Sinology in Seattle: The University of Washington and its Influence on the Study of Chinese Medicine

The University of Washington has played a pivotal role in the field of sinology with faculty and alumni producing major publications in Chinese history,literature,phonetics,and linguistics.These contributions have been instrumental in the development of sinology as a field and have both directly and indirectly influenced the study of Chinese Medicine.By tracing the history of the Department of Asian Languages and Literature and examining several major figures,we can better understand how these individuals shaped the development of Chinese Medicine and contributed to its spread worldwide.

Spread of Traditional Chinese Medicine to the West and the Development of Sinology: A Case Study Based on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Literature by German Doctor Gottlieb Olpp

German doctor Gottlieb Olpp played an important role in Sino-German medical exchanges during the late Qing dynasty.During his stay in China for more than 9 years,he wrote a large number of texts related to local Chinese medical and hygienic conditions.In these works,he introduced traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and its situation at that time but also translated TCM literature.His translations and his achievements facilitated the development of sinology in Germany.Not only was he responsible for the development of the method used by German sinologists in translating TCM literature,but also his work gave an impetus to the combination of academic goals and current considerations in sinology studies.In this way,the study of TCM is the internal force driving the development of sinology.

Boym and Rémusat: Communication of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Rise of Western Sinology

This article provides an introduction to Michel Boym(1612-1659)and Jean Pierre Abel Rémusat(1788-1832)and examines the research on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)conducted by the two prominent sinologists.This work points out that Michel Boym introduced TCM to the West and Rémusat was the first to write a doctoral thesis on TCM.A historical overview of the translation,communication and impact of TCM in Europe at that time reveals that this communication of TCM to the West played a significant role in the rise of the study of Sinology in Europe.

Gu Jiegang’s “Discussion of Ancient History” Movement and It Relationship with Developments in Western Sinology

The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumulated creation of Chinese ancient history"was a representative example.At the beginning of the movement Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang proposed the notion that,"there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty"which was indebted to the historical skepticism by Philip Van Ness Myers(American scholar)and Friedrich Hirth(German sinologist)of the same period.The idea that"the Shang Dynasty is still in the late Stone Age"advocated by Hu and Gu was also directly influenced by J.G.Andersson’s An Early Chinese Culture.Conversely,American sinologist Arthur W.Hummel Sr played a key role in introducing and evaluating the first volume of Discussion of Ancient History to Western academia.Paradoxically,while Swedish sinologis Bernhard Karlgren wrote On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan to refute Kang Youwei’s reinterpretation of Confucian Classics(The Forged Classics of the Wang Mang Period),his work however became of value for Chinese historic doubt scholars to reaffirm the value of New Text Confucianism and advance the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement.If we would like to choose a saying to describe the relationship between the"Discussion of Ancien History"movement and Western Sinology,the Chinese proverb,"Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade of this one,"may be an appropriate choice.

Methodology Construction of Euro-American Sinology and Parallel Study of Comparative Literature

During the 1950 s and 60 s, the concept of parallel study of comparative literature was initiated by US scholars, yet they ignored the construction of methodology. As a methodological paradigm to compare and study cultural relations between heterogeneous literary works without factual links, parallel study has always been under criticism. This paper, however, holds that whether it is on the history of modern cross-cultural literary exchanges, or it is on the sprouting practices of Eastern-Western literary comparison, parallel study has wielded an ineradicable and unavoidable influence. This paper, after a brief review of and reflection upon the methodology of parallel study, enumerates several Euro-American sinologists, and classifies their parallel study methodologies into three categories after in-depth exploration and discussion. It then points out that parallel study is by no means a field that overlooks methodology, but rather, its methodology is complicated and boasts diverse possibilities;the study of the methodology of parallel study is also of great theoretical importance to the advancement of disciplinary construction of comparative literature and the Eastern-Western literary comparison.

New Sinology in the New Era

Kevin Rudd,former prime minister of Australia,notes that the new era is calling for new sinology that puts emphasis on analyzing and explaining to the world at large what core Chinese concepts actually mean.LAST December,the International Financial Center located in Shanghai’s Pudong New Area was decorated with colorful lights to welcome the upcoming Christmas Day.Standing nearby was the soaring landmark superstructure–the Oriental Pearl TV Tower,the newly opened Disney flagship store,and the Shanghai International Conference Center.

我对“国际Sinology”学术性质的再思考——关于跨文化学术视野中这一领域的基本特征的研讨

对中国学术界来说，“国际Sinology”研究已经成为一门引人注目的学术。我们在这一学术的基础性资料的编纂和整体性研究方面，以及在研究机构的建设和研究人才培养的系统性方面，事实上已经超越了这一学术在世界各国本土的运行状态。这是自上世纪70年代中期以来中国人文科学学术观念最重要的转变．也是最重大的提升的标志之一。它在一个广泛又深刻的层面上显示了我国经典人文学术正在走向世界学术之林。为进一步推进这一学术沿着近代人文科学的基本规范发展，亟待厘清下述两个层面的问题：在汉语“文化语境”中究竞应该如何定义“国际Sinology”，以及确立“国际Sinology”内含的“多元文化”因素概念。

我对国际Sinology的理解和思考

感谢"世界汉语大会"举办"海外汉学学术研讨会"为我提供了这样神圣的讲坛,让我有机会提出对"Sinology"的理解和思考,来向各位学术先辈、同行请教,以共同推进我国人文学界对"Sinology"这一学术的研究。首先我向各位说明,我采用了英语文化中"Sinology"这一学术概念来表述我们现今正在研讨的基本话题,之所以不采用汉语文化中的"汉学"、"中国学"或者"中国研究"。

从“Sinology”到海外“汉学”:一个概念的原初译与接受

本文借助于新见民国时期相关文献考察“Sinology”这一西语概念在晚清,特别是在20世纪上半叶中文学术语境中所出现的“汉学”“支那学”“中国学”等对译方式,借以呈现“Sinology”之意涵,早期在中国学术界接受与流衍的图景,以及背后所涉及的历史、现实与外来因素,由此在中外话语之间寻到相关契合的对应点,以此为“Sinology”至海外“汉学”的对译加以正名。

“Literature”in the 19th-Century Sinological Works:The History of a Concept

In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,although the two concepts later mixed together and have since been inter-translated by scholars.This paper attempts to examine literature as an independent system of representation by analyzing historical materials of English sinology to identify their special meanings in the 19th-century English context.To ensure the wholeness of the examination,this paper divides the collected materials into three categories;annotations in English-Chinese dictionaries,denotations in works with the word"literature"in their titles,and explanations in articles and chapters(of works)with the word"literature"in their titles.Such an examination inevitably involves some key issues related to semantics,history of translation and cross-cultural studies.It is hoped that this study can help further a general understanding of the dissemination history of literature as a concept.

The scientific nature of traditional Chinese medicine in the post-modern era

There is a growing need to understand traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in modern scientific terms.TCM possesses the dual attributes of science and the humanities.At present,medical science and technology are progressing,while humanistic ethics are being neglected.TCM embodies the interaction between imagery and conceptual thinking,which can be explained from the following three aspects:imagery as an internal driving force for cultural rejuvenation,return to the true self and guarding of the root of life,and cosmology(harmony between man and nature).In the post-modern era,“people-oriented”medical values will lead to integrations between science and humanities,holism and reductionism,imagery-based thinking and conceptual thinking,systematic research and descriptive research,and evidence-based medicine and narrative medicine.

Revisiting the Medical Work of George Soulie De Morant

It is now time to revisit the medical work of George Soulie de Morant(1878-1955).Over the past 64 years,studies and research on acupuncture-moxibustion have undergone exceptional growth in China,and Western sinology has made remarkable progress.A careful rereading will bring a new light to this decisive work.

Description Générale de la Chine and the Spread of Traditional Chinese Medicine to the West in the 18^(th) Century

Description Générale de la Chine is an important sinology masterpiece published in France in the late 18^(th) century.Its author Jean-Baptiste Grosier summarized and rearranged a large number of first-hand materials to systematically introduce China’s national traditions and culture.A great part of this book introduced ancient Chinese medicine,which facilitated the unbiased understanding of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in Europe and fostered a knowledge dialogue between the Chinese and Western medicine systems.Such content also provided a historical reference for how to promote the further going out of TCM to the world.

Features of the Chinese Studies Abroad (II)

Currently, the most important feature of Chinese Studies in Japan is to focus on the value orientation of "facts" and "problems". Chinese Studies in Japan originates from the deeper tradition of Sinology. And the socalled "Sinology" refers to the study of annotations in the Han Dynasty, i.e., the predecessor of the textual research in the Qing Dynasty. Japanese scholars tend to prefer facts and problems to theories and doctrines. Their essays or papers are not to find facts for arguments and frameworks but to discuss matters and imply arguments in factual statements. Sometimes, the arguments may even be concealed by too many facts.

Western Theory and the Study of Classical Chinese Literature in North America

In the second half of the 20th century,humanistic studies in the West witnessed a“theory explosion”.Unlike traditional European Sinology,American Sinology borrowed the latest Western theoretical approaches and formed a unique feature.The emerging Western theory also influenced the study of classical Chinese literature in the USA,with each Sinologist exhibiting a different tendency.In the context of the development of American Sinology and Western theory,this paper examines the Sinologists’change of attitudes in different development stages to unveil the characteristics and tendencies of the study of classical Chinese literature in North America.

A Book Series Recording Cultural Exchange between China and the West

“Chinese Studies in the West:The Chinese Record”is a book series consisting of works written by Westerners who went to China from the 18th to the early 20th century,each of which contains a Chinese introduction and translations of the book's core information followed by the reprint of the original text for scholars to study and research.From 2009 to 2021,13 volumes have been published,with a total of 130 titles.This article will discuss the different types of Westerners in the Series,the activities they engaged in while they were in China or related to China,the books they wrote and their opinions towards China and its people.It will also explore the Series'social impact and its value to the study of Sino-Western culture exchanges.

The"Chinese World Order"Encounters the"East Asian World Order"—Post-War Japanese Historians'Debates on the Tribute System

In this paper,I trace the post-war Japanese genealogy of studies on China's tribute system(imperial China's relatively tolerant approach to its foreign relations)in relation to the English-language work of historian John King Fairbank(1907-91).I emphasize that,together with the sporadic Chinese studies into China's tribute system prior to the 1950s,it was the post-war research of Japanese historians that inspired Fairbank,who,in turn,further stimulated critical debates on the topic in Japan.I first concentrate on post-war Japanese debates concerning an"East Asian world order"based on a"system of investiture/tribute."This notion,developed by the Japanese historian Nishijima Sadao in 1962,precisely corresponds to Fairbank's 1941 understanding of the"tribute system"or"Confucian world-order,"but contrasts with Fairbank's later,controversial understanding of a"Chinese world order"as proposed in 1968.In the second part of this paper,I introduce Japanese historian Hamashita Takeshi's 1980s and 1990s arguments on the"tribute trade system"as representative of the younger generation within this genealogy,contrasting it with the work of Immanuel Wallerstein and Andre Gunder Frank.In the third part,Ⅰlocate this Japanese genealogy within the wider historical context of post-war Japanese intellectual cultural politics.This means that I examine Japanese historians'arguments both from the angle of historiography and from the perspective of post-war Japanese intellectual history.

早期汉学家关于中国伦理及“上帝临在”的争论——可供进一步研究的因素

早期汉学和中国伦理在16世纪到18世纪之间,只有宗教人士能够从欧洲远行至东亚,并且记录下自己的见闻。这些人之中包括教士和宣教士。水手和士兵当然也能够远行至亚洲。

Two Translations of Ji Yun＇s Close Scrutiny： the Translator, the Reader and the Settings of Translation

This article focuses on two English translations of Ji Yun＇s 纪昀 eigh- teenth-century collection of ＂stories of the strange,＂ Random Jottings at the Cottage of Close Scrutiny （Yuewei caotang biji 阅微草堂笔记）. The translation done by Leo Tak-hung Chan is set within the context of his 1998 sinological monograph, while David Pollard＇s recent translation, published in 2014, stands as an edited volume of translation oriented toward the general reader. Referring to textual and paratextual elements in these two translations, I hope to show how the ＂setting＂ of a translation modulates its tone and message, which in turn unfolds with the selection, style and overall structure of the translation. I also draw from an actual dialog between Leo Chan and David Pollard, which evolves around the various aspects in translating Ji Yun＇s work and the more general issues in sinology and translating Chinese literature. The dialog between the two translators of Ji Yun further illustrates the translators＇ approaches to the original text, their mediating efforts toward crosscultural readability and literary felicity and specifically, how the state of mind of a translator might come into play with the ＂flavor＂ of a translation.