Cuban-American relations have become one of the most attractive bilateral relations since the Cold War era.With historical methods and international relations theory,this paper aims to discuss the Cuban Revolution and...Cuban-American relations have become one of the most attractive bilateral relations since the Cold War era.With historical methods and international relations theory,this paper aims to discuss the Cuban Revolution and the change of Cuban-American relations through two issues.One is the Cuban Revolution and the gradual rupture of traditional Cuban-American ties,demonstrating that since Castro’s radical reform of nationalization deeply violated the economic interests of the United States,conflicts and confrontations had already been incurred.At the same time,with Moscow’s intervention,the Cuban Revolution gradually became complicated and sensitive to deal with from Washington’s perspective.The other one is the evolution of confrontation between the Castro revolutionary regime and the United States government during the 1959-1962 period.The Bay of Pigs Invasion rapidly caused political tensions in Cuban-American relations,and soon,the Cuban Missile Crisis institutionalized the escalating confrontation and deeply worsened bilateral relations.As a result,the Castro regime had no choice but to rely on Soviet assistance to maintain a delicate balance with the United States for several decades,which indicated the tragedy of the small nations’destiny.展开更多
Nowadays,multilateral consultative mechanism is gradually becoming a mainstream approach in the contemporary international system.As one of the most important international collective player,the European Union(EU) has...Nowadays,multilateral consultative mechanism is gradually becoming a mainstream approach in the contemporary international system.As one of the most important international collective player,the European Union(EU) has been engaging in multilateral cooperation and consultation since its inception.It has also been promoting a plural world through advocacy and action.The EU and the Latin America/Caribbean(LAC) Countries summits are considered a stability mechanism for promoting bi-regional dialogues.Nevertheless,after 10 years of bi-regional strategic partnership construction,the EU and LAC relations are currently experiencing a difficult phase,suggesting it is time to reform.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advantages as well as the challenges to EU-LAC relations from the perspective of bi-regional summits,and to assess the short-term trend of their relations in the near展开更多
The COVID-19 virus has created widespread challenges to thegovernance system and capacity of European countries and the European Union.During the height of the epidemic,Europe made unprecedented efforts to seal off it...The COVID-19 virus has created widespread challenges to thegovernance system and capacity of European countries and the European Union.During the height of the epidemic,Europe made unprecedented efforts to seal off its cities,states and the union as a whole.The epidemic has exerted serious impacts on Europe;meanwhile,Europe's response andreactive measures will have even more far-reaching impacts.An economic recession in Europe is inevitable,which could pose potential social and political risks,or even a crisis for its integration that would further damage the international image and status of the EU.After the epidemic subsides.the development of the EU and European integration will face major choices.The epidemic may drive member states to speed up the process of integration,or instead it may lead to the acceleration of"de-integration,"resulting in another retrogression for the EU.The integration project unlikely to make any major breakthroughs in the near future.In the post-epidemic period,China-EU relations will face new challenges as well as opportunities.It is urgent for both to cooperate.展开更多
Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the So...Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.展开更多
The Vietnam-Europe relations can be traced back to four centuries ago when the first European missionary arrived in the country. However, this relationship has gone a long history with up and down events, partly becau...The Vietnam-Europe relations can be traced back to four centuries ago when the first European missionary arrived in the country. However, this relationship has gone a long history with up and down events, partly because of the misunderstanding and lack of information that influenced much on their cooperation. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the development of European Studies in Vietnam from historical perspective using the first hand information collected in Vietnam, and argued that in order to promote the European Union （EU）-Vietnam relations, European studies must be a priority in policy agenda of both sides. The paper concluded that European studies should be seen as an efficient measure to attract more and more students, and through which to promote image and understanding among people, and believed that there will be no doubt about the future of the EU-Vietnam relationship.展开更多
Taking its point of departure from a NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） conference held in Copenhagen in 1953, this papers begins by tracing the foundation of the powerful political role that labor organizati...Taking its point of departure from a NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） conference held in Copenhagen in 1953, this papers begins by tracing the foundation of the powerful political role that labor organizations held during a significant part of the twentieth century. At the conference, ＂labor＂ was emphasized as occupying a ＂key role＂ in the struggle of Western societies to withstand the challenge of communism--military alone could not achieve this objective. Since around 1990, this has fundamentally changed and the paper explores the contemporary situation through an ethnographic study--involving fieldwork at both workplaces and private homes--of Polish migrant laborers participating in the Danish labor market. Firstly, it is shown how the Polish laborers, due to the lower costs they represent, benefit from the new opportunities. Secondly, the paper illustrates how the trade union, though uneasy with the downward pressure on wage and working conditions that the Polish represent, prioritizes the organization of workers in order to maintain some degree of control over the labor market. Finally, the question is raised how the EU （European Union） is able to navigate two contrasting concerns： the urge both to create more cross-border competition and to uphold an image of a ＂social Europe＂ which might be key to maintain cohesion and legitimacy.展开更多
The outbreak of the Ukraine crisis has accelerated the adjustment and power shifts of the European Union.Germany does not play the role model as it used to,its willingness and ability to make contributions have declin...The outbreak of the Ukraine crisis has accelerated the adjustment and power shifts of the European Union.Germany does not play the role model as it used to,its willingness and ability to make contributions have declined,and it has become a follower rather than a leader in the crisis response.The “Atlanticists” dominate the EU,and the “Europeanists” are weakened.Germany's all-round dependence on the United States has increased.France has lost traction on the EU,the German–French axis is absent,and the Central and Eastern European and Northern European countries are gaining momentum.Compared with other EU institutions and member states,the status and influence of the European Commission has been enhanced,leading the sanctions against Russia,participating more in the common security and defense policy,and contributing to the geo-politicization of EU economic policies.These changes will increase internal disputes within the EU,weaken the EU's international status and influence,and reduce the stability and predictability of the EU's China policy.展开更多
With the deepening development of European integration and the change of international situation, member states of the European Union(EU) have gradually strengthened consultation and coordination in the field of secur...With the deepening development of European integration and the change of international situation, member states of the European Union(EU) have gradually strengthened consultation and coordination in the field of security and established corresponding mechanisms. In this process,the EU has also formed and developed its National Security Strategy and issued four versions of security strategy reports in 2003, 2008, 2016, and 2022. The 2022 version of the EU security strategy(hereafter referred to as the New Security Strategy), for the first time, has identified Russia as a long-term and direct threat. Furthermore, it has paid increased attention to traditional security, especially the upgrading of military capabilities and has become more reliant on the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In the future, the EU will accelerate the militarization process, exert all-out efforts to contain Russia, scrutinize neighborhood security, and increase its swing on China policy.展开更多
Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic...Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic framework to new diplomatic ideas shaped and developed by Chinese policy makers in the course of reform and opening up. In the early period after the founding of the People＇s Republic the Chinese leadership chose to follow the Soviet model in development strategy and adopt a foreign policy of ＂leaning to one side,＂ allying itself with the Soviet Union. After nearly three decades of upheavals and vicissitudes, the Chinese leadership fmally stepped on to the ＂socialist road with Chinese characteristics＂ and chose the ＂independent and non-aligned foreign policy of peace.＂ This marked a fundamental readjustment to China＇s national development strategy and foreign policy since the late 1950s the result of which was a ＂farewell to the Cold War.＂展开更多
文摘Cuban-American relations have become one of the most attractive bilateral relations since the Cold War era.With historical methods and international relations theory,this paper aims to discuss the Cuban Revolution and the change of Cuban-American relations through two issues.One is the Cuban Revolution and the gradual rupture of traditional Cuban-American ties,demonstrating that since Castro’s radical reform of nationalization deeply violated the economic interests of the United States,conflicts and confrontations had already been incurred.At the same time,with Moscow’s intervention,the Cuban Revolution gradually became complicated and sensitive to deal with from Washington’s perspective.The other one is the evolution of confrontation between the Castro revolutionary regime and the United States government during the 1959-1962 period.The Bay of Pigs Invasion rapidly caused political tensions in Cuban-American relations,and soon,the Cuban Missile Crisis institutionalized the escalating confrontation and deeply worsened bilateral relations.As a result,the Castro regime had no choice but to rely on Soviet assistance to maintain a delicate balance with the United States for several decades,which indicated the tragedy of the small nations’destiny.
文摘Nowadays,multilateral consultative mechanism is gradually becoming a mainstream approach in the contemporary international system.As one of the most important international collective player,the European Union(EU) has been engaging in multilateral cooperation and consultation since its inception.It has also been promoting a plural world through advocacy and action.The EU and the Latin America/Caribbean(LAC) Countries summits are considered a stability mechanism for promoting bi-regional dialogues.Nevertheless,after 10 years of bi-regional strategic partnership construction,the EU and LAC relations are currently experiencing a difficult phase,suggesting it is time to reform.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advantages as well as the challenges to EU-LAC relations from the perspective of bi-regional summits,and to assess the short-term trend of their relations in the near
文摘The COVID-19 virus has created widespread challenges to thegovernance system and capacity of European countries and the European Union.During the height of the epidemic,Europe made unprecedented efforts to seal off its cities,states and the union as a whole.The epidemic has exerted serious impacts on Europe;meanwhile,Europe's response andreactive measures will have even more far-reaching impacts.An economic recession in Europe is inevitable,which could pose potential social and political risks,or even a crisis for its integration that would further damage the international image and status of the EU.After the epidemic subsides.the development of the EU and European integration will face major choices.The epidemic may drive member states to speed up the process of integration,or instead it may lead to the acceleration of"de-integration,"resulting in another retrogression for the EU.The integration project unlikely to make any major breakthroughs in the near future.In the post-epidemic period,China-EU relations will face new challenges as well as opportunities.It is urgent for both to cooperate.
文摘Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.
文摘The Vietnam-Europe relations can be traced back to four centuries ago when the first European missionary arrived in the country. However, this relationship has gone a long history with up and down events, partly because of the misunderstanding and lack of information that influenced much on their cooperation. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the development of European Studies in Vietnam from historical perspective using the first hand information collected in Vietnam, and argued that in order to promote the European Union （EU）-Vietnam relations, European studies must be a priority in policy agenda of both sides. The paper concluded that European studies should be seen as an efficient measure to attract more and more students, and through which to promote image and understanding among people, and believed that there will be no doubt about the future of the EU-Vietnam relationship.
文摘Taking its point of departure from a NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） conference held in Copenhagen in 1953, this papers begins by tracing the foundation of the powerful political role that labor organizations held during a significant part of the twentieth century. At the conference, ＂labor＂ was emphasized as occupying a ＂key role＂ in the struggle of Western societies to withstand the challenge of communism--military alone could not achieve this objective. Since around 1990, this has fundamentally changed and the paper explores the contemporary situation through an ethnographic study--involving fieldwork at both workplaces and private homes--of Polish migrant laborers participating in the Danish labor market. Firstly, it is shown how the Polish laborers, due to the lower costs they represent, benefit from the new opportunities. Secondly, the paper illustrates how the trade union, though uneasy with the downward pressure on wage and working conditions that the Polish represent, prioritizes the organization of workers in order to maintain some degree of control over the labor market. Finally, the question is raised how the EU （European Union） is able to navigate two contrasting concerns： the urge both to create more cross-border competition and to uphold an image of a ＂social Europe＂ which might be key to maintain cohesion and legitimacy.
文摘The outbreak of the Ukraine crisis has accelerated the adjustment and power shifts of the European Union.Germany does not play the role model as it used to,its willingness and ability to make contributions have declined,and it has become a follower rather than a leader in the crisis response.The “Atlanticists” dominate the EU,and the “Europeanists” are weakened.Germany's all-round dependence on the United States has increased.France has lost traction on the EU,the German–French axis is absent,and the Central and Eastern European and Northern European countries are gaining momentum.Compared with other EU institutions and member states,the status and influence of the European Commission has been enhanced,leading the sanctions against Russia,participating more in the common security and defense policy,and contributing to the geo-politicization of EU economic policies.These changes will increase internal disputes within the EU,weaken the EU's international status and influence,and reduce the stability and predictability of the EU's China policy.
文摘With the deepening development of European integration and the change of international situation, member states of the European Union(EU) have gradually strengthened consultation and coordination in the field of security and established corresponding mechanisms. In this process,the EU has also formed and developed its National Security Strategy and issued four versions of security strategy reports in 2003, 2008, 2016, and 2022. The 2022 version of the EU security strategy(hereafter referred to as the New Security Strategy), for the first time, has identified Russia as a long-term and direct threat. Furthermore, it has paid increased attention to traditional security, especially the upgrading of military capabilities and has become more reliant on the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In the future, the EU will accelerate the militarization process, exert all-out efforts to contain Russia, scrutinize neighborhood security, and increase its swing on China policy.
文摘Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic framework to new diplomatic ideas shaped and developed by Chinese policy makers in the course of reform and opening up. In the early period after the founding of the People＇s Republic the Chinese leadership chose to follow the Soviet model in development strategy and adopt a foreign policy of ＂leaning to one side,＂ allying itself with the Soviet Union. After nearly three decades of upheavals and vicissitudes, the Chinese leadership fmally stepped on to the ＂socialist road with Chinese characteristics＂ and chose the ＂independent and non-aligned foreign policy of peace.＂ This marked a fundamental readjustment to China＇s national development strategy and foreign policy since the late 1950s the result of which was a ＂farewell to the Cold War.＂
