伸长率均高于75Si Fe孕育剂,分别为874 MPa和6.4%。硫氧孕育剂随流孕育球墨铸铁试样断裂模式为伴有少量塑性变形的准解理断裂。综合认为,用硫氧孕育剂随流孕育可获得较高的综合力学性能。