Objective: To observe the influence of the treatment of depression on the regularization of blood pressure and heart rate of individuals with hypertension and depression. Methods: A total of 30 individuals who were be...Objective: To observe the influence of the treatment of depression on the regularization of blood pressure and heart rate of individuals with hypertension and depression. Methods: A total of 30 individuals who were being treated for hypertension were diagnosed for depression participated in this study. Escitalopram (10 - 20 mg) was administered to 15 individuals, while the other 15 received placebo. These individuals were followed for 8 weeks with regular monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate. Scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were evaluated within the first, second, fourth, and eighth weeks of the study onset. The same 30 individuals were further divided into groups who had or had not undergone depression remission, regardless of whether the individual was receiving the active drug or placebo. Likewise, in order to observe the influence of sleep regularization, the patients were divided into groups based on whether their sleep quality had improved. Results: There was a significant decrease in the average systolic blood pressure of the normal-sleep group (-20.07 ± 13.45 vs. -9.43 ± 14.87 mmHg, p = 0.04). Heart rate was lower in the escitalopram than in the placebo group: 66.88 ± 9.62 vs. 74.19 ± 9.55 bpm, p = 0.04. Conclusion: Treatment with escitalopram decreased heart rate, improved sleep quality, and decreased blood pressure.展开更多
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder. It has been reported that approximately 40% of patients with moderate or severe OSAS die within the first eight years of disease. In hospitals, OSAS ...Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder. It has been reported that approximately 40% of patients with moderate or severe OSAS die within the first eight years of disease. In hospitals, OSAS is inspected using polysomnography, which uses a number of sensors. Because of the cumbersome nature of this polysomnography, an initial OSAS screening is usually conducted. In recent years, OSAS screening techniques using Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) have been reported. However, the techniques so far reported cannot perform an OSAS severity assessment. The present study presents a new method to distinguish the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non-OSA epochs at one-second intervals based on the Apnea Hypopnea Index assessment, defined as the duration of continuous apnea. In the proposed method, the time-frequency components of the heart rate variability and three ECG-derived respiration signals calculated by the complex Morlet wavelet transformation are adopted as features. A support vector machine is employed for classification. The proposed method is evaluated using three eight-hour ECG recordings containing OSA episodes from three subjects. As a result, the sensitivity and specificity of classification are found to reach approximately 90%, a level suitable for OSAS screening in clinical settings.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep condition and autonomic nervous function of women in their 70s with type 2 diabetes mellitus by analyzing the activity counts (AC) on actigraphs an...The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep condition and autonomic nervous function of women in their 70s with type 2 diabetes mellitus by analyzing the activity counts (AC) on actigraphs and heart rate variability (HRV). Ten healthy women in their 30s to 40s as control and four women patients with type 2 diabetes in their 70s wore the electrocardiograph and an actigraph for 24 hours while keeping a diary of activities, including their sleep and food intake. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess subjective sleep conditions. The subjective sleeping results were significantly correlated with those measured by the AC and HRV. However, AC and HRV correlation pattern showed different activity in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The quality of sleep of those with chronic diabetes was not good even if their HbA1c was well controlled. Furthermore, their automatic nervous function was different from the control group. The sleeping hours of patients with type 2 diabetes were shorter or longer than those of healthy women. Ultimately, this study maintains that it is important to examine automatic nervous functions using objective examination index during the early stage of diabetes mellitus.展开更多
Background: The balance of autonomic nervous system activity and its relationship with body composition, sleep quality, and activities of daily living among older people is still unclear. Purpose: This comparative cas...Background: The balance of autonomic nervous system activity and its relationship with body composition, sleep quality, and activities of daily living among older people is still unclear. Purpose: This comparative case study examined the characteristics of body composition, sleep quality, and autonomic nerve activity in active older adults with a younger body age-calculated from age trends in body composition and basal metabolic rate. Methods: We selected two cases with a metabolic age younger than their actual age. They had good sleep quality, no sarcopenia, strong muscle and grip strength, and balanced autonomic nervous system activity. They were compared with two other age- and gender-matched cases, who had poor sleep quality, unbalanced autonomic nervous system activity, and had a physical age closer to their actual age. Results: Older adults with more muscle mass and higher basal metabolism were younger than their actual age, had a better sleep status, and had a good balance of autonomic nervous activity during exercise stimulation. They also had lower percentages of body and visceral fat and higher percentages of body water. Conclusion: Two cases had a metabolic age younger than their actual age were found to be much younger than their actual age. However, the older adults with normal muscle mass and basal metabolic rate had poor sleep status and no sympathetic hyperactivity during exercise simulation.展开更多
Energy efficiency plays vital roles in wireless communication system due to the “energy limited battery service” of a mobile station (MS). To ensure longer battery life in WiMAX, a new protocol has been introduced i...Energy efficiency plays vital roles in wireless communication system due to the “energy limited battery service” of a mobile station (MS). To ensure longer battery life in WiMAX, a new protocol has been introduced in its IEEE802.16m version. This new sleep mode has extended listening window and adjustable sleep cycle length. In this paper, we analyze the probability of attaining at three states: serving state, state of timer inactivity and silent state in a simplified statistical model using traffic parameters of arrival rate, pdf (probability density function) of interarrival time and its threshold value. Finally we developed a new state transition chain of the above three states of a MS of IEEE802.16m and solved the chain in closed form.展开更多
Limited population-based data from children are available to investigate the associations between insomnia and sleep duration in relationship to impaired cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM). Therefore, the objective of...Limited population-based data from children are available to investigate the associations between insomnia and sleep duration in relationship to impaired cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM). Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the cross-sectional associations between insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, and CAM in a population-based sample of children. All 616 children were randomly selected from Central Pennsylvania to participate in a one-night polysomnography (PSG) study in a sleep laboratory. The Pediatric Behavior Scale was used to assess parent-reported insomnia. Sleep duration was assessed objectively by PSG. CAM was measured by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 9-hour-beat-to-beat RR intervals. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between insomnia, sleep duration and HRV. The mean (SD) age was 9.2 (1.7) years, with 25.5% non-white and 48.9% male. After adjusting for age, race, gender, BMI percentile, %REM sleep, apnea-hypopnea-index, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency, the means(SE) of HRV indices were lower in children with insomnia than in children without: 6.56 (0.07) vs. 6.78 (0.04) m2 on logHF, respectively;and 6.47 (0.06) vs. 6.61 (0.03) m2 on logLF, respectively (all P < 0.05). There is a trend towards a significant lower time domain HRV indices, faster HR, and higher LF/HF ratio in children with insomnia symptoms. There is a similar pattern of association between shorter objective sleep duration and HRV. Insomnia symptoms and shorter objective sleep duration are associated with lower HRV and higher HR and LF/HF ratio, indicative of disturbance of CAM towards more sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation. These data provide supporting evidence of physiological activation associated with insomnia and short sleep duration even in very young children.展开更多
The purpose of this case study was to examine the changes before and after improvements of the subjective sleep status of Mr A, a 40-year-old man diagnosed with pre-diabetes and a sleep disorder. Data were collected u...The purpose of this case study was to examine the changes before and after improvements of the subjective sleep status of Mr A, a 40-year-old man diagnosed with pre-diabetes and a sleep disorder. Data were collected using a Holter monitor for 24 hours a day for 3 days to assess autonomic nervous activity by recording bed-time and waking time activity (activity counts: ACs). Mr. A kept a diary of activities and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The study revealed that subjective sleeping hours correlated almost precisely with those measured by the actigraph and as described in the diary. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activities were imbalanced. However, no correlation was observed between the ACs and autonomic nervous activity. Subjective sleep state according to the PSQI score improved remarkably by dietary and exercise therapy from 13 to 3 points, after six months, with corresponding high level sleep satisfaction level. Significant correlations were observed between ACs and high-frequency spectral power of R-R intervals, and between ACs and the low-frequency/high frequency ratio of spectral power of R-R intervals. Although Mr. A’s sleep satisfaction level has improved, the autonomic nervous system activity remained different from that of healthy people.展开更多
文摘Objective: To observe the influence of the treatment of depression on the regularization of blood pressure and heart rate of individuals with hypertension and depression. Methods: A total of 30 individuals who were being treated for hypertension were diagnosed for depression participated in this study. Escitalopram (10 - 20 mg) was administered to 15 individuals, while the other 15 received placebo. These individuals were followed for 8 weeks with regular monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate. Scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were evaluated within the first, second, fourth, and eighth weeks of the study onset. The same 30 individuals were further divided into groups who had or had not undergone depression remission, regardless of whether the individual was receiving the active drug or placebo. Likewise, in order to observe the influence of sleep regularization, the patients were divided into groups based on whether their sleep quality had improved. Results: There was a significant decrease in the average systolic blood pressure of the normal-sleep group (-20.07 ± 13.45 vs. -9.43 ± 14.87 mmHg, p = 0.04). Heart rate was lower in the escitalopram than in the placebo group: 66.88 ± 9.62 vs. 74.19 ± 9.55 bpm, p = 0.04. Conclusion: Treatment with escitalopram decreased heart rate, improved sleep quality, and decreased blood pressure.
文摘Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder. It has been reported that approximately 40% of patients with moderate or severe OSAS die within the first eight years of disease. In hospitals, OSAS is inspected using polysomnography, which uses a number of sensors. Because of the cumbersome nature of this polysomnography, an initial OSAS screening is usually conducted. In recent years, OSAS screening techniques using Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) have been reported. However, the techniques so far reported cannot perform an OSAS severity assessment. The present study presents a new method to distinguish the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non-OSA epochs at one-second intervals based on the Apnea Hypopnea Index assessment, defined as the duration of continuous apnea. In the proposed method, the time-frequency components of the heart rate variability and three ECG-derived respiration signals calculated by the complex Morlet wavelet transformation are adopted as features. A support vector machine is employed for classification. The proposed method is evaluated using three eight-hour ECG recordings containing OSA episodes from three subjects. As a result, the sensitivity and specificity of classification are found to reach approximately 90%, a level suitable for OSAS screening in clinical settings.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep condition and autonomic nervous function of women in their 70s with type 2 diabetes mellitus by analyzing the activity counts (AC) on actigraphs and heart rate variability (HRV). Ten healthy women in their 30s to 40s as control and four women patients with type 2 diabetes in their 70s wore the electrocardiograph and an actigraph for 24 hours while keeping a diary of activities, including their sleep and food intake. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess subjective sleep conditions. The subjective sleeping results were significantly correlated with those measured by the AC and HRV. However, AC and HRV correlation pattern showed different activity in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The quality of sleep of those with chronic diabetes was not good even if their HbA1c was well controlled. Furthermore, their automatic nervous function was different from the control group. The sleeping hours of patients with type 2 diabetes were shorter or longer than those of healthy women. Ultimately, this study maintains that it is important to examine automatic nervous functions using objective examination index during the early stage of diabetes mellitus.
文摘Background: The balance of autonomic nervous system activity and its relationship with body composition, sleep quality, and activities of daily living among older people is still unclear. Purpose: This comparative case study examined the characteristics of body composition, sleep quality, and autonomic nerve activity in active older adults with a younger body age-calculated from age trends in body composition and basal metabolic rate. Methods: We selected two cases with a metabolic age younger than their actual age. They had good sleep quality, no sarcopenia, strong muscle and grip strength, and balanced autonomic nervous system activity. They were compared with two other age- and gender-matched cases, who had poor sleep quality, unbalanced autonomic nervous system activity, and had a physical age closer to their actual age. Results: Older adults with more muscle mass and higher basal metabolism were younger than their actual age, had a better sleep status, and had a good balance of autonomic nervous activity during exercise stimulation. They also had lower percentages of body and visceral fat and higher percentages of body water. Conclusion: Two cases had a metabolic age younger than their actual age were found to be much younger than their actual age. However, the older adults with normal muscle mass and basal metabolic rate had poor sleep status and no sympathetic hyperactivity during exercise simulation.
文摘Energy efficiency plays vital roles in wireless communication system due to the “energy limited battery service” of a mobile station (MS). To ensure longer battery life in WiMAX, a new protocol has been introduced in its IEEE802.16m version. This new sleep mode has extended listening window and adjustable sleep cycle length. In this paper, we analyze the probability of attaining at three states: serving state, state of timer inactivity and silent state in a simplified statistical model using traffic parameters of arrival rate, pdf (probability density function) of interarrival time and its threshold value. Finally we developed a new state transition chain of the above three states of a MS of IEEE802.16m and solved the chain in closed form.
文摘Limited population-based data from children are available to investigate the associations between insomnia and sleep duration in relationship to impaired cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM). Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the cross-sectional associations between insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, and CAM in a population-based sample of children. All 616 children were randomly selected from Central Pennsylvania to participate in a one-night polysomnography (PSG) study in a sleep laboratory. The Pediatric Behavior Scale was used to assess parent-reported insomnia. Sleep duration was assessed objectively by PSG. CAM was measured by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 9-hour-beat-to-beat RR intervals. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between insomnia, sleep duration and HRV. The mean (SD) age was 9.2 (1.7) years, with 25.5% non-white and 48.9% male. After adjusting for age, race, gender, BMI percentile, %REM sleep, apnea-hypopnea-index, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency, the means(SE) of HRV indices were lower in children with insomnia than in children without: 6.56 (0.07) vs. 6.78 (0.04) m2 on logHF, respectively;and 6.47 (0.06) vs. 6.61 (0.03) m2 on logLF, respectively (all P < 0.05). There is a trend towards a significant lower time domain HRV indices, faster HR, and higher LF/HF ratio in children with insomnia symptoms. There is a similar pattern of association between shorter objective sleep duration and HRV. Insomnia symptoms and shorter objective sleep duration are associated with lower HRV and higher HR and LF/HF ratio, indicative of disturbance of CAM towards more sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation. These data provide supporting evidence of physiological activation associated with insomnia and short sleep duration even in very young children.
文摘The purpose of this case study was to examine the changes before and after improvements of the subjective sleep status of Mr A, a 40-year-old man diagnosed with pre-diabetes and a sleep disorder. Data were collected using a Holter monitor for 24 hours a day for 3 days to assess autonomic nervous activity by recording bed-time and waking time activity (activity counts: ACs). Mr. A kept a diary of activities and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The study revealed that subjective sleeping hours correlated almost precisely with those measured by the actigraph and as described in the diary. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activities were imbalanced. However, no correlation was observed between the ACs and autonomic nervous activity. Subjective sleep state according to the PSQI score improved remarkably by dietary and exercise therapy from 13 to 3 points, after six months, with corresponding high level sleep satisfaction level. Significant correlations were observed between ACs and high-frequency spectral power of R-R intervals, and between ACs and the low-frequency/high frequency ratio of spectral power of R-R intervals. Although Mr. A’s sleep satisfaction level has improved, the autonomic nervous system activity remained different from that of healthy people.
