Seismic sequence and depositional evolution of slope basins in mid-northern margin of the South China Sea

As one of the biggest marginal seas in the western Pacific margin, the South China Sea (SCS) experienced continental rifting and seafloor spreading during the Cenozoic. The northern continental margin of the SCS is classified as a passive continental margin. However, its depositional and structural evolution remains controversial, especially in the deep slope area. The lack of data hindered the correlation between continental shelf and oceanic basin, and prevented the establishment of sequence stratigraphic frame of the whole margin. The slope basins in the mid-northern margin of SCS developed in the Cenozoic; the sediments and basin infill recorded the geological history of the continental margin and the SCS spreading. Using multi-channel seismic dataset acquired in three survey cruises during 1987 to 2004, combined with the data of ODP Leg 184 core and industrial wells, we carried out the sequence stratigraphic division and correlation of the Cenozoic in the middle-northern margin of SCS with seismic profiles and sedimentary facies. We interpreted the seismic reflection properties including continuity, amplitude, frequency, reflection terminals, and 15 sequence boundaries of the Cenozoic in the study area, and correlated the well data in geological age. The depositional environment changed from river and lake, shallow bay to open-deep sea, in correspondence to tectonic events of syn-rifting, early drifting, and late drifting stages of basin evolution.

Lacustrine Basin Slope Break — A New Domain of Strata and Lithological Trap Exploration

Based on the studies of the Songliao Basin characterized by Cretaceous down-warping, of the Jurassic compressional flexural Junggar basin and of the Bohai Bay Basin characterized by Paleogene rifting, the multiple-grades slope break has developed in lacustrine basins of different origins. Their genetic types can be divided into tectonic slope break, depositional slope break and erodent slope break. The dominant agent of the slope break is tectogenesis, and the scale of slope breaks relates with the size of tectogenesis. The results of the study show that control of mutual grades slope breaks on atectonic traps mainly represent: 1) Atectonic traps develop close to mutual grades slope breaks, with beads-shaped distribution along the slope breaks. 2) In the longitudinal direction, the development of atectonic traps is characterized by the inheritance. 3) Different slope breaks and their different geographical positions can lead to different development types of atectonic traps. 4) A slope break can form different kinds of atectonic traps because of its great lateral variation. 5) The existence of mutual-grade slope breaks leads to different responses of erosion and deposition at different geographical positions in the basin. The oil source bed, reservoir and cap rock combination of atectonic traps is fine. 6) The oil-bearing condition of atectonic traps controlled by slope breaks is very favorable.

Ecological water demand:the case of the slope systems in the East Liaohe River Basin

The ecological water demand (EWD) is the least water amount required to maintain the structure and the function of the special eco-system and the temporal scale of a study on the EWD must be a season's time. Based on GIS and RS with the source information of hydrological data of 46 hydrological gauges covering 52 years and the digital images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1996 and 2000, the landscape patterns, precipitation and runoff in the East Liaohe River Basin were analyzed. With the result of the above analysis, the spatial and temporal changes of the ecological water demand in the slope systems (EWDSS) of the East Liaohe River Basin (ELRB) were derived. Landscapes in the ELRB are dispersed and strongly disturbed by human actions. The hydrological regime in ELRB has distinct spatial variations. The average annual EWDSS in the ELRB is 504.72 mm (324.08-618.89 mm), and the average EWDSS in the growth season (from May to September) is 88.29% of the year's total EWDSS .The ultimate guaranteeing ratio of the EWDSS in ELRB is 90%. The scarce EWDSS area in the whole year and in the growth season are 60.47% and 74.01% of the entire basin respectively. The trend of scarce EWDSS area is most serious according to the quantity and area of scarce EWDSS regions.

Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

The study of new seismic data permits the identification of sediment gravity flows in terms of internal architecture and the distribution on shelf and abyssal setting in the Qiongdongnan Basin （QDNB）. Six gravity flow types are recognized： （1） turbidite channels with a truncational basal and concordant overburden relationship along the shelf edge and slope, comprising laterally-shifting and vertically-aggrading channel complexes; （2） slides with a spoon-shaped morphology slip steps on the shelf-break and generated from the deformation of poorly-consolidated and high water content sediments; （3） slumps are limited on the shelf slope, triggered either by an anomalous slope gradient or by fault activity; （4） turbidite sheet complexes （TSC） were ascribed to the basin-floor fan and slope fan origin, occasionally feeding the deep marine deposits by turbidity currents; （5） sediment waves occurring in the lower slope-basin floor, and covering an area of approximately 400 km2, were generated beneath currents flowing across the sea bed; and （6） the central canyon in the deep water area represents an exceptive type of gravity flow composed of an association of debris flow, turbidite channels, and TSC. It presents planar multisegment and vertical multiphase characteristics. Turbidite associated with good petrophysical property in the canyon could be treated as a potential exploration target in the QDNB.

Geochemical characteristics and oil family classi-fication of crude oils from the Markit Slope in the southwest of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China

Based on the chromatograms of oils and saturated hydrocarbons, biomarkers and stable carbon isotope analyses, the geochemical characteristics and oil family Classification of crude oils from the Markit Slope in the southwest of the Tarim Basin were investigated. The results showed that crude oils from the Markit Slope are divided into two oil family Classification. Oils collected from the Bashituo oilfield in the western part of the Markit Slope are characterized by high contents of tricyclic terpanes, pregnane, and homopregnane, low contents of garmmacerane (G/H<0.20), dibenzofuran, and methyl cyclohexane, and light stable carbon isotopic values (the δ13C values of satu-rated hydrocarbons and aromatic components are less than -34‰ and -32‰, respectively), with the distribution type of steranes being C27>>C28<C29. Condensate oils collected from the Hetian River gasfield in the eastern part of the Markit Slope are characterized by low contents of tricyclic terpanes, pregnane, and homopregnane, high contents of garmmacerane (0.20<G/H<0.36), dibenzofuran, and methyl cyclohexane, and relatively heavy carbon isotopic values (δ13C of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic components (> -32‰ and -30.6‰, respectively), with the distribution type of steranes being C27>C28<<C29. In addition, oils from Well Qu 1 have some characteristics similar to those of the above oils, with some special characteristics including high contents of β-carotenes and special distribution of steranes (C27<C28 <C29).

The Gravity Flow on a Shelf-Edge-Slope-Basin-Floor Complex in Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

The Qiongdongnan Basin lies in the west part of the northern South China Sea.To the west the basin is bound by the Red River Fault and the Yinggehai Basin,to the east by the Pearl River Mouth Basin,and to the south by the Xisha Rise.In this study,the sequence stratigraphic framework was set up and 11 third-order sequences were distinguished.Based

Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The development, evolution and formation mechanism of faults and their control on the migration and accumulation of Mesozoic oil and gas in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of Mahu sag were studied by the interpretation of seismic and drilling data. Two types of faults, normal and strike-slip, are developed in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of the Mahu sag and they are mostly active in the Yanshanian period. They are divided into four grade faults: The grade I strike-slip faults with NWW to near EW direction are related to the left-lateral transpressive fault zones in the northwest of Junggar Basin since the end of the Triassic. The grade II faults with NE to NNE direction are the normal faults located at the junction of the fault zone and the slope zone, and their formation is related to the extension at the top of the nose-like structures in the fault zone. The grade III faults, which are also the normal faults, are the result of the extension at the top of the lower uplifts in the slope zone and differential compaction. The grade IV faults with NE direction are normal faults, which may be related to the extension environment at the tip of the lower uplifts. Faults not only are the channel for the vertical migration of oil and gas, but also control the oil-gas accumulation. There are two types of oil-gas reservoirs in the middle-shallow layers of slope zone of Mahu sag: fault block reservoirs and fault-lithologic reservoirs. They have large traps and promising exploration potential.

Types of the Continental Slope System Since Miocene in Qiongdongnan Basin,Offshore Hainan,Northern South China Sea

Very high resolution seismic record were used to study the sedimentary processes and morphosedimentary features of the continental slope system since Miocene in Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),offshore Hainan,northern South China Sea.It can be divided into four types based on the sedimentary processes and morphology:wide and gentle slope,sigmoid-progradational slope,slumping slope and channeled slope.Different features of

An Experimental Investigation of the Factors Which Affect on the Performance of a Single Basin Typical Double Slope Solar Still for Water Desalination

Solar energy is very useful in the process of desalination especially for areas that suffer from a lack of clean water resources. In recent years, many people have been using solar still. Therefore the raising of the productivity and efficiency of solar still represents the most important problems that need further research. The present work aims to study the effect of preheating the water entering to still and the effect of reducing pressure inside the still on the productivity of the solar still. Therefore in present work two identical single basin typical double slope solar stills of the inner basin dimensions for each still 2 m × 1 m × 0.08 m, have been designed and fabricated with mild steel plate. One of them is conventional solar still and the other is modified with flat plate collector and vacuum pump to study the effect of preheating and vacuum on the performance of solar still. The experimental measurements are made to enhance the solar still productivity by firstly preheating the water entering the still using flat plate collector and secondly by integrating the still basin with vacuum pump. The results show that preheating the water entering the still increases the water productivity by amount about 27.7% - 29.3%. The results also show that decreasing pressure inside the still using vacuum pump improves the solar still water productivety by amount about 21.8% - 23.9%.

Seismic response analysis of organic reef in gentle slope of rift basin

Analyzing the formation and sediment characteristics of gentle slope, the authors elaborate formation mechanism of organic reef and characteristics of reservoir in gentle slope of rift basin. Using the forward model of seismic exploration, the study provides the objective judgment for the exploration of organic reef reservoir in gentle slope of rift basin.

Reservoir controlling differences between consequent faults and antithetic faults in slope area outside of source: A case study of the south-central Wenan slope of Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

The control effects of different occurrence faults on oil and gas accumulation and distribution in the outer slope area of oil and gas reservoirs were studied taking the south-central Wen’an slope of the Jizhong depression in the Bohai Bay Basin as an example.Based on 3D seismic data and the distribution of oil and water,the controlling differences between consequent fault and antithetic fault were analyzed and compared from the formation and evolution rule of faults and the formation mechanism of fault traps,including development positions of the consequent fault traps and antithetic fault traps,oil and gas distribution horizon adjusted by fault and formation period of fault traps.The differences between consequent faults and antithetic faults in controlling reservoirs have three main aspects:(1)Consequent fault traps and antithetic fault traps are in different positions,the consequent fault traps are at the segmented growing point in the hanging wall of"hard-linkage"faults,while the antithetic fault traps are developed in the position with the largest throw in the footwall because of tilting action;(2)The two kinds of faults result in different oil and gas distribution vertically,oil and gas adjusted by consequent faults is distributed in a single layer or multi-layers,while oil and gas adjusted by antithetic faults occur in single layers;(3)The two kinds of fault traps are formed in different periods,the consequent fault traps are formed at the time when the related faults enter the stage of"hard-linkage",while the antithetic fault traps are formed at the beginning of the fault active period.

隆起对砂岩型铀矿成矿的控制及找矿启示

沉积盆地古隆起对油气成藏起到明显控制作用,对砂岩型铀矿成矿的制约也不可忽视。砂岩型铀矿通常就位于盆地边缘构造斜坡带和盆地内部隆起附近。隆起对砂岩型铀矿成矿的控制具体体现在:控制地下水补-径-排体系、控制层间氧化作用、控制沉积相带发育、伴生断裂促进物质输运以及为成矿供给铀等。中国北方沉积盆地中新生代以来经历复杂的构造活动,盆地域内非均衡发展而多形成隆起,因此我国铀矿找矿尤其需要重视隆起对铀成矿的控制。其中,盆地内部找矿应重点关注被大幅抬升的隆起,而盆地边缘构造斜坡带上找矿需重视微隆起以及基底上覆地层的褶皱。将隆起作为关键控矿要素,优选适用的攻深找盲方法,精细刻画盆地基底隆升形成的背斜、褶皱及伴生断裂,可有效提高铀矿找矿效率并拓展铀矿找矿空间。

玛西斜坡区风城组高含盐致密储集层流体识别

准噶尔盆地玛西斜坡区二叠系风城组发育碱湖沉积的高含盐致密储集层,其油水关系复杂,流体识别难度大。利用岩性扫描测井资料构建饱含盐水地层热中子宏观俘获截面,并利用测井热中子宏观俘获截面与饱含盐水地层热中子宏观俘获截面的差值构建含油性敏感因子,再利用氯元素相对产额与总孔隙度比值构建含盐度敏感因子,将含油性敏感因子与含盐度敏感因子交会形成流体识别图版。实例应用表明,利用该流体识别图版可以对储集层流体性质进行准确判断,为试油选层提供依据。

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组常规—致密油藏主控因素及成藏模式

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组油气资源丰富,是效益勘探及建产的重要领域。应用测录井、生产测试及岩心分析化验资料,研究中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组储层特征,明确储层差异性的主控因素,建立中拐凸起东斜坡常规—致密油藏序次分布的成藏模式。结果表明:自北部向南部,研究区逐步由常规油藏转化为致密油藏,沉积作用是造成储层差异性的物质基础,控制储层岩性及原始物性,压实作用和浊沸石胶结作用加剧储层常规—致密差异演化;研究区成岩相带划分为泥质充填带、贫泥—弱胶结带、浊沸石胶结带和强压实—弱溶蚀带4种相带,其中贫泥—弱胶结带为有利储层发育带。该结果为研究区致密油藏勘探提供指导。

超压盆地水力破裂与天然气成藏的关系——以莺歌海盆地乐东斜坡区LD-A气田为例

莺歌海盆地乐东斜坡区LD-A气田的发现进一步证实了高温高压岩性圈闭领域的巨大资源潜力。该气田储层压力系数最高可达2.3,流体超压诱发的水力破裂对天然气的运聚起到重要的控制作用,明确超压条件下地层是否发生水力破裂及其演化过程是深入研究莺歌海盆地天然气成藏的关键。为此,在明确天然气垂向输导体系的基础上,以岩石破裂准则为理论依据,利用地应力及岩石抗张强度确定水力破裂模式,厘定了地层水力破裂条件;最终结合超压演化,分析了水力破裂动态演化过程对天然气成藏过程的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)断裂、亚地震断裂和裂缝共同构成了LD-A气田天然气垂向输导体系,超压诱发的水力破裂控制了输导体系的启闭性和有效性,决定了天然气能否规模富集。(2)LD-A气田的中深层发育张性水力破裂,其中LD-A1气区现今黄流组顶部处于水力封闭状态,梅山组顶部处于水力渗漏状态;LD-A2气区和LD-A3气区上中新统黄流组顶部和中中新统梅山组顶部现今均处于水力封闭状态。(3)LD-A气田的水力破裂演化存在封闭—破裂—封闭型(LD-A1气区与LD-A2气区)和持续封闭型(LD-A3气区)2种类型,不同的水力破裂演化过程导致了天然气在不同层位砂体差异性充注和富集。结论认为,LD-A1气区与LD-A2气区浅层上新统莺歌海组二段和上中新统黄流组优质砂体是天然气有利富集对象,LD-A3气区应在埋藏更深的梅山组砂岩中寻找突破。

断陷湖盆陡坡带早期斜向扇三角洲形成机制、发育规律及勘探启示:以东营凹陷北带为例

断陷湖盆作为全球最重要的含油气盆地类型之一,在盆地早期的充填演化过程中,其陡坡带往往能够形成厚达上千米的砂砾岩沉积建造,成为油气勘探的重要领域。目前对这些巨厚层砂砾岩的沉积成因认识仍存在较多的争议。本次研究以济阳坳陷典型的断陷湖盆——东营凹陷陡坡带盐家地区为例,基于高分辨率三维地震数据体、岩心、录井、测井等地质资料,综合运用地震地层学、构造地质学、沉积学和流变学分析方法,对前期在断陷湖盆陡坡带早期发现的斜向扇三角洲的发育特征及其形成演化机制进行了研究,取得了以下主要认识:(1)斜向扇三角洲沉积物中砾石含量相对较高,由牵引流和重力流共同形成,石英含量平均40%~55%,发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲亚相,其地震响应特征在顺物源方向表现为(斜交、叠瓦和帚状)前积相,在垂直物源方向表现为充填相;(2)斜向扇三角洲主要发育于断陷早期,并于断陷中期大量消亡,扇体与边界断层以低角度斜交,角度通常不会超过45°,扇体的发育规模受到其根部所处位置的影响,扇体的消亡呈非等时性;(3)断陷湖盆陡坡带早期大型斜向扇三角洲的形成演化主要受控于4个因素:边界断层分段特征形成的转换构造为斜向扇三角洲的发育提供输送通道,断陷早期边界断层控制下的古凹槽为斜向扇三角洲的发育提供可容纳空间,断块间相互作用形成的破碎带为斜向扇三角洲的发育提供物质来源以及边界断层的硬连接导致斜向扇三角洲的消亡并向近岸水下扇转换;(4)已发现断陷湖盆陡坡带深层砂砾岩油气藏多属于斜向扇三角洲。本次研究指出陡坡带各级别转换带可作为勘探的重点靶区,布井方向应沿斜交边界断层。本研究不仅丰富了断陷湖盆陡坡带沉积理论,同时能够为中国陆相断陷盆地深层勘探提供新的思路和理论依据。

怒江流域典型岩质边坡破坏模式及机理分析

对怒江流域典型调查点的岩质边坡节理裂隙进行统计,采用Dips软件分析得出破坏类型图,结合怒江流域边坡破坏因素影响,探讨典型岩质边坡的破坏机理.结果表明,怒江流域岩质边坡破坏失稳的主要地质影响因素有结构面、岩性、地形地貌、构造活动等,降雨、开挖和地震等是破坏失稳的触发条件;将怒江流域岩质边坡破坏类型归纳为3种模式:倾倒破坏、平面滑动破坏和楔形体滑动破坏.破坏阶段可分为初始、蠕变和崩落;采用Swedge软件,分析降雨及地震影响下岩质边坡的稳定性系数,发现安全系数随着降雨引起的内摩擦角和黏聚力的减小而降低,安全系数与地震力系数呈反比,且在相同地震力条件下沿交叉方向地震力作用下的安全系数大于沿水平方向.

西宁盆地黄土区草本植物边坡电阻率与土体物理力学性质关系研究

为研究高寒干旱-半干旱环境黄土区种植不同类型草本植物边坡土体电阻率与其物理力学性质之间的定量关系,探讨电阻率数值反映边坡土体物理力学性质及其变化特征,在西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区选取未种植裸坡以及种植生长期为3年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum Linn.Gaertn.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)的边坡共5种类型边坡为研究对象。通过开展边坡土体密度、含水率、含根系与不含根系土体直剪试验,对比不同草本植物根系对边坡土体物理力学性质的影响。在此基础上,利用二维电阻率层析成像方法建立不同边坡土体物理力学性质指标与土体电阻率间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)与未种植裸坡相比较,种植老芒麦边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体含水率增幅最大为26.53%;种植高羊茅边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体平均密度降幅最大为18.30%;种植垂穂披碱草边坡上层(0~10cm)土体黏聚力附加值最大,且为未种植裸坡的2.75倍。(2)5种类型边坡的电阻率受根系分布和边坡位置因素的共同影响,电阻率随着深度增加逐渐降低。4种草本边坡坡面以下0~20cm处土体电阻率均较裸坡大,该深度为根系分布大致范围。(3)5种边坡土体物理力学性质与电阻率数据之间存在拟合方程式(相关系数R2为0.48~0.77),且通过Pearson相关性分析得到边坡土体黏聚力c与电阻率间的相关性相对最高,相关系数R2为0.765。上述研究结果反映出可通过电阻率层析成像技术反映边坡土体物理力学性质,以及边坡土体中植物根系分布特征,可为研究区及其周边地区采用植物有效防治水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害提供理论依据和实际指导意义。

高原湖泊流域建设用地坡谱演变研究—以滇池流域为例

高原湖泊流域因受自然地理条件限制较大,建设用地不可避免地出现“向湖”“爬坡”扩张现象,通过构建建设用地坡谱可有效揭示其时空演变规律。以滇池流域为例,基于2000—2020年土地利用数据和基于DEM转化的海拔数据,借助陡峭度、均匀度、上限坡度等方法分析了坡谱演化特征,提出了加权爬坡指数(WBCI)以定量表征建设用地爬坡程度,并结合海拔区间的视角探究了建设用地扩张的空间分异及演变规律。结果表明:①滇池流域建设用地扩张显著,呈现以滇池北岸主城区为主核心,东岸呈贡区、南岸晋宁区为次核心的建设用地分布格局;②建设用地垂直空间扩张呈现两阶段特征,即先平地扩张后爬坡扩张。2000—2015年为向湖、降海拔扩张阶段(WBCI<0);2015—2020为爬坡、升海拔扩张阶段(WBCI>0)。③建设用地坡谱演变与海拔变化在流域尺度具有一致性,即爬坡指数变化趋势与建设用地分布的平均海拔变化趋势高度一致。但在区县尺度,建设用地爬坡扩张与海拔爬升存在明显的空间差异性。研究为城镇空间二维扩展向三维扩展提供新的思考和视角,也可为城镇空间用地规划及其生态环境效应评估提供支撑借鉴。

边缘海盆地断层差异演化成因的数值模拟:以西湖凹陷平北斜坡带为例

东海陆架盆地中生代以来的成盆过程中,发育了大量陆倾控盆断裂,其发育模式与形成演化与东亚其他边缘海盆地差异明显。前人关注东海陆架盆地迁移特征,而忽略了断层差异演化的形成机制,对断层发育过程控制因素缺少深入研究。西湖凹陷平北斜坡带北部为海倾断层组成的断阶区,南部为陆倾断层组成的半地堑区,断裂差异演化指示着东海陆架盆地的成盆过程。本文通过离散元数值模拟,模拟陆倾和海倾断层的形成及演化,以探讨断层几何发育特征的控制因素。结果表明,岩性差异对斜坡带断层演化有较大影响,较高抗剪强度岩层破裂易产生陆倾控盆断裂,而低抗剪强度岩石则易形成向海倾断层。应力作用方向是区域差异演化的重要控制因素,岩石强度相同,应力作用方向相反时,断层倾向相反。盆地形成过程中发育众多凹陷斜坡,但坡度不是断层差异演化的主导因素。平北斜坡带和边缘海盆地的差异演化可能是由基底强度差异或应力方向差异导致的。本文利用离散元数值模拟平北斜坡带断裂差异演化过程,为东海盆地构造演化机制及边缘海盆地的形成提供了思路和理论依据。