Postconflict behavior among female Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in the Qinling Mountains,China

For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for wild populations. In this study, from September 2007 to June 2008, we investigated postconflict behavior among adult females Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in a wild, provisioned group in the Qinling Mountains of China by means of the time-rule method and the PC-MC method. We obtained a total of 81 PC-MC pairs and each individual was involved in only 0.004 aggressive behavior per observation hour. The first affiliative behavior was more likely to occur within the first minute after a conflict. The postconflict affiliative behaviors most often seen were contact-sit, embrace and grooming. The affiliative contacts between adult females occur due to selective attraction, i.e. reconciliation. The pattern of postconflict affiliation demonstrates that the R. roxellana belongs to a tolerant species.

Activity budgets in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys in Shennongjia Nature Reserve,China

We examined time allocation by Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana in the montane, temperate and highly seasonal forests of the Shennongjia Nature Reserve in China, in order to improve our understanding of the ecological and social influences on monkey behavior. We collected data on activity budgets in relation to food availability in a group of monkeys from July 2003 to September 2004 （except February 2004）, using instantaneous scan samples. The monkeys spent 36.21% of daytime moving （ n = 21, 269 records）, 24.39% foraging, 9.33% inactive, 11,7% performing social behaviors, and 18.38% performing other behaviors. There were seasonal and annual variations in the proportions of time devoted to some activities. These variations were largely attributed to seasonal or annual fluctuations in the distribution and quality of food resources. Adult males spent more time moving, searching, and displaying other behaviors, but less time feeding and performing social behaviors than adult females. Adults performed other behaviors more often and moving less often than juveniles. These differences in activity budgets may reflect fundamental differences in reproductive biology, parental investment, and development among the different age/sex classes [ Current Zoology 55 （3） ： 173 - 179, 2009] .

A newly-found pattern of social relationships among adults within one-male units of golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxenalla)in the Qinling Mountains,China

Group living provides various advantages to individuals in regards to protection avoidance,intergroup competition,productive success and social information.Stable one-male units(OMUs)consist of relationships between the adult females and the resident male as well as the relationships among adult females.Based on continuous observation of a reproductive group of golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)in the Qinling Mountains,we analyzed the relationships among adult individual dyads within 4 OMUs.The results indicated that in golden snub-nosed monkey societies,females not only had no strong tendency to build a relationship with the resident male in the OMU but also had no strong tendency to build relationships with other females in the OMU.In comparison with hamadryas(Papio hamadryas)and gelada baboons(Theropithecus gelada),the relationships within golden snub-nosed monkeys OMUs showed neither the star-shaped pattern observed in hamadryas baboons nor the net-shaped pattern observed in gelada baboons.We concluded that the relationships within golden snub-nosed monkey OMUs indicated a third pattern in nonhuman primate societies.Future research is required to determine the potential mechanisms for such a pattern.

Spatial pattern in the foraging group of Sichuan golden monkeys

One of the major social-biological characteristics in the genus Rhinopithecus is that the animals live in large groups of tens to hundreds of individuals. Study of the distribution pattern of various age-sex classes in the foraging Sichuan golden monkey troop has revealed that the spatial pattern of the Sichuan golden monkey group is an ellipse with its vertical axes longer than the horizontal axes. Most members are concentrated in the center and the center-back.Adult males gather in the front, the center and the back of the troop; adult females and the young assemble in the center and near-center; sub-adult males are mainly distributed in the center-back and back, but some are also seen in the front, front-center and center; sub-adult females are more or less uniformly dispersed. The spatial distribution of various age-sex classes seems well correspondent with their status and role in the group. This result indicates that the spatial distribution strategy adopted by Sichuan golden monkeys is

利用尿液中的雌二醇、孕酮含量监测雌性川金丝猴的月经周期和妊娠

During two consecutive mating seasons from August 2001 to December 2002,we observed the sexual behavior of Sichuan golden monkeys in the Chengdu Zoo and the Shanghai Wild Animal Park. We collected urine samples from females in the early morning. We also measured urinary estradiol and progesterone levels using radioimmunoassay. Based on the estradiol concentration during the menstrual cycle, we discovered that the length of the menstrual cycle was 286 33±1 67 days. The length of pregnancy was about 200 days. The level of estradiol after impregnation was significantly different with the level during the same period in the non receptive part of the cycle. Thus we could diagnose early pregnancy in female Sichuan golden monkeys by checking their urinary estradiol level .

雌性川金丝猴的邀配行为与尿液雌二醇水平的关系

20 0 1年 10～ 12月及 2 0 0 2年 9月～ 11月 ,我们对上海野生动物园一群半散养条件下的川金丝猴进行了研究 ,记录了群体内的 4只成年雌猴的邀配行为 ,同时收集了观察对象的晨尿 ,利用放射免疫法测定其中的雌二醇含量。结果显示 ,在未受孕的月经周期内 ,雌猴的邀配行为集中在雌二醇高峰前后 ,雌猴在卵泡期和黄体期邀配频次显著下降 ,说明邀配行为受雌二醇水平的调控。同一群体内不同个体的月经周期并不同步 ,邀配高峰互不重叠 ,这可能是雌猴避免相互竞争产生的结果。利用雌二醇测定结果推断受孕日期 ,发现进入妊娠期后雌猴仍然频繁地向雄猴邀配 ,并得到雄猴的响应。妊娠期内的雌二醇水平虽有波动 ,但都高于月经周期内排卵前的雌二醇高峰 ,邀配频次与雌二醇水平没有明显的相关性 ,因此这一时期的邀配行为不能归结为激素作用的结果 。

临床死亡川金丝猴心肌炎病例的诊断及病因分析

对临床送检的急性死亡川金丝猴进行解剖,观察各组织脏器的大体病理变化并对其进行中性甲醛固定、石蜡包埋切片和病理组织学分析;无菌操作进行肉汤法分离培养细菌和细胞培养法分离病毒,通过形态学、动物回归试验和RT-PCR方法对分离的病原进行培养、鉴定。结果,眼观心肌呈局灶性坏死,镜下心肌纤维断裂、崩解,肌间有大量炎性细胞浸润,呈典型的病毒性心肌炎变化;从肺脏中分离获得大肠杆菌;电镜负染可见心肌组织匀浆液和心包积液以及其Vero细胞培养物中均有直径在20～25nm,形似小RNA病毒的粒子存在;RT-PCR检测结果说明所分离病毒为柯萨奇B型病毒;动物回归试验证实,分离的大肠杆菌对昆明种小鼠无致病性,而分离的病毒对小鼠有致病性,且病理组织学变化与金丝猴相似。根据临床症状、病理剖检和病理组织学变化特征,结合病原分离结果综合分析,推测该金丝猴死亡的原因可能与该病毒感染有关。

野外川金丝猴声音行为的主要类型(英文)

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)栖息于高山森林中,营树栖生活,其声音通讯在社群活动中有重要意义。通过长期野外行为的观察和声音的录制,本文报道了川金丝猴在野外自然活动条件下声音行为的主要类型,明显可以辩别出惊异声、警戒声、警告声、呼唤声和安静状态下的叫声,并进行了声谱分析,发现其声谱的差异主要与声音目的有关,同时描述了每类声音发出相伴随的群的行为和身体运动的变化,讨论了笼养条件下和野外状况下川金丝猴声音行为的异同。

秦岭川金丝猴下地活动的初步调查

川金丝猴(Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｒｏｘｅｌｌａｎａ)是以树栖为主的灵长类动物。近年来,人类在秦岭地区的森林砍伐对金丝猴的行为生态产生一定影响,我们就此问题对行进中的金丝猴下地行为和森林植被类型间的关系进行定量研究,以探讨森林砍伐是否为导致川金丝猴下地?..

川金丝猴家域的季节性差异

野生动物家域与生境利用是种群生态学的重要研究内容。川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)属树栖灵长类,其分类地位以及种群结构都具有明显的自身特征,是森林物种的典型代表之一。利用家域模型和景观格局指数相结合的方法,对比分析了四川省白河国家级自然保护区一数量约250只的川金丝猴群的家域和生境利用的季节性差异,以及不同利用强度的家域空间格局特征。结果显示川金丝猴群家域与生境利用的季节性变化明显,(1)家域面积上,冬季的家域面积最小,仅为4.94 km^(2),而春季家域面积开始逐渐扩大,秋季的家域面积达到最大,为25.17 km^(2),并有更多的核心区域,但斑块数目较少,表明川金丝猴的秋季家域破碎化程度较低。冬季家域面积最小;夏季各利用强度生境的斑块数量均为最大值,表明夏季家域具有最高的破碎化程度。随着各季节家域范围内利用强度等级的降低,其空间利用面积也逐渐增大。(2)空间连通性上,秋季家域的区域连通性最高,而夏季和冬季的连通性较低;冬季家域利用的空间分布也较其他季节稍有分散。(3)生境利用上,川金丝猴家域主要分布在海拔2000—3200 m,坡度10°—50°,坡向区间为0°—60°、180°—360°的针叶林和针阔混交林中,而各季节生境利用面积占比却有所不同。该研究揭示了川金丝猴家域的季节变化及空间格局,为针对性保护与管理提供了科学依据。

一例川金丝猴急性实质性肝炎的诊治

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana),雌性,1.5岁,无既往重大疾病史,于2018年10月1日出现精神不佳,食欲下降,不喜活动的症状,体温41℃。经抗炎退热治疗无显著好转,10月3日精神萎靡,无食欲,四肢无力,趴于地面上。当日将其与母猴分离入院治疗。血生化检查显示,肝功能各项指标严重异常,丙氨酸氨基转移酶137 U/L,谷草转氨酶108 U/L,碱性磷酸酶1329 U/L,白蛋白4 g/L,白蛋白球蛋白比值0.05。肝炎病毒分型检测结果均为阴性。粪常规显示,毛首线虫属(Trichocephalus)虫卵强阳性。血涂片未见血液性寄生虫。根据各项检查结果,初步诊断为急性实质性肝炎。遵循消炎、保肝护肝、解毒、止泻的原则给药。经14 d的治疗,该金丝猴精神、食欲、活动和粪便恢复正常,各项指标趋于正常,放回馆舍,与母猴团聚。