In the article titled“Disentangling brain PrPC proteoforms and their roles in physiology and disease”,published on pages 963-965,Issue 5,Volume 19 of Neural Regeneration Research(Vanni and Romolo,2024;doi:10.4103/16...In the article titled“Disentangling brain PrPC proteoforms and their roles in physiology and disease”,published on pages 963-965,Issue 5,Volume 19 of Neural Regeneration Research(Vanni and Romolo,2024;doi:10.4103/1673-5374.385302),the name of the second author appears incorrectly.The correct name is Romolo Nonno.展开更多
Drought poses a significant challenge,restricting the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants.The strain induced by drought can impede vital processes like respiration and photosynthesis,affecting various aspect...Drought poses a significant challenge,restricting the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants.The strain induced by drought can impede vital processes like respiration and photosynthesis,affecting various aspects of plants’growth and metabolism.In response to this adversity,medicinal plants employ mechanisms such as morphological and structural adjustments,modulation of drought-resistant genes,and augmented synthesis of secondary metabolites and osmotic regulatory substances to alleviate the stress.Extreme water scarcity can lead to leaf wilting and may ultimately result in plant death.The cultivation and management of medicinal plants under stress conditions often differ from those of other crops.This is because the main goal with medicinal plants is not only to increase the yield of the above-ground parts but also to enhance the production of active ingredients such as essential oils.To elucidate these mechanisms of drought resistance in medicinal and aromatic plants,the current review provides a summary of recent literature encompassing studies on the morphology,physiology,and biochemistry of medicinal and aromatic plants under drought conditions.展开更多
Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li is a widely used medicinal herb in treating pulmonary diseases.In recent years,its wild resources have become scarce,and the demand for efficient artificial cultivation has significantly...Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li is a widely used medicinal herb in treating pulmonary diseases.In recent years,its wild resources have become scarce,and the demand for efficient artificial cultivation has significantly increased.This article is the first to apply phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li to the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The aim is to identify suitable reference strains for the artificial cultivation and industrial development of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li by examining the effects of various phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their combinations on photosynthesis,physiological and biochemical properties,and gene expression related to the protective enzyme system in F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The experiment,conducted in pots at room temperature,included a control group(CK)and groups inoculated with inorganic phosphorussolubilizing bacteria:W1(Bacillus cereus),W2(Serratia plymuthica),W12(Bacillus cereus and Serratia plymuthica),and groups inoculated with organophosphorus-solubilizing bacteria:Y1(Bacillus cereus),Y2(Bacillus cereus),Y12(Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus),totaling seven groups.Compared to CK,most growth indices in the bacterial addition groups showed significant differences,with W12 achieving the highest values in all indices except the leaf area index.The content of photosynthetic pigments,photosynthetic parameters,and osmoregulatory substances increased variably in each bacterial treatment group.W12 exhibited the highest content of chlorophyll a and soluble protein,while W1 had the highest free proline content.The activities of peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT)in all inoculated groups were higher than in CK,with significant changes in SOD and CAT activities.The malondialdehyde(MDA)content in all inoculated groups was lower than in CK,with Y12 being the lowest,at approximately 30%of CK.Gene expression corresponding to these three enzymes also increased variably,with POD expression in Y2 being the highest at 2.73 times that of CK.SOD and CAT expression in Y12 were the highest,at 1.84 and 4.39 times that of CK,respectively.These results indicate that inoculating phosphate solubilizing bacteria can enhance the growth of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li,with the mixed inoculation groups W12 and Y12 demonstrating superior effects.This lays a theoretical foundation for selecting bacterial fertilizers in the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi distribute widely in natural habits and play a variety of ecological functions.In order to test the physiological response to salt stress mediated by different AM fungi,Viola prionantha...Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi distribute widely in natural habits and play a variety of ecological functions.In order to test the physiological response to salt stress mediated by different AM fungi,Viola prionantha was selected as the host,the dominant AM fungus in the rhizosphere of V.philippica growing in Songnen saline-alkali grassland,Rhizophagus irregularis,and their mixtures were used as inoculants,and NaCl stress was applied after the roots were colonized.The results showed that V.philippica could be colonized by AM fungi in the field and the colonization rate ranged from 73.33%to 96.67%,and Claroideoglomus etunicatum was identified as the dominant AM fungi species in the rhizosphere of V.philippica by morphology combined with sequencing for AM fungal AML1/AML2 target.Inoculation with both the species resulted in the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis(the colonization rate was more than 70%)and AM fungi significantly enhanced plants’tolerance to salt stress of varying magnitude.Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and augmented levels of proline and other osmoregulators were observed in AM plants.The content of MDA in CK was higher than that in the inoculations with the stress of 100,200,and 250 mM.All indices except soluble protein content and MDA content were significantly correlated with AM fungal colonization indices.The analysis for different AM fungal effects showed that the mixtures and R.irregularis worked even better than C.etunicatum.These results will provide theoretical support for the exploration and screening of salt-tolerant AM fungi species and also for the application of AM-ornamental plants in saline-alkali urban greening.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore how to improve the waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon through grafting,to provide a theoretical basis for its cultivation in rainy season.[Methods]The effects...[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore how to improve the waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon through grafting,to provide a theoretical basis for its cultivation in rainy season.[Methods]The effects of flooding stress on the growth and root physiological and biochemical characteristics of grafted and own-rooted red-seed watermelon seedlings were studied using Luffa as rootstocks and"Zhongxin 1"red-seed watermelon as scions.[Results]After flooding stress,the biomass and root activity of grafted seedlings of red-seed watermelon were significantly higher than those of own-rooted seedlings.With the prolongation of flooding stress time,the soluble sugar and proline content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and the grafted seedlings had a larger increase and a smaller decrease,and were always significantly higher than own-rooted seedlings in the same period.The content of malondialdehyde in the root system of grafted seedlings increased first and then decreased,while it continued to increase in own-rooted seedlings,and the increase in own-rooted seedlings was significantly greater than that in grafted seedlings during the same period.[Conclusions]Grafting on Luffa rootstocks could improve waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon.展开更多
The circadian clock and sleep are essential for human physiology and behavior; deregulation of circadian rhythms impairs health and performance. Circadian clocks and sleep evolved to adapt to Earth's environment, ...The circadian clock and sleep are essential for human physiology and behavior; deregulation of circadian rhythms impairs health and performance. Circadian clocks and sleep evolved to adapt to Earth's environment, which is characterized by a 24-hour light–dark cycle. Changes in gravity load, lighting and work schedules during spaceflight missions can impact circadian clocks and disrupt sleep, in turn jeopardizing the mood, cognition and performance of orbiting astronauts. In this review, we summarize our understanding of both the influence of the space environment on the circadian timing system and sleep and the impact of these changes on astronaut physiology and performance.展开更多
Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their r...Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their relationship with grain yield are still unclear.In this study,rice varieties differing in N sensitivity over many years of experiments were used.A field experiment with multiple N rates(0,90,180,270,and 360 kg ha^(-1))was conducted to elucidate the effects of N application on root morphology,root physiology,and grain yield.A pot experiment with root excision and exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)at heading stage was used to further verify the above effects.The findings revealed that(1)under the same N application rate,N-insensitive varieties(NIV)had relatively large root biomass(root dry weight,length,and number).Grain yield was associated with root biomass in NIV.The oxidation activity and zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR)contents in roots obviously and positively correlated with grain yield in N-sensitive varieties(NSV),and accounted for its higher grain yield than that of NIV at lower N application rates(90 and 180 kg ha^(-1)).(2)The root dry weight required for equal grain yield of NIV was greater than that of NSV.Excision of 1/10 and 1/8 of roots at heading stage had no discernible effect on the yield of Liangyoupeijiu(NIV),and it significantly reduced yield by 11.5%and 21.3%in Tianyouhuazhan(NSV),respectively,compared to the treatment without root excision.The decrease of filled kernels and grain weight after root excision was the primary cause for the yield reduction.Root excision and exogenous 6-BA application after root excision had little influence on the root activity of NIV.The oxidation activity and Z+ZR contents in roots of NSV decreased under root excision,and the increase in the proportion of excised roots aggravated these effects.The application of exogenous 6-BA increased the root activity of NSV and increased filled kernels and grain weight,thereby reducing yield loss after root excision.Thus,the root biomass of NIV was large,and there may be a phenomenon of"root growth redundancy."Vigorous root activity was an essential feature of NSV.Selecting rice varieties with high root activity or increasing root activity by cultivation measures could lead to higher grain yield under lower N application rates.展开更多
The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the revi...The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the review has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment and ergometry. The following and third part of the review is going to deal with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, altitude, faith, life expectancy, gender and childhood. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that have been commented in the present and second part: responses and/or adaptations relating to 1) metabolism, 2) skeleton, 3) nervous system, 4) endocrine system, 5) cardiovascular system, 6) urinary tract and 7) pulmonary system. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through the consultation of the tables and figures that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders and advice(s) that appear at the end of each of the seven parts of the journal paper (2.1.6., 2.2.2., 2.3.2., 2.4.2., 2.5.4, 2.6.4. and 2.7.3.).展开更多
Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of bu...Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of burrowing clams within various substrates get less attention due to difficulty in carrying out physiological tests in buried conditions.Consequently,this study investigated the burrowing behavior,feeding physiology and energy budget of Paphia undulata,which is an important aquaculture bivalve species in south China.The clams were exposed to mud and sand substrates with variable physical properties in the laboratory,to determine the suitable substrate conditions for this species.The results showed that the percentage of burrowing clams,digging index,burrowing time,burrowing depth and scope for growth(SFG)were higher in mud substrates with≥40%water content.Likewise,burrowing percentage,digging index,and burrowing depths were higher in substrates with≤40%sand content.Moreover,the burrowing depth had significant effect on the feeding physiology and SFG of P.undulata as clams burrowed at 6.3±1.8 cm had higher clearance rates and SFG as compared to other buried depths.This study further revealed that low water content in the sediment inhibited physiological performances of P.undulata by impairing feeding or absorption,hence reducing the SFG.In conclusion,mud substrate with≥40%water content or with≤40%sand content is suitable for proper burrowing and growth of P.undulata.Our findings therefore provide fundamental knowledge that will be applicable in the improvement of bottom aquaculture and conservation of P.undulata.展开更多
Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhiz...Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 10<sup>8</sup> cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.展开更多
Fractional flow reserve (FFR), a physiology-based diagnostic method, has emerged as an important decision-making tool in determining the borderline or intermediate coronary lesions requiring revascularization. As per ...Fractional flow reserve (FFR), a physiology-based diagnostic method, has emerged as an important decision-making tool in determining the borderline or intermediate coronary lesions requiring revascularization. As per the guidelines recommended by European and American cardiology associations, functional assessment of indeterminate lesions is to be considered strongly prior to PCI. However, in India, FFR continues to be a much-underutilized tool due to limited facilities, and many times, physicians are reluctant to advise FFR because of its time-consuming nature with additional cost implications of simple diagnostic tests. Notably, for stenoses ranging between 50% - 70% where the choice between revascularization and medication becomes ambiguous, FFR provides invaluable insight. Without such guidance, there is a risk of improper decisions and strategies while planning revascularization procedures, which might adversely influence clinical outcomes, escalation of the cost due to unnecessary procedures, and prolonged hospitalization as a result of simple vs complex procedures. Landmark studies have validated the efficacy of FFR in enhancing outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, especially when paired with a coronary angiogram. This combination provides robust evidence of the functional significance of stenosis in stable CAD. Additionally, non-hyperemic pressure ratio indices correlate well with conventional FFR. Hence, adopting FFR-guided management can have transformative effects on the clinical and economic facets of treating severe CAD with intermediary lesions in Indian settings.展开更多
Background: Magnesium, an essential mineral crucial for various bodily functions, has been shown to positively influence sleep patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Food-Grown® magnesium in enhan...Background: Magnesium, an essential mineral crucial for various bodily functions, has been shown to positively influence sleep patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Food-Grown® magnesium in enhancing sleep quality and duration, as well as overall well-being. Methods: Eighty participants were randomly assigned to receive either 80 mg of Food-Grown® magnesium or a placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) daily for 8 weeks. Participants completed questionnaires assessing sleep quality, daytime drowsiness, quality of life, anxiety, and stress levels. Additionally, participants maintained daily sleep diaries and wore wrist-worn actigraphy devices. The primary outcome measured was the change in sleep quality and duration. Results: Seventy-one participants fulfilled all study requirements (35 in the active group and 36 in the placebo group). Magnesium supplementation significantly improved reported sleep quality, with the active group showing a 32% increase compared to 16% in the placebo group (p = 0.034). Moreover, magnesium supplementation led to a decrease in reported stress scores at week 8 compared to the placebo group (3.7 ± 2.6 vs. 5.5 ± 3.1, respectively). Both the magnesium and placebo groups exhibited significant increases in reported sleep duration and reductions in time to fall asleep, sleep disturbance, sleep latency, sleep medication usage, and total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score at week 8 compared to baseline. Conclusion: Magnesium supplementation notably enhanced sleep quality and reduced stress levels compared to the placebo group. These findings highlight the potential of magnesium as a beneficial supplement for improving sleep quality and overall well-being.展开更多
Studies have shown that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)may be associated with sleep disorders.In order to explore the explicit relationship between the two,we systematically reviewed the effects of sleep diso...Studies have shown that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)may be associated with sleep disorders.In order to explore the explicit relationship between the two,we systematically reviewed the effects of sleep disorders,especially obstructive sleep apnea(OSA),on the incidence of NAFLD,and analyzed the possible mechanisms after adjusting for confounding factors.NAFLD is independently associated with sleep disorders.Different sleep disorders may be the cause of the onset and aggravation of NAFLD.An excessive or insufficient sleep duration,poor sleep quality,insomnia,sleep-wake disorders,and OSA may increase the incidence of NAFLD.Despite that some research suggests a unidirectional causal link between the two,specifically,the onset of NAFLD is identified as a result of changes in sleep characteristics,and the reverse relationship does not hold true.Nevertheless,there is still a lack of specific research elucidating the reasons behind the higher risk of developing sleep disorders in individuals with NAFLD.Further research is needed to establish a clear relationship between NAFLD and sleep disorders.This will lay the groundwork for earlier identification of potential patients,which is crucial for earlier monitoring,diagnosis,effective prevention,and treatment of NAFLD.展开更多
Astrocytes are functionally dynamic cells that support neurons in multiple ways throughout an organism’s lifespan.The astrocytic regulation of neuronal activity has been increasingly recognized in recent years.Astroc...Astrocytes are functionally dynamic cells that support neurons in multiple ways throughout an organism’s lifespan.The astrocytic regulation of neuronal activity has been increasingly recognized in recent years.Astrocytes are now recognized as playing a more complex role than mere bystanders in the central nervous system.However,their role in regulating the sleep neurocircuitry is not well understood.From this perspective,we highlight the role of astrocytes in sleep modulation,with a particular focus on regulatory mechanisms related to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus(VLPO)of the hypothalamus.We briefly discuss recent literature reporting the role of VLPO astrocytes in regulating sleep-associated behaviors.展开更多
Research Background: Compared to the general population, people experiencing age-related cognitive decline are more likely to have low levels of physical activity and sleep problems. Sufficient physical activity and q...Research Background: Compared to the general population, people experiencing age-related cognitive decline are more likely to have low levels of physical activity and sleep problems. Sufficient physical activity and quality sleep are protective factors against cognitive decline and poor health and can improve coping with stressors. The “Active Feedback” intervention comprises a wearable activity and sleep tracker (Fitbit), access to Fitbit software healthy lifestyle software apps;one session with Memory Assessment Service (MAS) staff providing physical activity and sleep hygiene advice and two further engagement, discussion, and feedback sessions. Purpose/Aim: This study investigates the acceptability and feasibility of Active Feedback and the effect on stress, mental wellbeing, and sleep quality, and the links between these factors. Methods: An open-label patient cohort design with no control group was used. Pre-intervention, 4-week and 8-week intervention assessments were performed using participant self-report measures: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), and Sleep Conditioning Index (SCI). Twenty-five participants completed an eight-week three-session intervention (18 males and 7 females), with the age range of 66 - 84 years old, and average age of 73.8 years (SD = 5.09). Fifteen participants had a diagnosis of MCI, ten participants did not. Results: There were non-significant improvements in SCI scores from 21.0 (SD = 8.84) to 21.6 (SD = 6.20) at 8 weeks, PSS scores from 17.5 (SD = 5.89) to 17.0 (SD = 6.20) at 8 weeks, and WEMWBS scores from 46.9 (SD = 9.23) to 48.8 (SD = 9.69) at 8 weeks. There were negative correlations between WEMWBS and PSS. Conclusion: Active Feedback intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable. Active Feedback could be enhanced to include motivational interviewing and goal setting.展开更多
Sleep plays a vital role in restoring the physical and mental health of people with cardiovascular disease.However,the hospital setting is not a conducive environment for sleep.Sleep interruptions by members of the ca...Sleep plays a vital role in restoring the physical and mental health of people with cardiovascular disease.However,the hospital setting is not a conducive environment for sleep.Sleep interruptions by members of the care team,including vital sign checks,medication delivery,and blood draws for laboratory investigations,are routinely done in many hospitals.Frequent interruptions by staff and noise by other patients have been cited as barriers to restorative sleep in the hospital.展开更多
Background Postoperative sleep disturbance(PSD)is a common and serious postoperative complication and is associated with poor postoperative outcomes.Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial dire...Background Postoperative sleep disturbance(PSD)is a common and serious postoperative complication and is associated with poor postoperative outcomes.Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)on PSD in older patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty.Methods In this prospective,double-blind,pilot,randomised,sham-controlled trial,patients 65 years and over undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive active tDCS(a-tDCS)or sham tDCS(s-tDCS).The primary outcomes were the objective sleep measures on postoperative nights(N)1 and N2.Results 116 inpatients were assessed for eligibility,and a total of 92 patients were enrolled;47 received a-tDCS and 45 received s-tDCS.tDCS improved PSD by altering the following sleep measures in the a-tDCS and s-tDCS groups;the respective comparisons were as follows:the promotion of rapid eye movement(REM)sleep time on N1(64.5(33.5-105.5)vs 19.0(0.0,45.0)min,F=20.10,p<0.001)and N2(75.0(36.0-120.8)vs 30.0(1.3-59.3)min,F=12.55,p<0.001);the total sleep time on N1(506.0(408.0-561.0)vs 392.0(243.0-483.5)min,F=14.13,p<0.001)and N2(488.5(455.5-548.5)vs 346.0(286.5-517.5)min,F=7.36,p=0.007);the deep sleep time on N1(130.0(103.3-177.0)vs 42.5(9.8-100.8)min,F=24.4,p<0.001)and N2(103.5(46.0-154.8)vs 57.5(23.3-106.5)min,F=8.4,p=0.004);and the percentages of light sleep and REM sleep on N1 and N2(p<0.05 for each).The postoperative depression and anxiety scores did not differ significantly between the two groups.No significant adverse events were reported.Conclusion In older patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty,a single session of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed a potentially prophylactic effect in improving postoperative short-term objective sleep measures.However,this benefit was temporary and was not maintained over time.展开更多
Background Sleep disturbance is a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder(MDD).However,network homogeneity(NH)changes of the default mode network(DMN)in MDD with sleep disturbances are unclear.Aims The purpose...Background Sleep disturbance is a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder(MDD).However,network homogeneity(NH)changes of the default mode network(DMN)in MDD with sleep disturbances are unclear.Aims The purpose of this study was to probe the abnormal NH in the DMN in MDD with sleep disturbances and to reveal the differences between MDD with or without sleep disturbances.Methods Twenty-four patients with MDD and sleep disturbances(Pa_s),33 patients with MDD without sleep disturbances(Pa_ns)and 32 healthy controls(HCs)were recruited in this study.Resting-state functional imaging data were analysed using NH.Results Compared with Pa_ns and HCs,Pa_s showed decreased NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and increased NH in the right precuneus.There was a negative correlation between NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and sleep disturbances(r=−0.42,p=0.001)as well as a positive correlation between NH in the right precuneus and sleep disturbances(r=0.41,p=0.002)in patients with MDD.Conclusions MDD with sleep disturbances is associated with abnormal NH in the DMN,which could differentiate pa_s from pa_ns.The DMN may play a crucial role in the neurobiological mechanisms of MDD with sleep disturbances.展开更多
To the editor:It is commonly reported that people with insomnia often experience comorbid emotional disorders,such as mood and anxiety disorders.12 A study found that fragmented rapid eye movement(REM)sleep in individ...To the editor:It is commonly reported that people with insomnia often experience comorbid emotional disorders,such as mood and anxiety disorders.12 A study found that fragmented rapid eye movement(REM)sleep in individuals with insomnia is associated with higher Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)scores.3 REM sleep architecture disruption is a typical symptom of insomnia.展开更多
文摘In the article titled“Disentangling brain PrPC proteoforms and their roles in physiology and disease”,published on pages 963-965,Issue 5,Volume 19 of Neural Regeneration Research(Vanni and Romolo,2024;doi:10.4103/1673-5374.385302),the name of the second author appears incorrectly.The correct name is Romolo Nonno.
文摘Drought poses a significant challenge,restricting the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants.The strain induced by drought can impede vital processes like respiration and photosynthesis,affecting various aspects of plants’growth and metabolism.In response to this adversity,medicinal plants employ mechanisms such as morphological and structural adjustments,modulation of drought-resistant genes,and augmented synthesis of secondary metabolites and osmotic regulatory substances to alleviate the stress.Extreme water scarcity can lead to leaf wilting and may ultimately result in plant death.The cultivation and management of medicinal plants under stress conditions often differ from those of other crops.This is because the main goal with medicinal plants is not only to increase the yield of the above-ground parts but also to enhance the production of active ingredients such as essential oils.To elucidate these mechanisms of drought resistance in medicinal and aromatic plants,the current review provides a summary of recent literature encompassing studies on the morphology,physiology,and biochemistry of medicinal and aromatic plants under drought conditions.
基金This work was funded by Chongqing Municipal Technology Innovation and Application Development Program(cstc2020jscx-gksb0001)Yunnan Academician(Expert)Workstation Project(202105AF150073).
文摘Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li is a widely used medicinal herb in treating pulmonary diseases.In recent years,its wild resources have become scarce,and the demand for efficient artificial cultivation has significantly increased.This article is the first to apply phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li to the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The aim is to identify suitable reference strains for the artificial cultivation and industrial development of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li by examining the effects of various phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their combinations on photosynthesis,physiological and biochemical properties,and gene expression related to the protective enzyme system in F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The experiment,conducted in pots at room temperature,included a control group(CK)and groups inoculated with inorganic phosphorussolubilizing bacteria:W1(Bacillus cereus),W2(Serratia plymuthica),W12(Bacillus cereus and Serratia plymuthica),and groups inoculated with organophosphorus-solubilizing bacteria:Y1(Bacillus cereus),Y2(Bacillus cereus),Y12(Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus),totaling seven groups.Compared to CK,most growth indices in the bacterial addition groups showed significant differences,with W12 achieving the highest values in all indices except the leaf area index.The content of photosynthetic pigments,photosynthetic parameters,and osmoregulatory substances increased variably in each bacterial treatment group.W12 exhibited the highest content of chlorophyll a and soluble protein,while W1 had the highest free proline content.The activities of peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT)in all inoculated groups were higher than in CK,with significant changes in SOD and CAT activities.The malondialdehyde(MDA)content in all inoculated groups was lower than in CK,with Y12 being the lowest,at approximately 30%of CK.Gene expression corresponding to these three enzymes also increased variably,with POD expression in Y2 being the highest at 2.73 times that of CK.SOD and CAT expression in Y12 were the highest,at 1.84 and 4.39 times that of CK,respectively.These results indicate that inoculating phosphate solubilizing bacteria can enhance the growth of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li,with the mixed inoculation groups W12 and Y12 demonstrating superior effects.This lays a theoretical foundation for selecting bacterial fertilizers in the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.
基金Research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China with the Grant No.31601986 and Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Scientific Research Developmental Fund(LBH-Q16005).
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi distribute widely in natural habits and play a variety of ecological functions.In order to test the physiological response to salt stress mediated by different AM fungi,Viola prionantha was selected as the host,the dominant AM fungus in the rhizosphere of V.philippica growing in Songnen saline-alkali grassland,Rhizophagus irregularis,and their mixtures were used as inoculants,and NaCl stress was applied after the roots were colonized.The results showed that V.philippica could be colonized by AM fungi in the field and the colonization rate ranged from 73.33%to 96.67%,and Claroideoglomus etunicatum was identified as the dominant AM fungi species in the rhizosphere of V.philippica by morphology combined with sequencing for AM fungal AML1/AML2 target.Inoculation with both the species resulted in the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis(the colonization rate was more than 70%)and AM fungi significantly enhanced plants’tolerance to salt stress of varying magnitude.Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and augmented levels of proline and other osmoregulators were observed in AM plants.The content of MDA in CK was higher than that in the inoculations with the stress of 100,200,and 250 mM.All indices except soluble protein content and MDA content were significantly correlated with AM fungal colonization indices.The analysis for different AM fungal effects showed that the mixtures and R.irregularis worked even better than C.etunicatum.These results will provide theoretical support for the exploration and screening of salt-tolerant AM fungi species and also for the application of AM-ornamental plants in saline-alkali urban greening.
基金Supported by"Watermelon and Muskmelon Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement"Post of Guangxi Bagui Scholars(2016A11)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore how to improve the waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon through grafting,to provide a theoretical basis for its cultivation in rainy season.[Methods]The effects of flooding stress on the growth and root physiological and biochemical characteristics of grafted and own-rooted red-seed watermelon seedlings were studied using Luffa as rootstocks and"Zhongxin 1"red-seed watermelon as scions.[Results]After flooding stress,the biomass and root activity of grafted seedlings of red-seed watermelon were significantly higher than those of own-rooted seedlings.With the prolongation of flooding stress time,the soluble sugar and proline content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and the grafted seedlings had a larger increase and a smaller decrease,and were always significantly higher than own-rooted seedlings in the same period.The content of malondialdehyde in the root system of grafted seedlings increased first and then decreased,while it continued to increase in own-rooted seedlings,and the increase in own-rooted seedlings was significantly greater than that in grafted seedlings during the same period.[Conclusions]Grafting on Luffa rootstocks could improve waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon.
基金supported by the National Basic Program of China (2011CB711000 and 2012CB947600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171119, 31171010, 31171049, 31121061, 31271164)Open Fund from Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University (2013KF1501)
文摘The circadian clock and sleep are essential for human physiology and behavior; deregulation of circadian rhythms impairs health and performance. Circadian clocks and sleep evolved to adapt to Earth's environment, which is characterized by a 24-hour light–dark cycle. Changes in gravity load, lighting and work schedules during spaceflight missions can impact circadian clocks and disrupt sleep, in turn jeopardizing the mood, cognition and performance of orbiting astronauts. In this review, we summarize our understanding of both the influence of the space environment on the circadian timing system and sleep and the impact of these changes on astronaut physiology and performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071947,32071944,31871557)the Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology(YCSL202102)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu province(KYCX21_3235).
文摘Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their relationship with grain yield are still unclear.In this study,rice varieties differing in N sensitivity over many years of experiments were used.A field experiment with multiple N rates(0,90,180,270,and 360 kg ha^(-1))was conducted to elucidate the effects of N application on root morphology,root physiology,and grain yield.A pot experiment with root excision and exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)at heading stage was used to further verify the above effects.The findings revealed that(1)under the same N application rate,N-insensitive varieties(NIV)had relatively large root biomass(root dry weight,length,and number).Grain yield was associated with root biomass in NIV.The oxidation activity and zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR)contents in roots obviously and positively correlated with grain yield in N-sensitive varieties(NSV),and accounted for its higher grain yield than that of NIV at lower N application rates(90 and 180 kg ha^(-1)).(2)The root dry weight required for equal grain yield of NIV was greater than that of NSV.Excision of 1/10 and 1/8 of roots at heading stage had no discernible effect on the yield of Liangyoupeijiu(NIV),and it significantly reduced yield by 11.5%and 21.3%in Tianyouhuazhan(NSV),respectively,compared to the treatment without root excision.The decrease of filled kernels and grain weight after root excision was the primary cause for the yield reduction.Root excision and exogenous 6-BA application after root excision had little influence on the root activity of NIV.The oxidation activity and Z+ZR contents in roots of NSV decreased under root excision,and the increase in the proportion of excised roots aggravated these effects.The application of exogenous 6-BA increased the root activity of NSV and increased filled kernels and grain weight,thereby reducing yield loss after root excision.Thus,the root biomass of NIV was large,and there may be a phenomenon of"root growth redundancy."Vigorous root activity was an essential feature of NSV.Selecting rice varieties with high root activity or increasing root activity by cultivation measures could lead to higher grain yield under lower N application rates.
文摘The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the review has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment and ergometry. The following and third part of the review is going to deal with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, altitude, faith, life expectancy, gender and childhood. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that have been commented in the present and second part: responses and/or adaptations relating to 1) metabolism, 2) skeleton, 3) nervous system, 4) endocrine system, 5) cardiovascular system, 6) urinary tract and 7) pulmonary system. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through the consultation of the tables and figures that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders and advice(s) that appear at the end of each of the seven parts of the journal paper (2.1.6., 2.2.2., 2.3.2., 2.4.2., 2.5.4, 2.6.4. and 2.7.3.).
基金Supported by the Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project (No.AD23026114)。
文摘Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of burrowing clams within various substrates get less attention due to difficulty in carrying out physiological tests in buried conditions.Consequently,this study investigated the burrowing behavior,feeding physiology and energy budget of Paphia undulata,which is an important aquaculture bivalve species in south China.The clams were exposed to mud and sand substrates with variable physical properties in the laboratory,to determine the suitable substrate conditions for this species.The results showed that the percentage of burrowing clams,digging index,burrowing time,burrowing depth and scope for growth(SFG)were higher in mud substrates with≥40%water content.Likewise,burrowing percentage,digging index,and burrowing depths were higher in substrates with≤40%sand content.Moreover,the burrowing depth had significant effect on the feeding physiology and SFG of P.undulata as clams burrowed at 6.3±1.8 cm had higher clearance rates and SFG as compared to other buried depths.This study further revealed that low water content in the sediment inhibited physiological performances of P.undulata by impairing feeding or absorption,hence reducing the SFG.In conclusion,mud substrate with≥40%water content or with≤40%sand content is suitable for proper burrowing and growth of P.undulata.Our findings therefore provide fundamental knowledge that will be applicable in the improvement of bottom aquaculture and conservation of P.undulata.
文摘Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 10<sup>8</sup> cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.
文摘Fractional flow reserve (FFR), a physiology-based diagnostic method, has emerged as an important decision-making tool in determining the borderline or intermediate coronary lesions requiring revascularization. As per the guidelines recommended by European and American cardiology associations, functional assessment of indeterminate lesions is to be considered strongly prior to PCI. However, in India, FFR continues to be a much-underutilized tool due to limited facilities, and many times, physicians are reluctant to advise FFR because of its time-consuming nature with additional cost implications of simple diagnostic tests. Notably, for stenoses ranging between 50% - 70% where the choice between revascularization and medication becomes ambiguous, FFR provides invaluable insight. Without such guidance, there is a risk of improper decisions and strategies while planning revascularization procedures, which might adversely influence clinical outcomes, escalation of the cost due to unnecessary procedures, and prolonged hospitalization as a result of simple vs complex procedures. Landmark studies have validated the efficacy of FFR in enhancing outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, especially when paired with a coronary angiogram. This combination provides robust evidence of the functional significance of stenosis in stable CAD. Additionally, non-hyperemic pressure ratio indices correlate well with conventional FFR. Hence, adopting FFR-guided management can have transformative effects on the clinical and economic facets of treating severe CAD with intermediary lesions in Indian settings.
文摘Background: Magnesium, an essential mineral crucial for various bodily functions, has been shown to positively influence sleep patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Food-Grown® magnesium in enhancing sleep quality and duration, as well as overall well-being. Methods: Eighty participants were randomly assigned to receive either 80 mg of Food-Grown® magnesium or a placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) daily for 8 weeks. Participants completed questionnaires assessing sleep quality, daytime drowsiness, quality of life, anxiety, and stress levels. Additionally, participants maintained daily sleep diaries and wore wrist-worn actigraphy devices. The primary outcome measured was the change in sleep quality and duration. Results: Seventy-one participants fulfilled all study requirements (35 in the active group and 36 in the placebo group). Magnesium supplementation significantly improved reported sleep quality, with the active group showing a 32% increase compared to 16% in the placebo group (p = 0.034). Moreover, magnesium supplementation led to a decrease in reported stress scores at week 8 compared to the placebo group (3.7 ± 2.6 vs. 5.5 ± 3.1, respectively). Both the magnesium and placebo groups exhibited significant increases in reported sleep duration and reductions in time to fall asleep, sleep disturbance, sleep latency, sleep medication usage, and total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score at week 8 compared to baseline. Conclusion: Magnesium supplementation notably enhanced sleep quality and reduced stress levels compared to the placebo group. These findings highlight the potential of magnesium as a beneficial supplement for improving sleep quality and overall well-being.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82360880,and 82060661Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China,No.20232ACB206057+3 种基金Key project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education,No.GJJ218104Teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China,No.JXJG-22-130-1National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81660151Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China,No.20212BAB206092.
文摘Studies have shown that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)may be associated with sleep disorders.In order to explore the explicit relationship between the two,we systematically reviewed the effects of sleep disorders,especially obstructive sleep apnea(OSA),on the incidence of NAFLD,and analyzed the possible mechanisms after adjusting for confounding factors.NAFLD is independently associated with sleep disorders.Different sleep disorders may be the cause of the onset and aggravation of NAFLD.An excessive or insufficient sleep duration,poor sleep quality,insomnia,sleep-wake disorders,and OSA may increase the incidence of NAFLD.Despite that some research suggests a unidirectional causal link between the two,specifically,the onset of NAFLD is identified as a result of changes in sleep characteristics,and the reverse relationship does not hold true.Nevertheless,there is still a lack of specific research elucidating the reasons behind the higher risk of developing sleep disorders in individuals with NAFLD.Further research is needed to establish a clear relationship between NAFLD and sleep disorders.This will lay the groundwork for earlier identification of potential patients,which is crucial for earlier monitoring,diagnosis,effective prevention,and treatment of NAFLD.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(2017R1A5A2015391 and 2020M3E5D9079764)(to KS).
文摘Astrocytes are functionally dynamic cells that support neurons in multiple ways throughout an organism’s lifespan.The astrocytic regulation of neuronal activity has been increasingly recognized in recent years.Astrocytes are now recognized as playing a more complex role than mere bystanders in the central nervous system.However,their role in regulating the sleep neurocircuitry is not well understood.From this perspective,we highlight the role of astrocytes in sleep modulation,with a particular focus on regulatory mechanisms related to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus(VLPO)of the hypothalamus.We briefly discuss recent literature reporting the role of VLPO astrocytes in regulating sleep-associated behaviors.
文摘Research Background: Compared to the general population, people experiencing age-related cognitive decline are more likely to have low levels of physical activity and sleep problems. Sufficient physical activity and quality sleep are protective factors against cognitive decline and poor health and can improve coping with stressors. The “Active Feedback” intervention comprises a wearable activity and sleep tracker (Fitbit), access to Fitbit software healthy lifestyle software apps;one session with Memory Assessment Service (MAS) staff providing physical activity and sleep hygiene advice and two further engagement, discussion, and feedback sessions. Purpose/Aim: This study investigates the acceptability and feasibility of Active Feedback and the effect on stress, mental wellbeing, and sleep quality, and the links between these factors. Methods: An open-label patient cohort design with no control group was used. Pre-intervention, 4-week and 8-week intervention assessments were performed using participant self-report measures: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), and Sleep Conditioning Index (SCI). Twenty-five participants completed an eight-week three-session intervention (18 males and 7 females), with the age range of 66 - 84 years old, and average age of 73.8 years (SD = 5.09). Fifteen participants had a diagnosis of MCI, ten participants did not. Results: There were non-significant improvements in SCI scores from 21.0 (SD = 8.84) to 21.6 (SD = 6.20) at 8 weeks, PSS scores from 17.5 (SD = 5.89) to 17.0 (SD = 6.20) at 8 weeks, and WEMWBS scores from 46.9 (SD = 9.23) to 48.8 (SD = 9.69) at 8 weeks. There were negative correlations between WEMWBS and PSS. Conclusion: Active Feedback intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable. Active Feedback could be enhanced to include motivational interviewing and goal setting.
基金supported by a Clinical Research Award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec.
文摘Sleep plays a vital role in restoring the physical and mental health of people with cardiovascular disease.However,the hospital setting is not a conducive environment for sleep.Sleep interruptions by members of the care team,including vital sign checks,medication delivery,and blood draws for laboratory investigations,are routinely done in many hospitals.Frequent interruptions by staff and noise by other patients have been cited as barriers to restorative sleep in the hospital.
基金This study was supported in part by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2021ZD0203100 to JC)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC81720108013,NSFC31771161 and NSFC81230025 to JC,NSFC81300957 and NSFC82171227 to HL,NSFC81771453 and NSFC31970937 to HZ)+6 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Special Program of Medical Science(BL2014029 to JC)Basic and Clinical Research Center in Anesthesiology of Jiangsu Provincial'Science and Education for Health'Project(JC),Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LY22H090019 to HL)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(BK20190047 to HZ)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(19KJA610005 to HZ)Distinguished Professor Program of Jiangsu(HZ),Jiangsu Province Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Program and Jiangsu Province Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team Program(HZ),Xuzhou Medical University start-up grant for excellent scientist(D2018010 and D2019025D to HZ)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(21ZR1411300 to YH)Shenkang Clinical Study Foundation of Shanghai(SHDC2020CR4061 to YH).
文摘Background Postoperative sleep disturbance(PSD)is a common and serious postoperative complication and is associated with poor postoperative outcomes.Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)on PSD in older patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty.Methods In this prospective,double-blind,pilot,randomised,sham-controlled trial,patients 65 years and over undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive active tDCS(a-tDCS)or sham tDCS(s-tDCS).The primary outcomes were the objective sleep measures on postoperative nights(N)1 and N2.Results 116 inpatients were assessed for eligibility,and a total of 92 patients were enrolled;47 received a-tDCS and 45 received s-tDCS.tDCS improved PSD by altering the following sleep measures in the a-tDCS and s-tDCS groups;the respective comparisons were as follows:the promotion of rapid eye movement(REM)sleep time on N1(64.5(33.5-105.5)vs 19.0(0.0,45.0)min,F=20.10,p<0.001)and N2(75.0(36.0-120.8)vs 30.0(1.3-59.3)min,F=12.55,p<0.001);the total sleep time on N1(506.0(408.0-561.0)vs 392.0(243.0-483.5)min,F=14.13,p<0.001)and N2(488.5(455.5-548.5)vs 346.0(286.5-517.5)min,F=7.36,p=0.007);the deep sleep time on N1(130.0(103.3-177.0)vs 42.5(9.8-100.8)min,F=24.4,p<0.001)and N2(103.5(46.0-154.8)vs 57.5(23.3-106.5)min,F=8.4,p=0.004);and the percentages of light sleep and REM sleep on N1 and N2(p<0.05 for each).The postoperative depression and anxiety scores did not differ significantly between the two groups.No significant adverse events were reported.Conclusion In older patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty,a single session of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed a potentially prophylactic effect in improving postoperative short-term objective sleep measures.However,this benefit was temporary and was not maintained over time.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers:82171508 and 82071507).
文摘Background Sleep disturbance is a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder(MDD).However,network homogeneity(NH)changes of the default mode network(DMN)in MDD with sleep disturbances are unclear.Aims The purpose of this study was to probe the abnormal NH in the DMN in MDD with sleep disturbances and to reveal the differences between MDD with or without sleep disturbances.Methods Twenty-four patients with MDD and sleep disturbances(Pa_s),33 patients with MDD without sleep disturbances(Pa_ns)and 32 healthy controls(HCs)were recruited in this study.Resting-state functional imaging data were analysed using NH.Results Compared with Pa_ns and HCs,Pa_s showed decreased NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and increased NH in the right precuneus.There was a negative correlation between NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and sleep disturbances(r=−0.42,p=0.001)as well as a positive correlation between NH in the right precuneus and sleep disturbances(r=0.41,p=0.002)in patients with MDD.Conclusions MDD with sleep disturbances is associated with abnormal NH in the DMN,which could differentiate pa_s from pa_ns.The DMN may play a crucial role in the neurobiological mechanisms of MDD with sleep disturbances.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant/award numbers:81871430,81871426,U22A20303,82260359)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(grant/award numbers:H2020206263,H2020206625)STI2030-Major Projects Program(grant/award number:2022ZD0214500).
文摘To the editor:It is commonly reported that people with insomnia often experience comorbid emotional disorders,such as mood and anxiety disorders.12 A study found that fragmented rapid eye movement(REM)sleep in individuals with insomnia is associated with higher Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)scores.3 REM sleep architecture disruption is a typical symptom of insomnia.