Global Dynamics of the China Dream and Possible Turkish-China Partnership on a New Silk Road to Renaissance by 2023

Turkey and China are two ancient civilizations with historic links in blood-line, trade, and strategic thinking. At the beginning of the 21st century, both countries are at the crossroads of an epochal shift of world gravitas from the West to the East and from the advanced to the developing countries. China is set to overtake the United States as the world＇s largest economy probably within this decade. Under President XI Jinping, the country is pursuing a China Dream of renaissance in the coming years, harking back to China＇s glorious past. This resonates well with Turkey＇s ambition to achieve a similar goal by the hundredth anniversary of Ataturk in 2023. The horizon for cooperation is full of exciting possibilities, including high-speed rail from China＇s industrial seaboard passing through Turkey to the seaports in Western Europe; a customs-free expressway from the Western border of China through Kazakhstan and Belarus to Amsterdam; linking Bosphorus to China＇s world-leading container ports; investments in telecommunications and mining in the Central Asia region; partnership in a host of African ＂special economic zones＂ being managed by China; and capitalizing on the internationalization of the RMB, the Chinese yuan, to grow Istanbul to a world-class financial centre. In the light of these and other opportunities, there is no reason why areas of possible divergence between the two countries cannot be adequately managed. These include Turkey＇s cultural links with the Uyghur ＂separatists＂ in China＇s Xinjiang Province, membership of US- dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization （NATO）, and different approaches to international conflicts such as Syria. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization （SCO）, in which China is playing a leading part, may be a strategic theatre where Turkey-China cooperation may be enhanced and their differences minimized. In short, as the tide of history is rapidly turning, Turkey and China are likely to find themselves as serendipitous partners on a New Silk Road to Renaissance in the coming decades.

Address at the Launching Ceremony of the Silk Road Community Building Initiative in Romania by Mme.Xu Lyuping,Vice-President of China NGO Network for International Exchanges

Distinguished former Prime Minister Mr.Peter Roman,Distinguished Minister Mr.Niculae Badalau,Distinguished Mr.&Mrs.Bartha,Ladies and gentlemen,dear friends,It’s my great delight to attend the launching ceremony of the Silk Road Community Building Initiative in Romania,which is a major event to enhance the mutual understanding and trust,promote people-to-people connectivity as well as consolidate the foundation of the Belt and Road cooperation between China and Romania.

Win-win future,A global silk road era of China textile industry! Reviewing the year of establishing China Textile Go Global Union

2017 is an extraordinary year.The successful commencement of the 19th National Congress has attracted the attentions of the whole world.The construction of the＂Belt and Road＂enjoys popular support and surges the world.With the most historical origin of the＂Silk Road＂and as the indispensable part of global economy,China textile industry plays the vital pioneering function in the year of＂going global＂.In 2017,

Online Silk Road Promotes Economic Cooperation Between China and the Arab States

According to the 13th Five-year National Informatization Plan issued by the State Council, it is important to establish an online silk road. The ＂online silk road＂ is a network- based information economic belt established by China and countries along the Belt and Road,

Cooperation on Cultural Exchange:Dipping Into the Goldmine of Silk Road Tourism

In the age of the global recession,both India and China,the two Asian giants and two biggest developing counties,must join hands to mark the best of it. Promoting each other and strengthening bilateral cooperation in the field of tourism and culture are ways. Opening border passes are future hope and cultural exchange could be under taken through films,books food and exhibition. Revival of the Southern Silk Road could be possible.

Management of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment：＂One Belt, One Road＂ Across Eurasia to Africa and Europe Amidst Maritime Tensions in the South China Sea Region

Outward Foreign Direct Investment （OFDI） from the People＇s Republic of China （＂China＂） has been expandingworldwide, much as Inward Foreign Direct Investment （IFDI） from the world into China has burgeoned, at leastuntil very recently. Global FDI declined worldwide in 2014, with China＇s IFDI declining less than many placeselsewhere, resulting in China overtaking the United States as the world＇s most attractive location for FDI for thefirst time since 2003, before India overtook China in 2015 （Iyengar, 2015）. In 2014, meanwhile, for the first time,China＇s OFDI exceeded its IFDI, rendering it a net exporter of FDI, signaling the end of the approach to the end ofChina as a developing nation （Yao ＆ Wang, 2014）. What does this mean？ More than anything else, one mustconsider two factors in assessing China＇s 21st century foreign ambitions： Is its One Belt, One Road （OBOR） ageopolitical tetrahedron as some allege, if so, economically or militarily？ Is its maritime policy across the WesternPacific Rim of Asia aimed at constructing a fleet of surface cruisers and submarines to wage a guerre de course（war of the chase）, much as German vice admiral Wolfgang Wegener urged Imperial Germany to do in world War Ithen Nazi Germany to do in World War II, in an effort to dominate merchant sea routes thereby disrupting supplieswithout recourse to a ＂balanced fleet＂ such as Britain possessed in World Wars I and II and the United Statesoperates currently？ Both China＇s ＂New Silk Road＂ and the ＂New Maritime Silk Route＂ are at the root of ageopolitical tetrahedron. Chinese domination of the South China Sea and to a lesser extent of the East China Searegions signals its potential guerre de course strategy. Is there an antidote to conflict in Asia, if so, what is it？

Silk Road Diplomacy:China Redefines Its Role on the Asian Mainland

This article proposes how China is using Silk Road diplomacy to redefine its roles on the Asian mainland.This undertaking will inevitably change geopolitical conditions along the Silk Road corridor,and will affect the interests of major powers within that region.For the past five years,Beijing has been vigorously promoting its Belt&Road Initiative(BRI),the most ambitious foreign policy to be adopted by China since Deng Xiaoping’s program of“reform and opening up.”This is an enormous initiative that will require vast amounts of capital and multilateral cooperation,so many risks will be encountered in the course of its implementation.The objectives of the article are to:(a)explore the ideas,goals,and strategies of Silk Road diplomacy from the constructivist perspective;and(b)analyze the attendant difficulties,as well as how Silk Road diplomacy is likely to affect the Silk Road countries and China’s Western provinces.

The ＂Silk Road Economic Belt＂ and the ＂China Dream＂ Relationship： A Strategy or Tactic

The ＂Silk Road Economic Belt＂ and the ＂China Dream＂ are tightly linked together rather than isolated from each other. The essence of the construction of the ＂Silk Road Economic Belt＂ is to give equal considerations to both the East and the West, paying equal attentions to the North and the South, while balancing the land and the sea and connecting domestic with foreign. This is the innovation and priority of China＇s peripheral diplomacy as well as a strategic support and tactical guarantee of the ＂China Dream＂. The ＂Silk Road Economic Belt＂ is constructed to make history serve reality; it exchanges economy for politics, space on land for time at sea, and balances a weakness in sea power with superiority in land power. Instead of simply replicating the Silk Road, the ＂Silk Road Economic Belt＂ possesses a broader realm and a richer context. Moreover, this is China＇s ultimate strategy and profound tactical conception facing toward the future.

Potential risks and challenges of climate change in the arid region of northwestern China

In the arid region of northwestern China(ARNC),water resources are the most critical factor restricting socioeconomic development and influencing the stability of the area’s ecological systems.The region’s complex water system and unique hydrological cycle show distinctive characteristics.Moreover,the intensified hydrological cycle and extreme climatic and hydrological events resulting from global warming have led to increased uncertainty around water resources as well as heightened conflict between water supply and water demand.All of these factors are exerting growing pressures on the socioeconomic development and vulnerable ecological environment in the region.This research evaluates the impacts of climate change on water resources,hydrological processes,agricultural system,and desert ecosystems in the ARNC,and addresses some associated risks and challenges specific to this area.The temperature is rising at a rate of 0.31
C per decade during 1961–2017 and hydrological processes are being significantly influenced by changes in glaciers,snow cover,and precipitation form,especially in the rivers recharged primarily by melt water.Ecosystems are also largely influenced by climate change,with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)of natural vegetation exhibited an increasing trend prior to 1998,and then reversed in Xinjiang while the Hexi Corridor of Gansu showed the opposite trends.Furthermore,the desert-oasis transition zone showed a reduction in area due to the warming trend and the recent rapid expansion of irrigated area.Both the warming and intensified drought are threatening agriculture security.The present study could shed light on sustainable development in this region under climate change and provides scientific basis to the construction of the“Silk Road Economic Belt”.

Emergency road network structure and planning optimization in mountainous regions in Southwest China under earthquake scenarios

Emergency road networks(ERNs),an important part of local disaster prevention systems,can provide security to residents and their property.Exploring the ERNs structure is of great significance in terms of promoting disaster prevention and establishing road safety in dangerous mountainous areas.This study considered the ERNs of the Kangding section of the Dadu River Basin as the area for a case study.Complex Network Analysis was used to examine the relationship between the four characteristic indicators of mountain roads and the degree of earthquake impacts under the Lushan,Wenchuan,and Kangding Earthquake scenarios.Based on the analysis results,the southwest mountain road network was evaluated;then,computer simulations were used to evaluate the structural changes in the road network after index changes.The network was optimized,and the corresponding emergency avoidance network was proposed to provide a reference for the establishment of the mountainous ERN.The results show that the overall completeness of the mountainous ERNs in Southwest China is poor and prone to traffic accidents.Moreover,the local stability is poor,and the network is susceptible to natural hazards.The overall structure of the road network is balanced,but that of certain road sections is not.Road sections with different attributes present a“gathering-scattering”spatial distribution,i.e,some sections are clustered together while others are far apart.Accordingly,a planning optimization strategy is proposed to better understand the complexity and systematic nature of the mountainous ERN as a whole and to provide a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning in mountainous regions in Southwest China.

CHINA AND RUSSIA JOIN HANDS TO BUILD PIVOT PORTS ALONG SILK ROAD ON ICE

The ＂Ice Silk Road＂, ever since its proposal during the meeting between the Chinese and Russian foreign ministers in May 2017, has become an important area of bilateral cooperation. We believe that, in a broad sense, the ＂Ice Silk Road＂ refers to the economic cooperation with the Arctic states; and in a narrow sense, it refers to the Arctic shipping routes that connect East Asia, Western Europe and North America, especially the Arctic Northeast Passage. This article adopts the narrow definition.

A Brief Introduction of the Cooperative Relationship Between China and Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan and China has been friendly neighbors since very ancient times. 2000 years ago, Silk Road connected the people of the two countries tightly. Since 1992, the two countries establishing diplomatic relations, China and Uzbekistan has enhanced their cooperation in various fields. Especially after the initiative of＂ Silk Road Economic Zone＇, China and Uzbekistan cooperation has developed fast in the area of economy and trade, culture and security with great effects. In the future, China and Uzbekistan are going to support each other on the issues of core interests and keep comprehensively deepening pragmatic cooperation. China and Uzbekistan will enrich the content of comprehensive strategic partnership with practical action.

Studies on the Belt and Road Initiative and the China—Mongolia—Russia Culture Industry Corridor

Culture is the concentrated reflection of national spirit and civilization, and is an important part of foreign exchanges since ancient times. Under the guidance of the Belt and Road Initiative, with the goal of reviving the Prairie Silk Road and Culture Industry Corridor suited to the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, in accordance with the requirements in the China, Mongolia and Russia Tripartite Cooperation Medium-term Road Map approved by the three countries, government organs, enterprises and social organizations should make appropriate plans to develop cultural tourism in advance, highlight its characteristics, build the brand, build investment and financing platforms, new media platforms and carry out large-project-driving strategies, so that the value of cultural resources along the Prairie Silk Road can be fully tapped and resources can be integrated for industrial and economic advantages. The interconnection of China's Belt and Road Initiative, Mongolia's Prairie Road and Russia's Eurasian Economic Union will help establish closer cooperation between the three countries and form an arena of culture competition in Northeast Asia. This is of great practical significance and has promising prospects.

The Concurrent Record-breaking Rainfall over Northwest India and North China in September 2021

Extremely heavy rainfall occurred over both Northwest India and North China in September 2021.The precipitation anomalies were 4.1 and 6.2 times interannual standard deviation over the two regions,respectively,and broke the record since the observational data were available,i.e.,1901 for India and 1951 for China.In this month,the Asian uppertropospheric westerly jet was greatly displaced poleward over West Asia,and correspondingly,an anomalous cyclone appeared over India.The anomalous cyclone transported abundant water vapor into Northwest India,leading to the heavy rainfall there.In addition,the Silk Road pattern,a teleconnection pattern of upper-level meridional wind over the Eurasian continent and fueled by the heavy rainfall in Northwest India,contributed to the heavy rainfall in North China.Our study emphasizes the roles of atmospheric teleconnection patterns in concurrent rainfall extremes in the two regions far away from each other,and the occurrence of rainfall extremes during the post-or pre-monsoon period in the northern margins of monsoon regions.

Chinese Economy at the Era of Globalization

Two centuries ago,Asia delivered over 60 percent of world production;in the middle of the 20th century it was less than 20 percent.Currently,it is twice as large and this share is still increasing,above all but not only,because of China whose production is still growing at a rate twice as fast as the world average.China is trying to maintain high economic dynamics,inter alia,through investment external expansion.This aim is to be served,among others,by the infrastructure project,drawn up with enormous verve,known as the New Silk Road,which the Middle Kingdom addresses to 65 countries on three continents.While some hope for accelerating their own economic growth,others warn against the risk of becoming dependent on China.The article analyzes these challenges,pointing to the desired directions of irreversible evolution globalization by giving it a more inclusive character,which is also strongly emphasized by the Chinese authorities in their official enunciations.

The Road to Alleviating Poverty

IN southwest China’s Yunnan Province, the local ethnic minority Nu people live 52 km from the downtown region of the Fugong County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture. However, it takes more than three hours to drive there from their village named Laomudeng due to inconvenient road transportation.

The Rise of China in Central Asia： The New Silk Road Diplomacy

China＇s relationship with Central Asia has grown manifold since the foundation of Shanghai Five in 1996, which in June 2001 became the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. The impetus to the relationship has further been accen- tuated when China-Russia friendship treaty was signed in July 2001. The US-led war in Afghanistan against Taliban and A1-Qaeda has yet again cemented Chinese position in Central Asia, and the recently concluded Belt and Road Initiative （BRI） has undeniably dramatically underscored the strategic value of Central Asia to the west and has opened up possibilities for Chinese security, political and economic interests. Geostrategically enmeshed with Central Asia, China will remain an integral and increasingly influential player in Central Asia. This research paper contextualises China＇s emergence and interests in Central Asia discarding the much talked about great game thesis and asserts by analysing the rise of China in the region as an unmatched and unchallenged power which has been testified once again with the recent BRI of Beijing.

Analysis on the Potential of Strategic Cooperation between China and OIC under the“Silk Road Strategy”Framework

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation has a unique influence in the global governance,such as Middle East issues and International Islamic development,and has become the most active international multilateral platform for Islam.Based on the context of the establishment of the organization and its development process,particularly,the agenda items and resolutions of the organization since 2000,this study clarifies the path of the OIC to advance agenda items and exert political influence on Islamic countries;this study also tracks the history of both official and civil exchanges between China and the OIC,proposes to seize the historic opportunity of the“Silk Road strategy”,and build a model of cooperation between China and the Arab-Islamic countries as the“natural partners of the Silk Road”and the“Silk Road Community”.

Iran-China Cooperation in the Silk Road Economic Belt： From Strategic Understanding to Operational Understanding

Iran served as a bridge in the ancient Silk Road, connecting the East and the West. Italso has great potential to play an important role in the new Silk Road. The present studyanalyzes the factors affecting 1ran-China cooperation in the context of the Belt and RoadInitiative at the strategic and operational levels＇. This article shows that, at the strategiclevel, 1ran defines this project as an opportunity to improve its status in the worldeconomy, expanding its room to manoeuvre in the international arena and developingits ties with China, a rising great power. At the operational level, the opportunitiesand challenges for 1ran-China cooperation could be summarized as pertaining to fiverealms within the Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative： policy coordination, facilitationof connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and people-to-people bonds.The present study asserts that the main opportunity for cooperation between thetwo countries lies in facilitating connectivity and that the key challenge is financialintegration.

The silk road economic belt: balance of interests

The article makes an analogy between the Great Silk Road and the modern Belt and Road Initiative(BRI,also known as‘One Belt,One Road’[OBOR])of China in the context of their significance for the development of international trade,as well as the Central Asian region.The historical role of the Silk Road is considered from the viewpoint of mutual benefit of states along the trade route.The authors consider the concept as the co-development of states,suggested by China within the framework of the BRI,which involves international cooperation on the basis of mutual benefits for all participants,promotion of economic growth and welfare,development of modern infrastructure through joint investments.An attempt is made to assess the interests of Central Asian countries in the Silk Road Economic Belt(SREB)projects.Common interests include construction of modern road infrastructure,exploration and extraction of mineral deposits,transportation of energy resources,establishment of logistics and industrial zones.There is an increase in the transit role of the Central Asian countries within the framework of the BRI,as well an increase in investments from China.The countries along SREB are concerned about potential threats of the inflow of Chinese labour,the use of technologies that can cause environmental problems,the loss of control over strategic assets,and general growth of financial dependence on China.The article analyses Russia’s perception of the Chinese initiative.It is concluded that the main mutual interest of the two countries is opposing the US’s attempts to establish a dominating role in the region and thus ensuring the security of the transport system through the institutions of the Eurasian Economic Union(EAEU)and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO).The authors reveal a trend of changing the role of Russia as the main transit corridor for Chinese goods exported to Europe and European ones imported to China.The key long-term economic interests of China implementing the BRI have been identified:expansion of foreign markets,access to critical resources in the countries of Central Asia,export of capital,transfer of production abroad,increased exports of high-tech products and services,expansion of the RMB currency area and initiation of structural changes in the global management system.The assessment of China’s initiative by the US and Europe is given as a claim to economic leadership and the struggle to balance the country’s geopolitical position with its economic strength.The authors identify the areas of mutual and opposing interests of some European countries and China.It is concluded that,despite high risks and existing threats,the projects of the BRI can be implemented successfully that achieve the balance of interests and long-term mutual benefits of the countries involved.