Lacustrine Basin Slope Break — A New Domain of Strata and Lithological Trap Exploration

Based on the studies of the Songliao Basin characterized by Cretaceous down-warping, of the Jurassic compressional flexural Junggar basin and of the Bohai Bay Basin characterized by Paleogene rifting, the multiple-grades slope break has developed in lacustrine basins of different origins. Their genetic types can be divided into tectonic slope break, depositional slope break and erodent slope break. The dominant agent of the slope break is tectogenesis, and the scale of slope breaks relates with the size of tectogenesis. The results of the study show that control of mutual grades slope breaks on atectonic traps mainly represent: 1) Atectonic traps develop close to mutual grades slope breaks, with beads-shaped distribution along the slope breaks. 2) In the longitudinal direction, the development of atectonic traps is characterized by the inheritance. 3) Different slope breaks and their different geographical positions can lead to different development types of atectonic traps. 4) A slope break can form different kinds of atectonic traps because of its great lateral variation. 5) The existence of mutual-grade slope breaks leads to different responses of erosion and deposition at different geographical positions in the basin. The oil source bed, reservoir and cap rock combination of atectonic traps is fine. 6) The oil-bearing condition of atectonic traps controlled by slope breaks is very favorable.

Sedimentary microtopography in sequence stratigraphic framework of Upper Ordovician and its control over penecontemporaneous karstification,No.I slope break,Tazhong,Tarim block

In order to reveal the relationship between the penecontemporaneous karstification and sedimentary microtopography in sequence stratigraphy,the sequence stratigraphic framework of Lianglitage formation in Upper Ordovician is studied according to the well drilling,logging,geophysical data,detailed observations of core and the paleontology.The Lianglitage formation belongs to the sequence Ⅳ of Ordovician.The second member of Lianglitage formation is prograde sedimentation in highstand systems tract,and is favorable for developing reef flat.The development scale and thickness of reef flat are controlled by the variation of secondary sea level.The types and characteristics of karst in the highstand systems tract show that the late highstand systems tract is dissolved and cemented by the meteoric fresh water and mixed water.Penecontemporaneous karstification is developed at the top of parasequence and high place of geomorphology.Atmospheric diagenetic lens is formed.The developing regulations and controlling factors of penecontemporaneous karstification can provide new clues to the prediction and exploration of favorable reservoir in this area.

Characteristics and Implication of Double-Circular Slope Break

The characteristics of slope break during depression stage in the Songliao Basin of NE China are analyzed. It is indicated that double flexure slope breaks extend in a circle across the basin.One is nominated the inner slope break,and the other is the external slope break. Under different regional stress field,the control

Genetic Types and Exploration Significance of Slope Break Belt in Paleogene in Qikou Sag,Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,Eastern China

Enrichment of hydrocarbon reservoir relates to the slope break types in continental basin(sag)in China. Division and analysis of genetic types of slope break will help to study the enrichment regularity of hydrocarbon reservoir and is conducive to the guiding of future development in exploration and enhancing prediction accuracy.This paper,guided by the theory of sequence stratigraphy and using high-resolution three-dimensional seismic data,drilling and other information,takes into account the characteristics

Numerical Prediction of Regular Wave Breaking on Very Gentle Slopes

Regular wave deformation and breaking on very gentle slopes is calculated by Mixed-Eulerian-Lagrangian procedure. The velocity potentials and their normal derivatives on the boundary are calculated through the mixed 0-1 boundary element method. The wave elevation and the potentials of Lime-stepping integration are determined by the 2nd-order Taylor expansion at the nodes of free surface boundary elements. During calculation the x-coordinates of the free surface element nodes are supposed to remain unchanged, i.e. the partial derivatives of wave elevation and potentials with respect to x are considered as zero. The numerical results of asymmetric parameters of breaking waves are verified by experimental study. It is shown that when the wave asymmetry is weak, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particales occurs at the wave peak and, the average ratio of this maximum velocity to wave celerity is 0.96. However, when the wave asymmetry is strong, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particles occurs just before the wave crest, and the average ratio of the maximum velocity to wave celerity is about 0.98. The numerical results also show that the asymmetry of wave profiles affects the value of the wave breaking index (H/d) (b), that is, when the asymmetric characteristics are weak, the value of wave breaking index coincides with that given by Goda; on the contrary, when the asymmetry of wave profiles is notable, the value of wave breaking index is close to Nelson's result. The experimental study gives the same conclusions.

Breaking Criteria for Regular Waves on Gentle Slopes

Nelson pointed out that the wave breaking criterion( H/d)(b) for gentle slopes( i < 1/100), in which H is the wave height and d is the water depth at the breaking point, is smaller than that for beach slopes of i > 1/100, i. e., the value oft H/d)(b) for gentle slopes may be smaller than 0.6. Goda indicated that the wave breaking criterion given by himself is a result based on theoretical study, so it should be also correct and can be used for gentle beaches, i.e., the value of(H/d)(b) for gentle slopes may be still larger than 0.7. By use of high order nonlinear wave theory, this problem is analyzed in this study and the reason why there is a large difference between different studies is explained. Moreover, the bottom energy loss during wave propagation is considered and the critical slope for the absence of wave breaking is also analyzed.

Transformation and Breaking of Irregular Waves on Very Gentle Slopes

Based on theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and experimental study. this paper discusses breaker indices of irregular waves, transformation of wave spectrum, characteristics and computation of breaking waves, as well as the critical beach slope under which waves will not break. Computed results are in good agreement with laboratory physical model test data and ocean wave field measurements.

ON LONG-WAVES BREAKING Ⅱ.IN A HALF INFINITE CHANNEL WITH BOTTOM SLOPE

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.

Study of total variation diminishing (TVD) slope limiters in dam-break flow simulation

A two-dimensional （2D） dam-break flow numerical model was developed based on the finite-volume total variation diminishing （TVD） and monotone upstream-centered scheme for conservation laws （MUSCL）-Hancock scheme, which has second-order accuracy in both time and space. A Harten-Lax-van Leer-contact （HLLC） approximate Riemann solver was used to evaluate fluxes. The TVD MUSCL-Hancock numerical scheme utilizes slope limiters, such as the minmod, double minmod, superbee, van Albada, and van Leer limiters, to prevent spurious oscillations and maintain monotonicity near discontinuities. A comparative study of the impact of various slope limiters on the accuracy of the numerical flow model was conducted with several dam-break examples including wet and dry bed cases. The numerical results of the superbee and double minmod limiters agree better with the theoretical solution and have higher accuracy than other limiters in one-dimensional （1D） space. The ratio of the downstream water depth to the upstream water depth was used to select the proper slope limiter. For the 2D numerical model, the superbee limiter should not be used, owing to significant numerical dispersion.

Numerical Simulation of Breaking Wave Based on Higher-Order Mild Slope Equation

The 'surface roller' to simulate wave energy dissipation of wave breaking is introduced into the random wave model based on approximate parabolic mild slope equation in this paper to simulate the random wave transportation in chiding diffraction, refraction and breaking in nearshore areas. The roller breaking random wave higher-order approximate parabolic equation model has been verified by the existing experimental data for a plane slope beach and a circular shoal, and the numerical results of random wave breaking model agree with the experimental data very well, This model can be applied to calculate random wave propagation from deep to shallow water in large areas near the shore over natural topography.

Hyperbolic Mild Slope Equations with Inclusion of Amplitude Dispersion Effect:Regular Waves

A new form of hyperbolic mild slope equations is derived with the inclusion of the amphtude dispersion of nonlinear waves. The effects of including the amplitude dispersion effect on the wave propagation are discussed. Wave breaking mechanism is incorporated into the present model to apply the new equations to surf zone. The equations are solved nu- merically for regular wave propagation over a shoal and in surf zone, and a comparison is made against measurements. It is found that the inclusion of the amplitude dispersion can also improve model＇ s performance on prediction of wave heights around breaking point for the wave motions in surf zone.

Experimental Study of Pore Water Pressure and Bed Profile Change Under Regular Breaking Waves

There lies a close relationship between the seabed destruction and the distribution of pore water pressure under the action of breaking wave. The experiments were carried out in a wave flume with a 1：30 sloping sandy seabed to study regular breaking wave induced pore water pressure. A wide range of measurements from the regular wave runs were reported, including time series of wave heights, pore pressures. The video records were analysed to measure the time development of the seabed form and the characteristics of the orbital motion of the sand in the wave breaking region. The pore water pressure in the breaker zone showed the time variation depending on the wave phases including wave breaking and bore propagation. The time-averaged pore water pressure was higher near the seabed surface. The peak values of pore water pressure increase significantly at the breaking point. The direction of pore water pressure difference forces in the breaker zone is of fundamental importance for a correct description of the sediment dynamics. The upwards- directed pressure differences may increase sand transport by reducing the effective weight of the sediment, thereby increasing the bed form evolution. The seabed configuration changed greatly at the wave breaking zone and a sand bar was generated remarkably. The amplitude of the pore water pressure changed with the seabed surface. The results are to improve the understanding of sand transport mechanisms and seabed responses due to breaking regular waves over a sloping sandy bed.

ON LONG-WAVE BREAKING Ⅳ. NUMERICAL RESULTS

This paper is a sequel to Tian’s (1994) preceding paper in which the blow-up theory was sug gested for finding an analytical (as opposed to a numerical) description of long-wave breaking. The pre sent long-wave breaking numerical results agree quite well with the author’s previous analytical and theo retical results.

前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用——以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例

为了明确前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用,厘定沉积体系展布规律,以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例,采用地层厚度法恢复了古地貌,刻画了坡折带,并通过岩芯观察、测井相及地震相分析,识别了前陆斜坡区沉积微相类型,在此基础上,通过沉积微相与古地貌叠合分析,提出前陆盆地斜坡区大型坡折带控制沉积体系与微相砂体分布。研究结果表明:四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段沉积期为前陆斜坡背景,发育大型坡折带,在此背景下发育远源辫状河三角洲沉积体系,以辫状河三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主,可进一步识别出内前缘带和外前缘带,以及水下分流河道、砂坝、分流间湾和席状砂等4种沉积微相。坡折带之上主要发育三角洲内前缘带水下分流河道微相,坡折带之下主要发育三角洲外前缘带水下分流河道与砂坝复合砂体。坡折带之下的砂坝微相砂体具备良好的侧向遮挡条件,顶底板条件优越,有利于形成岩性圈闭,且紧邻川西凹陷烃源灶,为下一步最有利勘探领域。

岛礁地形上斜坡堤前破碎波流场数值模拟研究

基于SPH方法建立波浪数值水槽,对岛礁地形上的波浪传播变形进行了数值模拟,分析了岛礁地形上波浪破碎过程的波高和水质点波动流速分布,并采用波浪水槽物理模型试验数据进行对比验证。结果表明,该模型可以较准确地模拟岛礁地形上波浪破碎引起的波高和波动流场沿程变化。在此基础上模拟了礁坪上建设斜坡堤后的波动流场,分析了斜坡堤对礁坪上流场形态、沿程波高、波动流速垂向分布及近底流速的影响。结果表明:在建设斜坡堤后,礁坪上波浪破碎更加猛烈,波浪破碎点前移;沿程波高与波动流速受反射波影响明显,沿程波高变化呈现为先增大、再减小、再增大,最后在防波堤堤脚处减小,近底流速变化趋势则与之相反;在堤前半倍波长范围内反向近底流速峰值较非岛礁地形上规范公式计算值增幅较大。

倾角变化条件下反倾层状斜坡倾倒变形演化研究

倾倒变形是反倾层状岩质边坡的一种典型破坏模式,为了研究不同岩层倾角对反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒变形的影响,以澜沧江上游古水水电站坝前倾倒变形体为原型,从岩层倾角变化的角度出发,利用大型土工离心机试验分析了反倾层状岩质边坡的失稳破坏过程、变形演化特征与最终失稳模式等。结果表明:①反倾层状斜坡的变形演化过程基本概括为岩层压密-坡脚压裂阶段、弯折面形成-部分失稳阶段和弯折面贯通-彻底失稳3个阶段,岩层倾角的改变并不会影响斜坡阶段性演化过程;②岩层倾角越大的斜坡,斜坡形成弯折面所需时间越短,失稳破坏发生后坡体贯通性倾倒破坏深度更大,对应的变形范围越大,折断岩层的破坏程度越剧烈;③岩层倾角变化会导致斜坡的倾倒变形过程与最终失稳模式存在一定差异。倾角较小的55°和70°模型斜坡前部岩层在重力作用下发生明显弯曲倾倒变形,最终以“倾倒-弯曲-滑移”的失稳模式发生破坏;倾角最大的85°斜坡岩层发生的弯曲变形较小,最终以“倾倒-折断-崩塌”的模式发生破坏。研究结果对大型工程项目的顺利开展具有一定指导意义。

多级坡折带对颗粒滩储层的控制及有利勘探区带——以四川盆地乐山—龙女寺古隆起南斜坡寒武系洗象池组为例

基于二维、三维地震和测录井资料,开展四川盆地乐山—龙女寺古隆起南斜坡中上寒武统洗象池组井-震地层充填及滩控储层分布规律研究,以揭示地层充填、古地貌与规模颗粒滩的成因联系。结果表明:①研究区洗象池组渐次向乐山—龙女寺古隆起超覆充填,仅在古隆起剥蚀尖灭线附近,地层因削顶而急剧减薄,因此识别出2个超覆坡折带和1个削蚀坡折带,并将区内洗象池组由下至上划分为4段;②底超顶削的地层充填模式表明,洗象池组厚度可反映其沉积前古地貌,揭示了研究区具有向东南倾伏的、多级坡折控制的单斜式地貌特征;③规模颗粒滩及滩控储层纵向上主要发育于洗三段和洗四段中,横向上主要发育于多级超覆坡折带附近;④超覆坡折带与北西倾向的逆断层密切相关,中晚寒武世华南板块西缘与羌塘—喜马拉雅地块聚合,导致扬子板块西北缘快速抬升,并向东南扩展,形成逐渐倾伏的多级坡折地貌,进而形成多条北东向展布的规模颗粒滩储层发育带。结合油气测试结果,预测滩控储层有利勘探区带面积可达3340 km^(2)。

坡折带区立体震源与平面震源资料对比分析

深水区逐步成为海洋油气资源勘探靶区,该区域地质情况复杂,中深层地震成像存在信噪比低、分辨率低的问题,势必影响油气资源的勘探开发。为提高深水区中深层地震数据的品质,从地震数据采集的源头出发,采用立体震源和平面震源在同一采集参数下,对坡折带区同一位置重复进行地震数据采集,经过相同的处理流程后,将二者在子波、炮集频谱、近道频谱、叠加剖面频谱、最终成像等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:立体震源子波在能量强度与受鬼波干扰方面都优于平面震源,且在深水区中深层具有频带更宽的特征,尤其是30~80 Hz频率更丰富,从而可以提高地震剖面的分辨率,改善地震数据的成像。由此可知,与平面震源相比,立体震源在改善深水区中深层地层成像方面具有较好的优势。因而在深水区中深层地质条件复杂的情况下,可采用立体震源采集地震数据,以提高地震数据成像品质。

四川盆地须家河组坡折带发育特征及油气地质意义

前人针对断陷盆地坡折带开展了大量研究,但前陆盆地前渊向前缘隆起方向坡度较缓,大型构造欠发育,地形起伏小,坡折带研究较少。四川盆地晚三叠世须家河组四、五段沉积时期发育前陆盆地,学者们已关注到泸州—开江古隆起西侧川中—川西地区缓坡坡折带对沉积岩相的控制,但其他相关研究较少。通过对四川盆地地震反射剖面坡折带构造解释,结合区域地质已有成果,采用颗粒流数值模拟方法,厘清了川中—川西地区坡折带类型,以及坡折带与重力滑动构造之间的关系,分析了与重力滑动构造相关的新型油气圈闭特征。研究获得如下认识:(1)研究区发育断裂坡折带,以坡折带为界,东、西两侧各发育一套重力滑动形成的“前挤后拉”构造组合,构造变形强度弱于被动大陆边缘重力滑动构造;(2)研究区构造坡折带边缘断裂控制沉积相与砂体类型;(3)缓坡带重力滑动构造拉张区正断层下盘上升形成同沉积背斜发育的砂岩,与同期断陷内富有机质泥岩侧接,形成“旁生侧储”型油气藏;(4)陡坡带重力滑动形成的须五段同沉积背斜,被翼部泥岩以及滑动构造结束后沉积的泥岩所围限,形成源内砂体输导成藏;(5)与重力滑动构造相关的同沉积背斜油气藏是源内成藏新类型,研究区须五段可能存在平行坡折带NE向展布的此类油气藏。

西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带物源-坡折耦合控砂模式

平湖斜坡带为西湖凹陷岩性油气藏勘探的重要区域之一。勘探开发实践证实,平湖斜坡带平湖组砂体展布复杂,控砂模式指导下的砂体刻画已成为岩性油气藏勘探突破的关键。从物源体系研究出发,结合坡折带特征分析,梳理了研究区物源坡折耦合控制下的砂体展布特征。沟谷及重矿物特征表明,研究区存在海礁隆起西部、西南部稳定物源及宝云亭凸起动态物源三大物源体系,控制了研究区储层沉积物来源;受隆起、断裂差异活动及沉积作用控制,研究区发育的断裂坡折、挠曲坡折和沉积坡折共同控制了研究区地形特征。物源体系与坡折耦合控制了沉积物从源到汇的动态过程:平湖组下段由西南物源及宝云亭凸起动态物源共同控制,发育混源堆积型控砂模式;平湖组中段由西部海礁隆起物源主控,以挠曲坡折限制的单源改造型控砂模式为主;平湖组上段由沉积坡折主控,发育缓坡过渡型控砂模式。