ISSUES THAT ARE OF IMPORTANCE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AS THE MILLENNIUM APPROACHES

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A Short and Simple Solution of the Millennium Problem about the Navier-Stokes Equations and Similarly for the Euler Equations

This paper presents a very short solution to the 4th Millennium problem about the Navier-Stokes equations. The solution proves that there cannot be a blow up in finite or infinite time, and the local in time smooth solutions can be extended for all times, thus regularity. This happily is proved not only for the Navier-Stokes equations but also for the inviscid case of the Euler equations both for the periodic or non-periodic formulation and without external forcing (homogeneous case). The proof is based on an appropriate modified extension in the viscous case of the well-known Helmholtz-Kelvin-Stokes theorem of invariance of the circulation of velocity in the Euler inviscid flows. This is essentially a 1D line density of (rotatory) momentum conservation. We discover a similar 2D surface density of (rotatory) momentum conservation. These conservations are indispensable, besides to the ordinary momentum conservation, to prove that there cannot be a blow-up in finite time, of the point vorticities, thus regularity.

Dialogue with the Millennium-Old Hongjue Temple

Hongjue Temple is located in the central district of Xining City,Qinghai Province.It consists of three main courtyards.After entering the entrance gate and the Buddhist Guardian Hall followed behind,we shall see the front courtyard flanked by two bell and drum towers,the middle courtyard with the grand hall housing the three Buddhas the temple mainly worships,and finally the rear courtyard that contains some meditation rooms and a garden.All these magnificent halls,yards,and the garden together create a peaceful and pure land of sanctity amid the bustling city.

Perspectives on Nutrition Needs for the New Millennium for South Asian Regions

South Asia is the most populated region of the world with several nutritional challenges. Though per capita food energy supply, child survival and life expectancy have improved, and even today large segments of the population are below the poverty line with high infant and maternal mortality rates. It is important to recognize the crucial role of nutrition throughout the life cycle from conception to old age. It is very necessary now to move from food security to nutrition security and improve the quality of foods both in macro and micronutrients in order to break the transgenerational effects of malnutrition. The key solutions to the problems should address the issue of social development, population stabilization, environmental degradation and inadequate health and nutritional services. Strategies for empowering women and actuating community participation as sustainable programmes for human development, measures to reduce underweight and stunting in children and prevention of micronutrient malnutrition across the population are required. Enhancing food and nutrition security through innovative diversified agriculture and dietary practices, prevention and control of infection, promotion of food safety and fortification of staples with appropriate attention on emerging chronic disorders are essential. Population control measures to stabilize the fertility rates, biotechnological approaches for genetically modified foods, nutrition surveillance based on assessment, analysis and action to address the logistic, technical and compliance issues with emphasis on promotion of breast feeding and complementary foods with adequate attention on the reproductive needs of adolescent girls, pregnant mothers and lactating women would eliminate low birth weight, stunting, and chronic energy deficiency in vulnerable groups. Focused studies on bioavailability of micronutrients and its enhancement, innovative horticulture interventions, fortifications, social marketing strategies would promote the intake of micronutrient and phytonutrient rich foods. In depth epidemiological research, an insight into foetal origins of adult disease and nutrition genes interaction and life style alterations will avert the emerging epidemic of chronic diet related disorders. An investment in preventing foetal malnutrition improves nutrition of women in reproductive age, infant and child nutrition and prevents the onset of chronic disease in adult life. Human resource development, IEC measures, technology transfer, operational and logistic research, building of databases, integrated, intersectoral, multidisciplinary plans and sound management information system and surveillance with net working and experience sharing in the region will help to overcome the common challenges and lay the foundation for a better scenario in these regions in the near future.

PORT OF SHANGHAI,FORGING AHEAD TOWARDS THE NEW MILLENNIUM

This year is the 20th anniversary of the resumption of ocean shipping between China and the United States. On March 18, the m/v Letitia Lykes, the first vessel flying the flag of the United States made its initial call at Shanghai and received a warm welcome by the people of different cireles in Chiila. It marked a new chapter in the shipping relations between China and America.

Strengthening International Cooperation in the New Millennium

Attheturnofthenewmillennium,IwouldliketoextendthebestwishestoallChineseandforeignfriendsofeconomicandtradecircles,onbehalfofChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTrade(CCPIT)andChinaChamberofInternationalCommerce(CCOIC).CCPIThasbeendedicatedtopro...

Regional-scale Surface Air Temperature and East Asian Summer Monsoon Changes during the Last Millennium Simulated by the FGOALS-gl Climate System Model

The spatial patterns and regional-scale surface air temperature （SAT） changes during the last millennium,as well as the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） were simulated with a low-resolution version of Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land-Sea-ice （FGOALS-gl） model.The model was driven by both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents.Major features of the simulated past millennial Northern Hemisphere （NH） mean SAT variations,including the Medieval Climate Anomaly （MCA）,the Little Ice Age （LIA） and the 20th Century Warming （20CW）,were generally consistent with the reconstructions.The simulated MCA showed a global cooling pattern with reference to the 1961-90 mean conditions,indicating the 20CW to be unprecedented over the last millennium in the simulation.The LIA was characterized by pronounced coldness over the continental extratropical NH in both the reconstruction and the simulation.The simulated global mean SAT difference between the MCA and LIA was 0.14°C,with enhanced warming over high-latitude NH continental regions.Consistencies between the simulation and the reconstruction on regional scales were lower than those on hemispheric scales.The major features agreed well between the simulated and reconstructed SAT variations over the Chinese domain,despite some inconsistency in details among different reconstructions.The EASM circulation during the MCA was stronger than that during the LIA The corresponding rainfall anomalies exhibited excessive rainfall in the north but deficient rainfall in the south.Both the zonal and meridional thermal contrast were enhanced during the MCA.This temperature anomaly pattern favored a stronger monsoon circulation.

Variation of Surface Temperature during the Last Millennium in a Simulation with the FGOALS-gl Climate System Model

A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses to specified external forcing agents in a millennium-scale transient climate simulation with the fast version of LASG IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model （FGOALS-gl） developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （LASG/IAP）. The model presents a reasonable performance in comparison with reconstructions of surface temperature. Differentiated from significant changes in the 20th century at the global scale, changes during the natural-forcing-dominant period are mainly manifested in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonally, modeled significant changes are more pronounced during the wintertime at higher latitudes. This may be a manifestation of polar amplification associated with sea-ice-temperature positive feedback. The climate responses to total external forcings can explain about half of the climate variance during the whole millennium period, especially at decadal timescales. Surface temperature in the Antarctic shows heterogeneous and insignificant changes during the preindustrial period and the climate response to external forcings is undetectable due to the strong internal variability. The model response to specified external forcings is modulated by cloud radiative forcing （CRF）. The CRF acts against the fluctuations of external forcings. Effects of clouds are manifested in shortwave radiation by changes in cloud water during the natural-forcing-dominant period, but mainly in longwave radiation by a decrease in cloud amount in the ant hropogenic- forcing-dominant period.

Interannual Climate Variability Change during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in PMIP3 Last Millennium Simulations

In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature variability and coefficient of variation（CV） of interannual precipitation in the warm period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly（MCA） and the cold period of the Little Ice Age（LIA）. With respect to the past millennium period, the MCA temperature variability decreases by 2.0% on average over the globe, and most of the decreases occur in low latitudes. In the LIA, temperature variability increases by a global average of 0.6%, which occurs primarily in the high latitudes of Eurasia and the western Pacific. For the CV of interannual precipitation, regional-scale changes are more significant than changes at the global scale, with a pattern of increased（decreased） CV in the midlatitudes of Eurasia and the northwestern Pacific in the MCA（LIA）. The CV change ranges from-7.0% to 4.3%（from -6.3% to 5.4%）, with a global average of -0.5%（-0.07%） in the MCA（LIA）.Also, the variability changes are considerably larger in December–January–February with respect to both temperature and precipitation.

Erratum to “The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem” [Advances in Pure Mathematics 6 (2016) 915-920]

The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mistake. The author wishes to correct the errors in Theorem 2 of the result part.

When and how will the Millennium Silk Road witness 1.5 °C and 2 °C warmer worlds?

Western China and central Asia are positioned centrally along the Millennium Silk Road,which is regarded as a core region bridging the East and the West.Understanding the potential changes in climate over this core region is important to the successful implementation of the so-called＇Belt and Road Initiative＇（a $1 trillion regional investment in infrastructure）.In this study,both mean and extreme climate changes are projected using the ensemble mean of CMIP5 models.The results show a warming of ～1.5,2.9,3.6,and 6.0 ℃ under RCP2.6,4.5,6.0,and 8.5,respectively,by the end of the twenty-first century,with respect to the 1986-2005 baseline period.Meanwhile,the annual mean precipitation amount increases consistently across all RCPs,with an increase by ～14% with respect to 1986-2005 under RCP8.5.The warming over the Millennium Silk Road region reaches 1.5 ℃ before 2020 under all the emission scenarios.The 2020s （2030s） see a 2 ℃ warming under the RCP8.5 （RCP4.5） scenario.Global warming that is 0.5 ℃ lower （i.e.a warming of 1.5 ℃） could result in the avoidance of otherwise significant impacts in the Silk Road core region-specifically,a further warming of 0.73 ℃ （with an interquartile range of 0.49%-0.94 ℃） and an increase in the number of extreme heat days by 4.2,at a cost of a reduced increase of 2.72% （0.47%-3.82%） in annual precipitation.The change in consecutive dry days is region-dependent

Decadal-centennial hydroclimate variability over eastern China during the last millennium:Results from the product of Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation

Decadal–centennial hydroclimate variability over eastern China during the last millennium is investigated using the product of Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation(PHYDA).Results reveal that the PHYDA depicts a more homogeneous temporal pattern during the early part of the Little Ice Age with other reconstructions than those during the other periods,and could also identify the droughts of 1352–90 AD,1445–98 AD,1580–94 AD,and 1626–65 AD during this period.On centennial time scales,the PHYDA shows that the linkage between the Palmer drought severity index over eastern China and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)index is more marked than that with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the location of the intertropical convergence zone over the Asian–Australian monsoon area during the period after the 1350s.For the decadal droughts,the PHYDA suggests most of the drought events during the last millennium were linked to the El Niño–like mean states and the negative AMO states.

Clarifications for the Published Article: “A Solution to the Famous Twin’s Problem” in the APM of SCIRP at 24 September of 2019

This article B is almost autonomous because it can be read independently from the first published article A [1] using only a few parts of the article A. Be-low are given instructions so to need the reader study only on few places of the article A. Also, in the part A of Introduction, here, you will find simple and useful definitions and the strategy we are going to follow as well useful new theorems (also and in Section 5, which have been produced in this solution). So the published solution of twin’s problem can now be easily understood. The inequalities (4.17), (4.18) of Article A are proved here in Section 4 by a new clear method, without the possible ambiguity of the text between the relations (4.14), (4.16) of the Article A. Also we complete the proof for the twin’s distri-bution which we use. At the end here are presented the Conclusions, the No-menclatures and the numerical control of the proof, which is probably useful as well in coding methods. For a general and convincing picture is sufficient, a study from the beginning of this article B until the end of the part A of the In-troduction here as well a general glance on the Section 5 and on the Conclu-sions below.

China's contribution to the millennium development goals: achieving tuberculosis control targets ahead of deadline

The millennium development goals (MDGs) were eight international development targets for the year 2015 that were established following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000.The MDGs are aimed at reducing extreme poverty and set a series of time-bound goals,particularly in health,gender equality,and environmental sustainability [1].The target set for tuberculosis (TB) was to reduce TB prevalence and mortality rates by half by 2015 compared to the 1990 baseline rates [2].China has in fact achieved the TB targets five years ahead of the scheduled timeline [3].From 1990 through 2010,TB case detections had decreased by 65%,from 170 to 59 cases per 100000 population and the mortality rates by almost 80% [4].

Identifying Links between Ecosystem Services and Aboriginal Well-Being and Livelihoods in North Australia： Applying the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework

The livelihoods and well-being of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities in remote and rural northern Australia are dependent upon the ecosystem services provided by tropical ecosystems. The well-being of all Australian citizens is measured by the Australia Bureau of Statistics （ABS） using socio-economic indicators. In this study we investigated the importance of non-market benefits derived from ecosystem services for Aboriginal well-being. Through a case study with the Mullunburra-Yidinji people in the Wet Tropics, Queensland, we applied the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment （MA） framework to identify the links between ecosystem services and the MA＇s six constituents of human well-being. The study demonstrated that cultural and provisioning services were key determinants of community well-being, and these are not currently measured by the ABS. We adapt the MA framework to include the ABS indicators and explore the potential strengths and weaknesses of the approach for measuring the well-being of contemporary remote and rural Aboriginal communities.

Vegetation and climate history of Anggertu Lake in the Tengger Desert over the last millennium

Reconstructing climate change of the last millennium is important to understand the current relationship between human-social activities and natural environmental changes. Pollen assemblages, losson-ignition(LOIo rg at 550°C), and grain size data collected from sediment core AGE15 A from the center of Anggertu lake(eastern Tengger Desert, Inner Mongolia) were used to reconstruct the regional vegetation and climate history of the last millennium. Desert or steppe desert, dominated by A rtemisia and Amaranthaceae, expanded around this region during the period of 988–1437 AD indicating a generally dry climate condition with two short humid periods(1003–1082 AD and 1388–1437 AD). These two wet periods were characterized by relatively high vegetation cover and bioproductivity, as reflected by high pollen concentrations and LOIo rg values. Increases in steppe and meadow vegetation communities(Poaceae, Cyperaceae) and vegetation cover during 1437–2015 AD suggest a wetting trend, which was also deduced from a gradual trend towards fine grains and higher lake biological productivity as reflected by LOIo rg values. An unstable lacustrine environment was identified via frequent fluctuations in pollen concentration and grain size after 1842 AD. This study also recorded a relatively dry Medieval Warm Period(MWP, 1082–1388 AD) and a wet Little Ice Age(LIA, 1437–1842 AD). Increased Amaranthaceae and high abundance of Poaceae may be related to overgrazing and agricultural activities that took place during those time periods. The evolution of vegetation in the lake region was influenced by climate change and human activities. These results could provide more fundamental support for studies of the environmental evolution of the Tengger Desert.

Review of Problems of Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Role of Millennium Development Goals 4, 5 and 6 in Nigeria

Introduction: The problems of adolescents’ sexual behavior are grave and far-reaching. Methods: Review of exiting literature via Google scholar, AJOL, Pubmed, HINARI and other relevant data bases on the common problems of adolescents’ inappropriate sexual behavior. Result: Adolescent sexual behavior could result in adolescent pregnancy which prevalence varies widely throughout Nigeria perhaps due to differences in culture and development. Abortion, the willful termination of pregnancy is another problem which is often undertaken for pregnancies resulting from incest and sexual abuse. Also common is trans-generational sex which occurs when an adolescent has non-marital sex in the last 12 months with a man who is at least 10 years older than her. Also related to this, is transactional sex found in both committed and casual relationships. It is not always done for survival because in some cultures, sex for favor is carried out for reasons other than subsistence. Furthermore, multiple sexual partners are the engagement in sex with more than one partner over a particular time frame. It may be sequential or concurrent. The high prevalence of these problems in Nigeria raises a question of the possibility of achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) 4, 5 and 6 specifically targeted at reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases respectively. Conclusion: Policies and strategies such as family life and HIV/AIDs education (FLHE) curriculum on adolescent reproductive health should be pursued with greater vigor in our secondary schools in addition to establishing HIV counseling centers and vocational training programs for out-of-school adolescents. WHO support and commitment to key action areas for countries and member states will build and strengthen their capacity to improve reproductive and sexual health.