Game Analysis and Mechanism Design of Ecological Protection Red Line for Ecologically Vulnerable Areas in Western China

Drawing the ecological protection red line is to maintain the integrity and benign operation of the ecosystem within the area,and to ensure that the ecological environment is within the boundary of controllable ecological security.Taking the ecologically vulnerable areas in western China as the research object and using the game theory and literature analysis,this paper studied the game behavior of ecological protection red line in these areas.In addition,this paper also analyzed the stakeholders such as government,enterprises and the masses in the drawing of the ecological protection red line,and comprehensively analyzed the game strategies between the government and the masses,the government and enterprises,and the central and local governments and enterprises.On the basis of the analysis,it came up with a safeguard mechanism for the coordination of the interests of the ecological protection red line.

Landscape Design of Water Conservancy Scenic Area Based on Ecological Protection Concept

Targeting at the development needs of ecological cities, the landscape design of water conservancy scenic areas has begun to take the ecological protection concept as the design essence, based on the theory of landscape ecology, ecological restoration and ecological compensation. The principles and methods of ecological design are summarized in this paper to achieve the unity of economic benefits and ecological benefits in water conservancy scenic areas and create a livable environment for cities.

Evaluation of Ecological Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Northwest China

Protected areas(PAs) have experienced explosive growth in Northwest China over the last three decades, but their effectiveness in representing regional ecological system diversity has not attracted considerable attention. Low effectiveness would exacerbate the conservation-development conflicts, particularly those that arise as a result of the Great Western Development Strategy(GWDS). Thus, an assessment of the effectiveness of the PA network has become quite important. We proposed natural vegetation communities to represent regional ecological system diversities, and proposed Global 200 Priority Ecoregions, Important Bird Areas, and ecosystem function regions to represent important conservation areas. To determine their effectiveness, we studied the extent to which ecological system diversities and important conservation areas are represented by the existing 96 PAs. Our results indicated that the total coverage of vegetation communities in PAs in Northwest China is not sufficiently comprehensive. As the PA system has expanded, the growth in the total area of the PAs has been greater than that of their vegetation community richness. While most of the important conservation areas are covered by PAs, some regions have not yet reached the 10% threshold; further, PAs are distributed unevenly and conservation gaps remain in the region. Therefore, these regions should receive more attention when planning new PAs. It is vital that more biodiversity datasets and assessment of ecosystem function regions are integrated in order to provide a basis for the government to formulate appropriate protection and development strategies.

Study on the Willingness to Pay the Tourists in the Ecological Environment Protection of Huashan Scenic Spot

In this paper, CVM method (conditional value evaluation method, also known as willingness investigation method) is used to investigate the willingness to pay about the ecological environment protection cost of Shaanxi Huashan scenic spot in July and August, 2013. By establishing the Logistic regression model, the per capita willingness to pay (WTP) of the tourists is calculated to be 79.2 yuan / person. The results show that the tourists' awareness of environmental protection is increasing day by day, and the visitors are fully aware of the importance of protecting the ecological environment. 57.85% of the tourists will be willing to pay, including civil servants, self-employed persons, college degree or above, family monthly income in the 8000-10000 yuan visitors will pay higher. This provides a reference for the sustainable development and development of ecotourism in Huashan Scenic Spot.

Pathway and Countermeasure of Farmers Livelihood Transformation in the Ecological Development Area of Northern Guangdong Province from the Perspective of Ecological Protection

[Objectives]To explore pathways and countermeasures for transforming farmers livelihoods in the way of reducing their dependence on land while promoting sustainable development and alleviating ecological degradation.[Methods]A combination of field research,literature review,and policy analysis was employed to identify key factors affecting farmers livelihoods and potential strategies for transformation.[Results]The study found that developing ecological agriculture and modern agriculture,promoting agricultural transformation and upgrading,cultivating alternative industries,strengthening ecological engineering construction,and establishing diversified ecological compensation methods and supporting policies are effective strategies for transforming farmers livelihoods.[Conclusions]Implementing these strategies can help alleviate the contradiction between ecological protection and farmers livelihood development,promoting coordinated development of both.This approach not only benefits farmers but also contributes to sustainable environmental management and biodiversity conservation.

Landscape planning and ecology construction of wetland comprehensive protected area system in the Sanjiang Plain

Wetland is one of the richest biodiversity areas in the earth. The main purpose of establishing wetland protected area is to protect biodiversity, and the protection of ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity is the key to protect biodiversity. In order to protect regional ecosystem and landscape, it is a good way to establish wetland comprehensive protected area which connected wetland nature reserves by habitat corridors. The Sanjiang Plain as a study area, its landscape evaluation index system on wetland protected area was studied, and some problems on landscape planning and ecology construction were further approached in this paper.It showed that establishing wetland comprehensive protected area is very important to protect regional wetlands, to maintain ecological balance, and to improve the sustainable development of agriculture and industry in this region.

A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

Study on Control Scheme for Nonpoint Source Pollution in Dahe Reservoir Water Source Protection Area of Dianchi Lake Basin

[ Objective] The research aimed to study control scheme for nonpoint source pollution in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin.[ Method] On the basis of the SPOT5 satellite remote sensing imagery in 2010 and field investigation of GPS record, ecological design for nonpoint source pollution control in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin was conducted. Then, the effects of optimization measures were evaluated by the reductions of N and P outputs on different land-use types. E Resultl Control functions of the water source protection area on soil erosion and the emissions of N, P and other pollutants would be promoted after optimization. The optimization meas- ures had a significant effect for prevention and control of the non-point source pollution in the water source protection area. [ Conclusion] The re- search provided scientific basis for promoting ecological construction of the small green basin in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Di- anchi Lake basin.

Offering the win-win solutions between ecological conservation and livelihood development:National parks in Qinghai, China

National parks as protected areas have been on the spotlight because they are essential in achieving ecological civilization in China.Despite the profound achievements of national parks to conserve nature,the benefits of national parks for local residents remain lacking.Under the theory of harmonious coexistence between human and nature,this study focused on the development of local people’s livelihood in Qinghai’s national parks.We systematically explored the establishment of the national parks in Qinghai Province,analyzed the current prob-lems,and provided the main measures for developing people’s livelihood in protected areas in Qinghai.This study put forward the viewpoint that national parks should set a long-term goal,and gradually advance based on the environmental conditions and appropriately prioritize the improvement of local people’s wellbeing in the future.

国家公园社区社会与生态福祉空间耦合协调度分析——以武夷山国家公园A村为例

国家公园体制建设是我国生态文明建设的重大举措,旨在提升社区生态福祉、实现人与自然和谐共生。目前对自然保护地社区福祉测度研究多从社会经济福祉方面进行测度,较少考虑生态福祉及其空间关联。构建中国国家公园社区福祉综合评估框架,以武夷山国家公园内A村为例测度其12个村民小组的社会与生态福祉,探究二者之间的耦合协调关系及其影响因素,基于耦合协调度分析提出社区分类调控优化策略。结果显示:(1)A村的社会经济福祉呈现以村道向东西两侧递减的分布趋势;(2)自然生态福祉整体上呈现由北部向南部递减的空间分布趋势;(3)A村的社会与生态福祉的耦合关系呈现协调型、磨合型、拮抗型和失调型4种类型,以协调型和磨合型为主。(4)选择与行动的自由(0.747)、基础生活资料(0.742)和家庭经济(0.732)是影响整体耦合协调度的主要因素,而不同耦合协调类型的主要影响因素存在差异。基于此,本研究针对拮抗型和失调型社区的主要影响因素提出优化建议。

海洋生态保护补偿促进沿海地区减贫回顾

生态保护补偿制度被认为是改善区域间贫富差距的有效措施,有助于达成保护生态环境和促进共同富裕的双重目标。海洋生态保护补偿制度实施带来的生态环境质量改善、渔业生产转型升级及周边区域产业发展对渔民收益、沿海地区经济社会均衡发展具有重要影响。本文研究了海洋生态保护补偿制度对促进渔民收益增加和乡村振兴的作用,并针对生态保护补偿条例制定提出了建议,以更好地推进实施海洋生态保护补偿制度。

我国自然保护地生态产品价值实现的市场路径及完善

我国正拓展生态产品价值的实现模式,生态产品的价值实现机制已由倚重政府的路径向多样化的路径转变,其中的市场路径备受关注。自然保护地是国土空间中依法划定或确认的特定区域,国土空间规划和生态保护红线为自然保护地生态系统的长久保护提供了制度保障,因此,自然保护地提供的生态产品是优质、稳定且可持续的。研究探讨自然保护地生态产品价值实现的市场路径对于生态产品价值的实现具有重要意义。运用实证分析方法,对我国自然保护地生态产品价值实现的市场路径进行了梳理。我国自然保护地生态产品价值实现的既有市场路径主要为物质产品交易、门票、风景名胜资源特许经营和横向生态保护补偿。这4条市场路径以门票为主体、其他方式为补充,且存在明显的缺陷:物质产品实现的方式受限;门票的方式倚重于旅游消费市场;风景名胜资源特许经营中有偿使用费收取不规范;碳汇交易尚未得到运用。为此,应明晰自然保护地生态产品的产权,鼓励和支持自然保护地原住民参与特许经营,培育自然保护地生态产品的交易市场,以公益性为原则明确门票的定价规则,完善自然保护地特许经营中有偿使用费的收取。

基于生态系统完整性的自然保护地边界划定方法--以欧美地区的实践为例

科学划定自然保护地的边界关系到保护目标的实现和管理措施的制定,是自然保护地规划和建设的首要环节。该文以欧美地区的实践案例为例,介绍了基于生态系统完整性的自然保护地边界划定方法。首先对现有自然保护地边界划定方法进行梳理,在此基础上介绍了面向实施的景观单元(Operational Landscape Units)的概念和划定流程;其次梳理了韦斯特布鲁克圩田保护边界划定和旧金山湾海岸带保护边界划定的案例;最后为我国自然保护地的边界划定提出建议。

典型黑土区坡耕地表层土壤活性有机碳变化特征

以典型黑土区3种地貌类型区(漫川漫岗区、丘陵漫岗区、平原低地区)坡耕地不同坡位表层土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤总有机碳、高活性有机碳、中活性有机碳和低活性有机碳等指标,分析黑土区坡耕地不同坡位表层土壤活性有机碳的变化特征,探究不同地貌类型区坡耕地土壤活性有机碳变化特征的差异。结果表明,坡耕地各坡位表层土壤总有机碳含量变化范围为26.57~38.61 g/kg,土壤活性有机碳含量变化范围为1.85~5.67 g/kg。3种地貌类型区坡耕地不同坡位土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量变化特征不同。漫川漫岗区总有机碳、中活性有机碳和低活性有机碳含量变化特征均表现为坡上和坡中显著大于坡下、坡上和坡中无显著差异;高活性有机碳含量变化特征则以坡中最高坡下最低,且不同坡位之间高活性有机碳含量差异显著。丘陵漫岗区不同坡位土壤总有机碳和低活性有机碳含量差异显著,并表现为坡下显著大于坡上、坡上显著大于坡中;高活性有机碳和中活性有机碳含量的变化则呈现坡上和坡下显著大于坡中、坡上和坡下无显著差异。平原低地区总有机碳及3种活性有机碳组分的含量在各坡位间的差异均为未达显著水平。不同地貌间典型黑土区坡耕地表层土壤活性有机碳分布规律有所差异,漫川漫岗区和丘陵漫岗区坡耕地土壤有机碳活性最差的坡位分别是坡下和坡中,而平原低地区不同坡位间无显著变化。研究结果为黑土坡耕地生态建设与保护技术的针对性设计奠定了理论基础。

三峡库区滑坡工程加固和生态护坡措施研究进展

三峡库区干、支流跨度极广,受地层岩性、岸坡结构、库水波动及强降雨的影响,库区频发以滑坡为主的地质灾害。结合三峡库区滑坡的分布规律,分析了降雨和库水波动两种主要外因作用下不同工程地质类型滑坡的变形响应特征及失稳机理,总结介绍了三峡库区滑坡灾害治理所采用的抗滑桩支护、挡土墙支护、锚杆(索)加固3种主要工程措施的支护原理和设计计算方法,以及生态护坡技术的加固机理及其在三峡库区的研究试验和推广使用。研究认为:目前三峡库区滑坡治理主要以工程措施为主,一般较少考虑滑坡防治的生态效应,今后的研究可针对三峡库区降雨型滑坡特点,更深入地探索库水波动、强降雨等外因作用下生态-结构复合护坡体系的联合加固机理及设计评价方法。

生态补偿何以促进生态保护红线区农户共同富裕?

在生态保护红线区与经济发展滞后地区高度重合的情境下,如何更好地发挥生态补偿在“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”中的积极作用,是促进区域协调发展、逐步实现共同富裕的关键,也是破解生态保护红线区保护与发展之间矛盾的现实需要。该研究基于山东省生态保护红线区的1762份实地调研数据,从物质-精神-环境的三重视角出发,在综合测度生态保护红线区农户共同富裕水平基础上,运用普通最小二乘法和四段式中介效应模型,揭示了生态补偿对当地农户共同富裕实现的促进效应、作用渠道及异质性影响。研究结果显示:①生态补偿能够有效促进生态保护红线区农户共同富裕,在使用工具变量、控制政府执行力指数、数据缩尾处理以重新核算被解释变量后,结果依然稳健。②分维度来看,虽然输血型生态补偿和造血型生态补偿均能够发挥多维富民效应,但无论在物质富裕维度、精神富裕维度还是环境富裕维度,造血型生态补偿的促进效应均优于输血型生态补偿。③作用渠道分析表明,生态补偿主要通过提升农户非农就业率、增强农户内生动力和提高其政府信任度等途径来促进生态保护红线区农户共同富裕。④异质性检验发现,生态补偿对生态保护红线区农户共同富裕的促进效应在经济发展程度较低地区更为凸显,且主要促进老一代农户群体的共同富裕水平。基于上述研究结论,为提升生态补偿的富民效应,当地政府应致力于实现生态补偿全覆盖,制定差异化补偿标准;拓展生态补偿方式种类,增加造血型补偿供给水平;关注农户和地区异质性特征,适度提高生态补偿瞄准性。

2021–2022年北京市丰台区典型自然保护地植物物种名录数据集

植物是自然保护地的核心组成,是维持生物多样性等生态系统功能发挥的基础资源。本文基于2021和2022年对北京市丰台区4处代表性的自然保护地(南苑森林湿地公园、绿堤公园、莲花池公园、北宫国家森林公园)中植物物种的实地调查结果,整理出丰台区典型自然保护地植物物种名录数据集。本数据集涉及乔木、灌木、草本植物物种73科179属255种,包含自然保护地名称、植物科中文名、科学名、属中文名、属学名、种名、拉丁名等信息。同时基于多源的植物志数据库与文献资料和专家评审相结合,以保证数据的可靠性。通过对丰台区重要自然保护地植物物种的全面摸底调查和监测,为北京市生物多样性时空格局、植物对自然和人为干扰的响应等方面的研究提供数据支持。

一种基于多维度生态评估的自然保护地边界优化方法——以三江源国家公园黄河源园区为例

科学准确划定自然保护地边界是设立保护地及制定和实施保护管理措施的首要前提,厘清自然保护地边界是在整合优化自然保护地的过程中首要解决的问题。以生物多样性与生态系统服务双保护为目标,基于In VEST和SWAT模型综合评估生态系统服务,并基于生物完整性等级(Degree of Biological Integrity,DBI)和生态增强因子(Enhancement Factor,EF)评估了保护成本及生态效益,提出了一种自然保护地的边界优化方法。基于这种方法将三江源国家公园黄河源园区的现有边界优化为涵盖总体自然边界、核心生态边界与管理边界的多重边界,从而使生态系统服务得到最大限度的保护,使生物多样性保护得到一定程度的加强,并同时考虑管理效益,确保新增保护成本较低。

自然保护地社区生计保护兼容性评价

自然保护地内及其周边社区生计活动关乎生态保护成效,推动保护兼容性生计成为协同保护与发展的可行路径。针对保护兼容性生计所强调的土地的多元价值及其在保护管理下生态、文化向经济价值的转换,探索开展自然保护地社区生计活动保护兼容性评价,衡量其在与保护目标的协同性和保障社区生计可持续的程度。研究在保护兼容性生计理论体系基础上,通过比较视角阐释社区生计保护兼容性的内涵,进一步整合文化生态学、社会-生态系统理论与可持续生计框架构建生计活动保护兼容性快速评价指标体系,形成生态文化、资源管理、生态影响和生计结果4个准则层、12个评价指标,利用层次分析法和专家打分法相结合的方法对武夷山和祁连山国家公园传统产业进行评价。研究表明,该体系能够在初步判断生计活动的典型特征后,相对精准地识别生计活动在实现保护目标时的协同性和可持续性的优势与不足;案例研究表明国家公园社区的传统生计活动存在相对持久的文化传承、较强的生态系统韧性和较为稳定的经济惠益,但在资源管理体系中实现现代与传统融合、经营主体合作共赢、生态产品价值转化等方面还需内力激发和外力引导。研究建议在运用快速评价体系的基础上,对标保护兼容性生计总体模式开展更为精细的生态、经济和社会效应评价,寻求生计发展。