Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss...Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Recent advances in coherence tomography have also revealed that skin aging affects in vivo epidermal keratinocyte architecture. However, the interconnectivity between spatial architectural aging and visual/physiological aging parameters remains largely unknown. Purpose: To elucidate whether the tomographic keratinocyte architectural aging is correlated with visual and physiological skin aging parameters and to quantitatively evaluate the improvements of the architectural, visual, and physiological aging parameters by the daily treatment of the skin care formula containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF, 8X Pitera<sup>TM</sup>). Method: We measured the in vivo keratinocyte cellular architecture with two-photon stereoscopic tomography obtaining by-layer epidermal section images in 78 Asian females of various ages. Visual aging parameters were analyzed using a portable image capture system. Hydration and TEWL were also assessed. The anti-aging effects of GFF-containing skin moisturizer (SK-II LXP Cream<sup>TM</sup>) were also examined in two studies after twice-daily application for 2 (N = 35) and 4 (N = 32) weeks. Results: As for the keratinocyte cellular architecture, skin aging was significantly associated with decreased cell density and increased cell uniformity. These architectural aging parameters were significantly correlated with visual and physiological aging parameters, namely, rough texture, wrinkles, pore dilation, dull skin tone, dehydration, and increased TEWL. The strong interconnectivity allowed us to develop formulae to estimate the keratinocyte architecture from visual aging parameters. Moreover, twice-daily application of SK-II significantly improved the keratinocyte architecture associated with multiple skin aging visual and physiological parameters. Conclusion: Skin aging is a process involving mutual interconnections among epidermal keratinocyte cellular architecture, visual, and physiological parameters. The GFF-containing moisturizer SK-II effectively improves spatial architecture of keratinocytes in epidermis and these evaluated skin aging parameters in a new trajectory over the course of treatment. .展开更多
鉴定陆地棉SKS基因家族成员,解析其演化规律,为棉花抗性育种提供新的候选基因。基于已公布的陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1基因组数据,以陆地棉品种中棉-14为试验材料。通过生物信息学对陆地棉SKS家族成员进行全基因组鉴定,并对其家族成员的染...鉴定陆地棉SKS基因家族成员,解析其演化规律,为棉花抗性育种提供新的候选基因。基于已公布的陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1基因组数据,以陆地棉品种中棉-14为试验材料。通过生物信息学对陆地棉SKS家族成员进行全基因组鉴定,并对其家族成员的染色体分布、进化关系、基因结构、共线性关系等进行预测分析。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应分析GhSKS13的表达模式,并利用病毒诱导的基因沉默技术初步探究陆地棉SKS13在棉花抵御大丽轮枝菌过程中的功能。共鉴定到48个陆地棉SKS基因,不均匀分布于陆地棉19条染色体上,聚类分析分为5个亚组,基因序列具有较高保守性,共线性关系分析显示,陆地棉SKS基因家族受到纯化选择。组织模式表达分析显示,GhSKS13在陆地棉根组织中优势表达,并且受大丽轮枝菌诱导显著上调表达。GhSKS13沉默植株对大丽轮枝菌抗性减弱,同时抑制病程相关基因GhPR1、GhPR2、GhPR3和GhPR5表达。大丽轮枝菌入侵GhSKS13沉默植株,其过氧化氢(H 2 O 2)沉积明显低于对照,暗示GhSKS13促进活性氧(ROS)的形成。总之,明确了陆地棉SKS家族成员的系统进化关系、染色体分布特征和基因结构特征;并阐明了GhSKS13参与棉花对大丽轮枝菌抗性反应。展开更多
文摘Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Recent advances in coherence tomography have also revealed that skin aging affects in vivo epidermal keratinocyte architecture. However, the interconnectivity between spatial architectural aging and visual/physiological aging parameters remains largely unknown. Purpose: To elucidate whether the tomographic keratinocyte architectural aging is correlated with visual and physiological skin aging parameters and to quantitatively evaluate the improvements of the architectural, visual, and physiological aging parameters by the daily treatment of the skin care formula containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF, 8X Pitera<sup>TM</sup>). Method: We measured the in vivo keratinocyte cellular architecture with two-photon stereoscopic tomography obtaining by-layer epidermal section images in 78 Asian females of various ages. Visual aging parameters were analyzed using a portable image capture system. Hydration and TEWL were also assessed. The anti-aging effects of GFF-containing skin moisturizer (SK-II LXP Cream<sup>TM</sup>) were also examined in two studies after twice-daily application for 2 (N = 35) and 4 (N = 32) weeks. Results: As for the keratinocyte cellular architecture, skin aging was significantly associated with decreased cell density and increased cell uniformity. These architectural aging parameters were significantly correlated with visual and physiological aging parameters, namely, rough texture, wrinkles, pore dilation, dull skin tone, dehydration, and increased TEWL. The strong interconnectivity allowed us to develop formulae to estimate the keratinocyte architecture from visual aging parameters. Moreover, twice-daily application of SK-II significantly improved the keratinocyte architecture associated with multiple skin aging visual and physiological parameters. Conclusion: Skin aging is a process involving mutual interconnections among epidermal keratinocyte cellular architecture, visual, and physiological parameters. The GFF-containing moisturizer SK-II effectively improves spatial architecture of keratinocytes in epidermis and these evaluated skin aging parameters in a new trajectory over the course of treatment. .
文摘鉴定陆地棉SKS基因家族成员,解析其演化规律,为棉花抗性育种提供新的候选基因。基于已公布的陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1基因组数据,以陆地棉品种中棉-14为试验材料。通过生物信息学对陆地棉SKS家族成员进行全基因组鉴定,并对其家族成员的染色体分布、进化关系、基因结构、共线性关系等进行预测分析。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应分析GhSKS13的表达模式,并利用病毒诱导的基因沉默技术初步探究陆地棉SKS13在棉花抵御大丽轮枝菌过程中的功能。共鉴定到48个陆地棉SKS基因,不均匀分布于陆地棉19条染色体上,聚类分析分为5个亚组,基因序列具有较高保守性,共线性关系分析显示,陆地棉SKS基因家族受到纯化选择。组织模式表达分析显示,GhSKS13在陆地棉根组织中优势表达,并且受大丽轮枝菌诱导显著上调表达。GhSKS13沉默植株对大丽轮枝菌抗性减弱,同时抑制病程相关基因GhPR1、GhPR2、GhPR3和GhPR5表达。大丽轮枝菌入侵GhSKS13沉默植株,其过氧化氢(H 2 O 2)沉积明显低于对照,暗示GhSKS13促进活性氧(ROS)的形成。总之,明确了陆地棉SKS家族成员的系统进化关系、染色体分布特征和基因结构特征;并阐明了GhSKS13参与棉花对大丽轮枝菌抗性反应。