Review of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technology in the Agricultural Environment

Simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM)is one of the most attractive research hotspots in the field of robotics,and it is also a prerequisite for the autonomous navigation of robots.It can significantly improve the autonomous navigation ability of mobile robots and their adaptability to different application environments and contribute to the realization of real-time obstacle avoidance and dynamic path planning.Moreover,the application of SLAM technology has expanded from industrial production,intelligent transportation,special operations and other fields to agricultural environments,such as autonomous navigation,independent weeding,three-dimen-sional(3D)mapping,and independent harvesting.This paper mainly introduces the principle,sys-tem framework,latest development and application of SLAM technology,especially in agricultural environments.Firstly,the system framework and theory of the SLAM algorithm are introduced,and the SLAM algorithm is described in detail according to different sensor types.Then,the devel-opment and application of SLAM in the agricultural environment are summarized from two aspects:environment map construction,and localization and navigation of agricultural robots.Finally,the challenges and future research directions of SLAM in the agricultural environment are discussed.

Robust Iterated Sigma Point FastSLAM Algorithm for Mobile Robot Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Simultaneous localization and mapping （SLAM） is a key technology for mobile robots operating under unknown environment. While FastSLAM algorithm is a popular solution to the SLAM problem, it suffers from two major drawbacks： one is particle set degeneracy due to lack of observation information in proposal distribution design of the particle filter; the other is errors accumulation caused by linearization of the nonlinear robot motion model and the nonlinear environment observation model. For the purpose of overcoming the above problems, a new iterated sigma point FastSLAM （ISP-FastSLAM） algorithm is proposed. The main contribution of the algorithm lies in the utilization of iterated sigma point Kalman filter （ISPKF）, which minimizes statistical linearization error through Gaussian-Newton iteration, to design an optimal proposal distribution of the particle filter and to estimate the environment landmarks. On the basis of Rao-Blackwellized particle filter, the proposed ISP-FastSLAM algorithm is comprised by two main parts： in the first part, an iterated sigma point particle filter （ISPPF） to localize the robot is proposed, in which the proposal distribution is accurately estimated by the ISPKF; in the second part, a set of ISPKFs is used to estimate the environment landmarks. The simulation test of the proposed ISP-FastSLAM algorithm compared with FastSLAM2.0 algorithm and Unscented FastSLAM algorithm is carried out, and the performances of the three algorithms are compared. The simulation and comparing results show that the proposed ISP-FastSLAM outperforms other two algorithms both in accuracy and in robustness. The proposed algorithm provides reference for the optimization research of FastSLAM algorithm.

Research on simultaneous localization and mapping for AUV by an improved method:Variance reduction FastSLAM with simulated annealing

At present,simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) for an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)is a research hotspot.Aiming at the problem of non-linear model and non-Gaussian noise in AUV motion,an improved method of variance reduction fast simultaneous localization and mapping(FastSLAM) with simulated annealing is proposed to solve the problems of particle degradation,particle depletion and particle loss in traditional FastSLAM,which lead to the reduction of AUV location estimation accuracy.The adaptive exponential fading factor is generated by the anneal function of simulated annealing algorithm to improve the effective particle number and replace resampling.By increasing the weight of small particles and decreasing the weight of large particles,the variance of particle weight can be reduced,the number of effective particles can be increased,and the accuracy of AUV location and feature location estimation can be improved to some extent by retaining more information carried by particles.The experimental results based on trial data show that the proposed simulated annealing variance reduction FastSLAM method avoids particle degradation,maintains the diversity of particles,weakened the degeneracy and improves the accuracy and stability of AUV navigation and localization system.

A novel method for mobile robot simultaneous localization and mapping

A novel mobile robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method is implemented by using the Rao- Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) for monocular vision-based autonomous robot in unknown indoor environment. The particle filter combined with unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for extending the path posterior by sampling new poses integrating the current observation. Landmark position estimation and update is implemented through UKF. Furthermore, the number of resampling steps is determined adaptively, which greatly reduces the particle depletion problem. Monocular CCD camera mounted on the robot tracks the 3D natural point landmarks structured with matching image feature pairs extracted through Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). The matching for multi-dimension SIFT features which are highly distinctive due to a special descriptor is implemented with a KD-Tree. Experiments on the robot Pioneer3 showed that our method is very precise and stable.

Approach of simultaneous localization and mapping based on local maps for robot

An extended Kalman filter approach of simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) was proposed based on local maps. A local frame of reference was established periodically at the position of the robot, and then the observations of the robot and landmarks were fused into the global frame of reference. Because of the independence of the local map, the approach does not cumulate the estimate and calculation errors which are produced by SLAM using Kalman filter directly. At the same time, it reduces the computational complexity. This method is proven correct and feasible in simulation experiments.

Rapid State Augmentation for Compressed EKF-Based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

A new method for speeding up the state augment operations involved in the compressed extended Kalman filter-based simultaneous localization and mapping （CEKF-SLAM） algorithm was proposed. State augment usually requires a fully-updated state eovariance so as to append the information of newly observed landmarks, thus computational volume increases quadratically with the number of landmarks in the whole map. It was proved that state augment can also be achieved by augmenting just one auxiliary coefficient ma- trix. This method can yield identical estimation results as those using EKF-SLAM algorithm, and computa- tional amount grows only linearly with number of increased landmarks in the local map. The efficiency of this quick state augment for CEKF-SLAM algorithm has been validated by a sophisticated simulation project.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping System Based on Labels

In this paper a label-based simultaneous localization and mapping（ SLAM） system is proposed to provide localization to indoor autonomous robots. In the system quick response（ QR） codes encoded with serial numbers are utilized as labels. These labels are captured by two webcams,then the distances and angles between the labels and webcams are computed. Motion estimated from the two rear wheel encoders is adjusted by observing QR codes. Our system uses the extended Kalman filter（ EKF） for the back-end state estimation. The number of deployed labels controls the state estimation dimension. The label-based EKF-SLAM system eliminates complicated processes,such as data association and loop closure detection in traditional feature-based visual SLAM systems. Our experiments include software-simulation and robot-platform test in a real environment. Results demonstrate that the system has the capability of correcting accumulated errors of dead reckoning and therefore has the advantage of superior precision.

Underwater Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Based on Forward-looking Sonar

A method of underwater simultaneous localization and mapping （SLAM） based on forward-looking sonar was proposed in this paper. Positions of objects were obtained by the forward-looking sonar, and an improved association method based on an ant colony algorithm was introduced to estimate the positions. In order to improve the precision of the positions, the extended Kalman filter （EKF） was adopted. The presented algorithm was tested in a tank, and the maximum estimation error of SLAM gained was 0.25 m. The tests verify that this method can maintain better association efficiency and reduce navigatioJ~ error.

Immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge for simultaneous localization and mapping

Immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge were presented to solve the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping for a mobile robot in unknown environments. Two operators with domain knowledge were designed in algorithms, where the feature of parallel line segments without the problem of data association was used to construct a vaccination operator, and the characters of convex vertices in polygonal obstacle were extended to develop a pulling operator of key point grid. The experimental results of a real mobile robot show that the computational expensiveness of algorithms designed is less than other evolutionary algorithms for simultaneous localization and mapping and the maps obtained are very accurate. Because immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge have some advantages, the convergence rate of designed algorithms is about 44% higher than those of other algorithms.

Mobile Robot Hierarchical Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Using Monocular Vision

A hierarchical mobile robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method that allows us to obtain accurate maps was presented. The local map level is composed of a set of local metric feature maps that are guaranteed to be statistically independent. The global level is a topological graph whose arcs are labeled with the relative location between local maps. An estimation of these relative locations is maintained with local map alignment algorithm, and more accurate estimation is calculated through a global minimization procedure using the loop closure constraint. The local map is built with Rao-Blackwellised particle filter (RBPF), where the particle filter is used to extending the path posterior by sampling new poses. The landmark position estimation and update is implemented through extended Kalman filter (EKF). Monocular vision mounted on the robot tracks the 3D natural point landmarks, which are structured with matching scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature pairs. The matching for multi-dimension SIFT features is implemented with a KD-tree in the time cost of O(lbN). Experiment results on Pioneer mobile robot in a real indoor environment show the superior performance of our proposed method.

A survey: which features are required for dynamic visual simultaneous localization and mapping?

In recent years,simultaneous localization and mapping in dynamic environments(dynamic SLAM)has attracted significant attention from both academia and industry.Some pioneering work on this technique has expanded the potential of robotic applications.Compared to standard SLAM under the static world assumption,dynamic SLAM divides features into static and dynamic categories and leverages each type of feature properly.Therefore,dynamic SLAM can provide more robust localization for intelligent robots that operate in complex dynamic environments.Additionally,to meet the demands of some high-level tasks,dynamic SLAM can be integrated with multiple object tracking.This article presents a survey on dynamic SLAM from the perspective of feature choices.A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of different visual features is provided in this article.

Mobile robot simultaneous localization and map building based on improved particle filter

We present an investigation into the use of pan tilt zoom camera and sonar sensors for simuhaneous localization and mapping with artificial colored landmarks. An improved particle filter is applied to estimate a posterior of the pose of the robot, in which each particle has associated it with an entire map. The distributions of landmarks are also represented by particle sets, where separate particles are used to represent the robot and the landmarks. Hough transform is used to extract line segments from sonar observations and build map simultaneously. The key advantage of our method is that the full posterior over robot poses and landmarks can be nonlinearly approximated at every point in time by particles. Especially the landmarks are affixed on the moving robots, which can reduce the impact of the depletion problem and the impoverishment problem produced by basic particle filter. Experimental results show that this approach has advantages over the basic particle filter and the extended Kalman filter.

Analyzing the Impact of Scene Transitions on Indoor Camera Localization through Scene Change Detection in Real-Time

Real-time indoor camera localization is a significant problem in indoor robot navigation and surveillance systems.The scene can change during the image sequence and plays a vital role in the localization performance of robotic applications in terms of accuracy and speed.This research proposed a real-time indoor camera localization system based on a recurrent neural network that detects scene change during the image sequence.An annotated image dataset trains the proposed system and predicts the camera pose in real-time.The system mainly improved the localization performance of indoor cameras by more accurately predicting the camera pose.It also recognizes the scene changes during the sequence and evaluates the effects of these changes.This system achieved high accuracy and real-time performance.The scene change detection process was performed using visual rhythm and the proposed recurrent deep architecture,which performed camera pose prediction and scene change impact evaluation.Overall,this study proposed a novel real-time localization system for indoor cameras that detects scene changes and shows how they affect localization performance.

基于IPSO-Gmapping算法的SLAM系统研究

针对传统Gmapping算法因粒子耗散导致定位精度不准确的现象,改进粒子群算法(IPSO)结合Gmapping算法(IPSO-Gmapping)被提出。通过引入相似度测量参数和新的学习因子,IPSO算法中粒子的全局开发能力得到提升,同时避免了陷入“局部最优值”的现象。其次将IPSO算法应用于传统的Gmapping中,使得粒子向高似然区域移动,改善了粒子的分布状态,这也使得IPSO-Gmapping算法表现出了极好的性能。分别使用公共数据集和实际场景进行验证,总体的平移旋转误差大幅度降低。通过实验测试表明,所提出的IPSO-Gmapping算法使用更少的粒子在位姿估计准确性及建图精确性上优于传统的Gmapping算法。

Localization and mapping in urban area based on 3D point cloud of autonomous vehicles

In order to meet the application requirements of autonomous vehicles, this paper proposes a simultaneous localization and mapping （SLAM） algorithm, which uses a VoxelGrid filter to down sample the point cloud data, with the combination of iterative closest points （ICP） algorithm and Gaussian model for particles updating, the matching between the local map and the global map to quantify particles＇ importance weight. The crude estimation by using ICP algorithm can find the high probability area of autonomous vehicles＇ poses, which would decrease particle numbers, increase algorithm speed and restrain particles＇ impoverishment. The calculation of particles＇ importance weight based on matching of attribute between grid maps is simple and practicable. Experiments carried out with the autonomous vehicle platform validate the effectiveness of our approaches.

视觉SLAM方法综述

实时定位与建图(SLAM)技术搭载特定传感器,使移动机器人在无任何环境先验条件下,在运动过程中自主建立环境模型来计算自身位姿,大幅提高其自主导航能力,以及对不同应用环境的适应性。视觉SLAM方法以相机作为外部传感器,通过采集周围环境信息来创建地图并实时估计机器人自身位姿。为此,介绍了具有代表性的经典视觉SLAM方法及与深度学习相结合的视觉SLAM方法,分析了视觉SLAM方法中采用的不同特征检测方法、后端优化、闭环检测,以及动态环境下视觉SLAM方法的应用,总结了视觉SLAM方法的问题,并探讨了视觉SLAM方法在未来的热点研究方向和发展前景。

基于激光SLAM多地形机器人的设计

为解决传统轮式机器人在复杂地形中受限与腿式机器人控制策略复杂的问题,提出一种多地形机器人。结合激光即时定位与地图构建(SLAM)方法和自适应式轮腿机构,将树莓派作为运算单元,搭载(ROS)机器人操作系统,应用激光SLAM技术实现环境地图构建和机器人导航,同时结合深度模型和摄像头完成图像任务。自适应式轮腿机械结构使机器人能够根据环境需求自动切换为轮式或腿式行进模式。底层控制器采用STM32F407,机器人通过PID算法能实现精准的移动和机械臂作业。结果表明:该多地形机器人控制方法简单高效,在坡地、草地、坑地、台阶障碍物等复杂地形中展现了灵活移动的能力,最大翻越障碍高度可达250 mm,爬坡角度可达45°,在稳定性和适应性方面具有显著优势。

复杂环境下基于自适应极线约束的AGV视觉SLAM算法

针对传统视觉同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)算法不能有效处理复杂环境中的动态及潜在动态目标而影响定位与建图性能的问题,提出一种基于Mask R-CNN神经网络以及ORB-SLAM3算法改进的视觉SLAM方法。针对动态目标,提出一种基于语义信息的运动一致性检验算法,使用自适应阈值的极线约束方法实现图像中动态特征点的精确剔除;针对潜在动态目标,提出一种改进的长期数据关联方法,通过增大关键帧选取密度及优化关键帧中的潜在动态目标信息,对算法的回环优化和地图融合过程进行改进,提高回环优化效果与地图复用性。在TUM数据集和真实场景中进行验证,实验结果表明与ORB-SLAM3算法相比,采用TUM数据集在低动态场景和高动态场景中的绝对轨迹均方根误差分别减小8.5%和65.6%;在真实场景下测试,所提算法的定位精度提高了62.5%。

多传感器融合SLAM研究综述

如今,移动机器人技术的发展使得同步定位与建图(SLAM)技术越来越受到学者的关注。在未知环境下,使移动机器人能够自主完成建图或者探索,是SLAM最基本的要求。在过去的十年,单传感器为机器人的建图和探索提供了良好的效果,而多传感器融合SLAM则以其强鲁棒、高精度的技术特性,为提升移动机器人建图的精度和速度提供了更高的可能性,成为了SLAM发展的主要研究方向。文中总结了现今多传感器融合SLAM的方案,首先对单传感器方案进行了比较;然后对多传感器融合技术的方案进行了对比;最后,分析了多传感器融合SLAM的难点与解决方案,并对多传感器融合SLAM的未来与发展进行了探讨。

面向港口环境精细感知的无人船多传感器融合SLAM系统

针对港口环境高精度感知需求,综合考虑影响同时定位与建图(SLAM)精度的港口环境因素,提出基于多传感器融合的激光SLAM环境感知方案。通过分析多种传感器对港口SLAM环境感知的影响,引入惯性测量传感器弥补激光SLAM输出频率低和剧烈运动位姿估计不准确等缺陷,采用卫星定位系统信息进行高程数据约束,处理船舶运动特性导致的垂荡累计漂移。从应用需求出发,对传感器进行选型和布置优化,搭建基于无人船的港口环境多传感器融合SLAM系统。结果表明,提出的港口环境高精度点云地图获取方案能在典型港口场景下准确实时建图,为水面精细SLAM提供技术支持。