Constraints on rupture speed of the 2001 MS 8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake by co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements based on the slip-weakening mechanism with frictional undershoot involved

With co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 MS8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimates the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on a simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallée, in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of fault, our results show that, under a slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. Associated with the surface rupture mechanism, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed.

Effect of the time-weakening friction law during the nucleation process

Based on dynamic rupture simulations on a planar fault in a homogeneous half-space, we investigated the nucleation processes using the time-weakening friction law. Both the characteristic time and the rupture speed in the nucleation asperity play an important role in determining rupture behaviors on a fault plane following the time-weakening friction law, with which rupture starts from a single point in the nucleation asperity and propagates at a given speed toward the boundary of the nucleation area. Rupture with a small characteristic time or a large rupture speed in the nucleation asperity propagates earlier from the hypocenter. Rupture following the slipweakening friction law requires a smaller radius of nucleation patch to have similar rupture front contours of the time-weakening friction law. Even if the rupture velocity in the nucleation patch of the time-weakening friction law increases to infinity, the peak slip rate in the nucleation asperity is smaller than that of the slip-weakening law. The peak ground velocity distributions of ruptures following the two friction laws are also compared.

A numerical study of comparison of two one-state-variable,rate-and state-dependent friction evolution laws

The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two （normalized） model parameters, i.e., A （the normalized characteristic slip distance） and β-α （the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws）, control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉（β-α）, yet not when △ 〈（β-α）. For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.

前卡式液压千斤顶往复密封摩擦生热分析

针对千斤顶内油膜摩擦生热问题,提出了一种基于前卡式液压千斤顶内活塞往复密封摩擦生热分析方法。首先,在摩擦生热热源条件下,利用计算流体力学(CFD)数值计算规则,根据活塞往复运动方程进行了用户自定义函数(UDF)编程;然后,结合油液黏温特性建立了千斤顶往复密封摩擦生热仿真计算模型,并给出了千斤顶活塞往复运动油膜摩擦生热建模分析方法;最后,分析了千斤顶油缸内摩擦阻力,并对千斤顶摩擦生热特性进行了仿真分析,得到了千斤顶内温度场分布,并把关键点温度仿真结果与试验数据进行了对比、分析。研究结果表明:前卡式液压千斤顶进行多次张拉工作时,其温度上升趋势和理论分析以及仿真数据基本吻合,在初次张拉工作时,温度上升速度较快;但是在张拉15次后,温度达到29℃左右时,后续温度上升趋势基本相同。前卡式液压千斤顶内温度场分布规律可以为液压千斤顶密封材料选取、结构改进和张拉系统油压表温度补偿提供理论和技术方面的支持。

Frictional sliding of infilled planar granite fracture under oscillating normal stress

This paper investigates the frictional behavior of the infilled rock fracture under dynamic normal stress.A series of direct shear tests were conducted on saw-cut granite fractures infilled with quartz using a selfdeveloped dynamic shear apparatus,and the effects of normal load oscillation amplitude,normal load oscillation period and sliding velocity were studied.The test results reveal that the shear response can be divided into three stages over a whole loading-unloading process,characterized by different time spans and stress variations.Generally,a smaller oscillation amplitude,a longer oscillation period and a fast shear velocity promote the stability of the friction system,which is also confirmed by the Coulomb failure criterion calculated based on the observed periodic apparent friction coefficient.The dynamic strengthening/weakening phenomenon is dependent on the oscillation amplitude and product of sliding velocity and oscillation period(vT).Also,the rate and state friction law incorporating the parameter a that characterizes the normal stress variation is employed to describe the dynamic friction coefficient but exhibits an incompetent performance when handling intensive variation in normal stress.Finally,the potential seismicity induced by oscillating normal stress based on the observed stress drop is analyzed.This work helps us understand the sliding process and stability evolution of natural faults,and its benefits for relative hazard mitigation.

EFFECT OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICANT IN FRICTION

The movement of lubricated fibres in a fibre assembly is investigated theoretically and aviscous sliding model of friction is proposed.Previous work and experimental results are discussedin relation to the model.Results of drawing experiments carried out on wool slivers are also pres-ented and discussed.

The Role of Friction in the Static Equilibrium of a Fixed Ladder: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Test

In a recent publication the author derived and experimentally tested several theoretical models, distinguished by different boundary conditions at the contacts with horizontal and vertical supports, that predicted the forces of reaction on a fixed (i.e. inextensible) ladder. This problem is statically indeterminate since there are 4 forces of reaction and only 3 equations of static equilibrium. The model that predicted the empirical reactions correctly used a law of static friction to complement the equations of static equilibrium. The present paper examines in greater theoretical and experimental detail the role of friction in accounting for the forces of reaction on a fixed ladder. The reported measurements confirm that forces parallel and normal to the support at the top of the ladder are linearly proportional with a constant coefficient of friction irrespective of the magnitude or location of the load, as assumed in the theoretical model. However, measurements of forces parallel and normal to the support at the base of the ladder are linearly proportional with coefficients that depend sensitively on the location (although not the magnitude) of the load. This paper accounts quantitatively for the different effects of friction at the top and base of the ladder under conditions of usual use whereby friction at the vertical support alone is insufficient to keep the ladder from sliding. A theoretical model is also proposed for the unusual circumstance in which friction at the vertical support can keep the ladder from sliding.

Confirmation of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Theory and Extended Bernoulli Equation

The internal energy change of ideal gas does not depend on the volume and pressure. The internal energy change of real gas has not any relation with the volume and pressure, which had been proved. If the internal energy change had not any relation with the volume and pressure, we could confirm the first law of thermodynamics in theory. Simultaneously, the internal energy change is the state function that shall be able to be proved in theory. If the internal energy change depended on the volume and pressure, we could not prove that the internal energy change is the state function and the chemical thermodynamics theory is right. The extended or modified Bernoulli equation can be derived from the energy conservation law, and the internal energy change, heat, and friction are all considered in the derivation procedure. The extended Bernoulli equation could be applied to the flying aircraft and mechanical motion on the gravitational field, for instance, the rocket and airplane and so on. This paper also revises some wrong ideas, viewpoints, or concepts about the thermodynamics theory and Bernoulli equation.

基于地磁场重复观测资料分析玛多M_(W)7.3地震前地磁场变化

基于玛多地震周边的地磁场重复观测资料,使用泰勒多项式空间参考场方法和自然正交分量方法分别对观测资料进行日变通化和长期变化改正,获得了玛多地震前后地磁场变化特征。通过对观测和数据处理的分析,获得了各期计算结果的误差,并基于误差对地磁场变化进行了部分修正。结果表明,玛多地震1~2年岩石圈磁场年变化会出现明显的趋势转折,变化量为5~10nT。根据速度—状态依赖的摩擦定律的地震周期分析发现,震前断层滑动量较小,因此岩石圈磁场年变化并非由地震前断层滑动引起的应力扰动产生。玛多地震前地下流体的变化产生的电磁效应更可能是产生岩石圈磁场变化的原因。

阻燃输送带火灾早期温度变化与烟气成分研究

为实现带式输送机火灾早期预警,改进滚筒摩擦实验平台并监测阻燃输送带温度。利用质谱(MS)技术,分析钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带在摩擦事故早期的升温规律与烟气成分。研究表明,随着摩擦持续进行,阻燃输送带表面温度分布呈现出较强的对称性,最高温度区域逐渐向输送带中心集聚,烟气成分随温度变化而改变。根据实验中烟气产物主要成分以及对应的反应过程,将钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带升温过程分为氧化反应阶段(环境温度至100℃)、取代反应阶段(100~160.2℃)和热解反应阶段(160.2℃以后)。当阻燃输送带处于氧化反应阶段时,输送带热容量较小、升温快,产物多为烷基和酯类化合物;取代反应阶段热容量逐渐增加,升温放缓,产物多为硝基、醚类、羧酸类化合物;热解反应阶段输送带内部热容量基本稳定,升温速率最小,在160.2℃时在烟气成分中首次检测到含氯化合物。

基于速率-状态摩擦准则的库仑应力转移模型的地震活动研究以川滇地区为例

川滇地区地处青藏高原东南缘,近年来强震活动频繁,该地区的强震活动研究一直备受关注。本文利用速率—状态摩擦准则和区域地震目录,计算并得到了川滇地区1976—2019年发生的8次MW≥6.5强震产生的库仑应力扰动所导致的M_(S)≥5.0地震活动率空间分布。结果表明,2020—2023年间实际发生的M_(S)≥5.0地震大多数发生在计算得到的地震活动率高值区。川滇地区的地震活动受到强震引起的应力扰动与不同区域孕震环境的共同影响。强震应力扰动场对后续地震活动的影响主要集中在震源区附近,而部分区域较高的地震活动率则与当地较高的背景地震活动有关。川滇地区M_(S)≥5.0地震活动率较高的地区位于龙门山断裂南北端、丽江—小金河断裂、瑞丽—龙陵断裂、澜沧江断裂以及长宁地区等。本文研究结果为川滇地区中强地震的时空分布特征提供了新的认识,并为区域地震危险性评估提供了参考。

2018年日本北海道M_(W)6.6地震震源动力学破裂过程

2018年9月5日日本北海道东胆振地区发生了M_(W)6.6地震,震源深度37 km,超过了地壳与上地幔脆韧性边界的深度,且在地表产生了较强的破坏.为研究北海道地震震源区发震构造及产生强地面运动的物理机制,本文基于此次地震的震源运动学模型,针对其震源动力学模型开展了研究,尝试反演了动力学破裂过程.首先,由北海道地震运动学模型分析计算了断层面上的剪切应力,确定其破裂过程基本上是遵循滑动弱化摩擦准则,并由此获得初始模型的震源动力学参数,然后通过试错法反演了这次地震的震源动力学破裂过程.研究结果显示,北海道地震动力学破裂为自破裂起始处以走滑为主,先NE后SW,最终向断层面上倾方向传播,并在断层几何的弯折处产生逆冲破裂.在逆冲破裂的位置,滑动速率和滑动量达到最大值,结合运动学和动力学反演结果分析,推断该区域为强运动生成区,在地面产生的高频地震动是该中等、较深震源地震破坏性较强的主因.

微型无油滚动转子压缩机的动力特性与摩擦损失分析

微型滚动转子压缩机的无油化带来的摩擦损耗问题不容忽视,研究其摩擦损耗分布规律及其改进措施对提高压缩机效率至关重要,为此,对微型无油滚动转子压缩机主要摩擦副进行了变工况、变结构的摩擦功耗研究。首先,建立了微型无油滚动转子压缩机动力学分析的数学模型;然后,对微型无油滚动转子压缩机主要部件的受力进行了特性分析,并计算获得了主要摩擦副摩擦功耗随主轴转角的变化规律;最后,分析了排气压力、滑片厚度、偏心率和相对气缸长度对微型无油滚动转子压缩机主要摩擦副摩擦功耗及其占比的影响规律。研究结果表明:排气压力从1100 kPa提高至1800 kPa,压缩机总摩擦功耗升高了67.7%;滑片厚度从1 mm提高至3 mm,总摩擦功耗仅升高了32.8%;偏心率从0.06提高至0.2,总摩擦功耗升高了121.5%;相对气缸长度从0.25提高至0.6,总摩擦功耗升高了31.9%。根据分析结果可得出结论:微型无油滚动转子压缩机的偏心率的取值在0.14左右最为合适,优化偏心率对改善微型无油滚动转子压缩机的摩擦损失效果最明显,其次是改变滑片厚度,最后是改变相对气缸长度。

自平衡法抗拔与传统法抗拔试验的对比分析

本文结合工程实际,以分别采用自平衡法和传统法测试的抗拔桩为研究对象,通过沿桩身布置的钢筋计测试不同荷载下对应的桩身应力,揭示自平衡法和传统法抗拔试验中桩体内力分布存在的异同。通过分析得出:自平衡法抗拔测试中桩身轴力沿着深度由下向上逐渐减少,传统法抗拔则是由上向下逐渐减小;自平衡法抗拔测试中侧摩阻力由下往上发挥,传统法抗拔测试中则是由上往下发挥。

CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道层间摩擦参数及性能影响研究

针对CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道离缝后的层间相互作用关系,开展现场运营线及室内推板试验,建立CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道的力学特性分析模型,研究离缝条件下不同层间摩擦参数对轨道结构力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:实际运营状态下的轨道板随着顶推力不断增大,轨道板与砂浆层逐渐脱粘,完全脱粘后发生滑移,轨道板失稳发生水平位移的推力在160~200 kN之间,轨道板发生稳定滑移的水平推力在210~250 kN之间,对应摩擦系数为2.5~3.1;室内试验轨道板与砂浆层之间在无粘结力的最不利状态下,轨道板发生稳定滑移的水平推力在55~56 kN之间,对应摩擦系数为0.79~0.80;随着层间摩擦系数增加,会一定改善轨道结构受力变形,但影响程度有限,摩擦系数由0.7增加至3.1时,宽窄接缝受力最大减小6.6%,钢轨和轨道板最大上拱位移分别减小了4.19%和5.7%;对于已经出现离缝的CRTSⅡ型板式无砟轨道,层间摩擦状态影响较小,应提前预防和避免层间离缝病害的产生,保证层间粘结完好。

开级配抗滑磨耗层(OGFC)沥青路面空隙率衰减规律研究

为了揭示开级配抗滑磨耗层(OGFC)沥青路面空隙率的衰减规律,采用室内试验测试及正交试验方法,对通车后OGFC沥青路面空隙率衰减的主要因素进行了分析,揭示了空隙率与渗水系数之间的关系,提出了空隙率衰减程度评价指标,并基于评价指标揭示了通车后OGFC沥青路面空隙率的衰减规律。结果表明OGFC的空隙率越大,渗水系数也就越大,两者呈现非线性关系;影响通车后OGFC沥青路面的空隙率衰减的主要因素是温度、车辆作用次数、轮载及初始空隙率,其中温度是最为关键的因素;基于渗水系数反算的OGFC沥青路面空隙率的衰减率与基于空隙率的实测值所得结论基本相仿,印证了基于渗水系数开展对OGFC空隙率衰减程度的评价是可行的。

滑坡预报的协同-分岔模型及其应用

基于单状态变量摩擦定律,把协同学和分岔理论联系起来,建立了边坡失稳时间预报的协同-分岔非线性理论模型。该模型体现了边坡在演化过程中各个因素之间的协同作用及分岔现象,并可对滑坡的发生时间进行预报。通过对新滩滑坡的预报,证明该方法精度较高。

矩形渠道人工加糙壁面阻力规律试验研究

为研究矩形渠道水流的阻力规律,采用了3种不同粗糙度的人工加糙渠道进行试验。研究结果表明在均匀流条件下,对同一粗糙度明渠,水力条件变化时糙率系数不是恒定不变的,它会随着流量的加大而呈对数减小,随着渠道宽深比的增大而呈对数增大,同时随着雷诺数Re和弗汝德数Fr的增加而呈幂函数减小。同时表明,不同的壁面粗糙度对糙率系数影响很大,进而影响水流的水力特性。即流量相同条件下,当壁面粗糙度增大时,断面水深增大,平均流速减小,雷诺数和弗汝德数均减小。并根据试验资料拟合出了糙率系数和等效粗糙度之间的关系式。

大变形中摩擦接触问题的数值模拟及应用

大变形的摩擦接触是复杂的非线性问题 ,本文介绍了一种处理摩擦接触问题的数值方法。采用接触单元技术模拟接触界面 ,基于弹塑性理论形式的非经典Coulomb摩擦定律及罚函数方法建立了摩擦接触的增量本构关系。结合大变形的增量分析格式给出了积分摩擦接触本构方程的回映方法。这种处理摩擦接触问题的方法计算简单、使用方便。

直线电机伺服系统的自适应模糊摩擦补偿

针对受摩擦力影响,接触运动的直线电机在低速运动时速度常会不平稳、系统控制精度降低的问题,提出一种自适应摩擦补偿方法。通过模糊模型参数的自适应调整,实现摩擦力值的在线估计,并据此进行摩擦补偿,以克服摩擦对电机性能的影响。该方法采用复合自适应律,同时利用系统输出误差与参数估计误差的相关信息进行参数调整,以提高模糊模型参数收敛的速度,使参数估计值在一定条件下收敛到最优值。并在理论上证明了该方法的闭环稳定性与参数收敛性。仿真结果表明,此方法能实现摩擦的在线估计与补偿,从而提高直线电机的控制性能。