银含量对快速热冲击下Sn−xAg−0.5Cu焊点显微组织和力学性能的影响

使用高频感应加热设备研究Ag含量对快速热冲击下Sn−xAg−0.5Cu焊点的显微组织和剪切强度的影响。结果表明,Ag含量的增加使焊点表面更致密光滑,减少焊点内部长条状Cu6Sn5金属间化合物(IMC)的产生,从而提高焊点的抗氧化性。Ag能够加快焊点界面IMC层的生长速度,Cu6Sn5层的生长速度由体扩散和晶界扩散共同决定,Cu3Sn层的生长速度由体扩散和界面反应共同决定。在快速热冲击环境下,焊点的断裂模式从韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂,而高Ag含量使得焊点的断裂模式转变时间更短,降低焊点的抗热疲劳性能。

镧对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织和性能的影响

运用莱卡显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析等仪器设备,研究添加微量La对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织性能的影响。结果表明,La能显著细化Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料及其与Cu基体焊合后的IMC的显微组织,钎料剪切强度提高10.9%;键参数函数计算结果表明La具有"亲Sn"倾向,可降低IMC的长大驱动力。

新型水基高分子焊锡球表面处理剂及其性能研究

为解决焊锡球在长期存放与运输过程中易被氧化的问题,以Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊锡球为研究对象,研制出一种新型水基高分子焊锡球表面处理剂,此种表面处理剂是由苯并三氮唑和聚乙烯醇4000作为成膜剂,使用抗坏血酸作为抗氧化剂,并添加少量碱性配位剂与表面活性剂制成。表面处理剂处理后对焊锡球进行抗氧化性测试、剪切强度测试、空洞测试以及包覆情况测试与Raman光谱表征,结果表明:经此种表面处理剂处理后的焊锡球焊点剪切强度提高48%;焊锡球焊点空洞率低于4%,符合业内要求(低于15%)。上述结果说明此种表面处理剂处理过后的焊锡球会在表面形成一层致密的抗氧化薄膜,能提高焊球的抗氧化性能。

镧对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织性能影响

运用莱卡显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段,研究了稀土元素La的添加量对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料及其与Cu基体焊接后微观组织及性能的影响。结果表明:添加不同含量的稀土La均能使钎料及其与Cu基体焊接后组织与性能得到改善,其中以w(La)达到0.05%时为最优,显微硬度及剪切强度分别提高14%和10.7%。键参数函数计算结果表明La具有"亲Sn"倾向,可细化钎料组织,降低IMC(界面金属间化合物)的长大驱动力。

稀土镧对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织性能的影响

运用莱卡显微镜、显微硬度计、拉伸试验机等仪器设备,研究添加不同含量稀土元素La对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料及其与Cu基体焊合后微观组织及性能影响。结果表明:添加不同含量的稀土La均能使Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料及其与Cu基体焊合后组织与性能得到改善,其中以La含量达到0.05%时为最优,显微硬度及剪切强度分别提高14%和10.7%;基于热力学理论计算结果表明稀土元素La具有"亲Sn"倾向,可减小钎料中锡基化合物界面锡的活度,降低IMC的长大驱动力。

La对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料界面组织和性能的影响

通过SEM和EDAX等,研究了La添加量对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料与Cu基体焊合界面IMC微观组织及性能的影响。结果表明:添加不同量的La均对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu与Cu基体焊合后的组织有细化作用并增强其力学性能。其中以w(La)达到0.05%时最优,剪切强度可提高10.7%。材料热力学理论计算结果表明,La具有"亲Sn"倾向,添加少量La到Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料中,可减小Cu6Sn5/Cu界面Sn的活度,降低IMC的长大驱动力。

铅对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu合金钎料性能的影响

利用显微硬度计、差热分析仪等仪器设备,研究了铅对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金性能的影响。实验结果表明,铅对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金性能有较大的影响,添加铅后,Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金熔化温度下降了8%;钎料合金的润湿性得到改善;当w(Pb)达到0.5%时,Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金显微硬度显微硬度值最大,达到21.5HV之后快速下降。

锌对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织性能的影响

运用莱卡显微镜、X射线衍射仪等仪器设备,研究添加元素Zn对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织性能的影响。结果表明:Zn与Ag、Cu形成AgZn和CuZn3化合物,能显著细化Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织,降低Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金的润湿性,同时可提高Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金抗拉强度。

锌对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金微结构及性能的影响

运用莱卡显微镜、X射线衍射仪等仪器设备,研究了添加元素Zn对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金微结构及性能的影响。结果表明,Zn与Cu、Ag形成化合物AgZn、CuZn_3,能显著细化Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织;添加元素Zn后的Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金的显微硬度提高11%,蠕变抗力也得到明显提高;运用键参数函数理论分析了Zn对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金微结构及性能影响的作用机理。

Influence of bismuth on microstructure,thermal properties,mechanical performance,and interfacial behavior of SAC305−xBiCu solder joints

This research sought to improve the properties of SAC305 solder joints by the addition of 1 and 2 wt.%Bi.The effects of bismuth doping on the microstructure,thermal properties,and mechanical performance of the SAC305−xBiCu solder joints were investigated.Bi-doping modified the microstructure of the solder joints by refining the primaryβ-Sn and eutectic phases.Bi-doping below 2 wt.%dissolved in theβ-Sn matrix and formed a solid solution,whereas Bi additions equal to or greater than 2 wt.%formed Bi precipitates in theβ-Sn matrix.Solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening mechanisms in theβ-Sn matrix increased the ultimate tensile strength and microhardness of the alloy from 35.7 MPa and 12.6 HV to 55.3 MPa and 20.8 HV,respectively,but elongation decreased from 24.6%to 16.1%.The fracture surface of a solder joint containing 2 wt.%Bi was typical of a brittle failure rather than a ductile failure.The interfacial layer of all solder joints comprised two parallel IMC layers:a layer of Cu6Sn5 and a layer of Cu3Sn.The interfacial layer was thinner and the shear strength was greater in SAC305−xBiCu joints than in SAC305Cu solder joints.Therefore,small addition of Bi refined microstructure,reduced melting temperature and improved the mechanical performance of SAC305Cu solder joints.

Effects of bismuth on growth of intermetallic compounds in Sn-Ag-Cu Pb-free solder joints

The effects of Bi addition on the growth of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation in Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder joints were investigated. The test samples were prepared by conventional surface mounting technology. To investigate the element diffusion and the growth kinetics of intermetallics formation in solder joint, isothermal aging test was performed at temperatures of 100, 150, and 190℃, respectively. The optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe microstructure evolution of solder joint and to estimate the thickness and the grain size of the intermetallic layers. The IMC phases were identified by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results clearly show that adding about 1.0% Bi in Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy system can refine the grain size of the IMC and inhibit the excessive IMC growth in solder joints, and therefore improve the reliability of the Pb-free solder joints. Through observation of the microstructural evolution of the solder joints, the mechanism of inhibition of IMC growth due to Bi addition was proposed.

Effect of diode-laser parameters on shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad

Soldering experiments with Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad were carried out by means of diode-laser and IR reflow soldering methods respectively.The influence of different heating methods as well as output power of diode-laser on shear force of micro-joints was studied and the relationship between the shear force and microstructures of micro-joints was analyzed.The results indicate that the formation of intermetallic compound Ag3Sn is the key factor to affect the shear force and the fine eutectic network structures of micro-joints as well as the dispersion morphology of fine compound Ag3Sn,in which eutectic network band is responsible for the improvement of the shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder.With the increases of output power of diode-laser,the shear force and the microstructures change obviously.The eutectic network structures of micro-joints soldered with diode-laser soldering method are more homogeneous and the grains of Ag3Sn compounds are finer in the range of near optimal output power than those soldered with IR reflow soldering method,so the shear force is also higher than that using IR reflow soldering method.When the output power value of diode-laser is about 41.0 W,the shear force exhibits the highest value that is 70% higher than that using IR reflow soldering method.

Direct active soldering of Al_(0.3)CrFe _(1.5)MnNi_(0.5) high entropy alloy to 6061-Al using Sn-Ag-Ti active solder

Al0.3CrFe1.5MnNi0.5 high entropy alloys(HEA)have special properties.The microstructures and shear strengths of HEA/HEA and HEA/6061-Al joints were determined after direct active soldering(DAS)in air with Sn3.5Ag4Ti active filler at 250°C for 60 s.The results showed that the diffusion of all alloying elements of the HEA alloy was sluggish in the joint area.The joint strengths of HEA/HEA and HEA/6061-Al samples,as analyzed by shear testing,were(14.20±1.63)and(15.70±1.35)MPa,respectively.Observation of the fracture section showed that the HEA/6061-Al soldered joints presented obvious semi-brittle fracture characteristics.

Effect of cerium on microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn-Ag-Cu system lead-free solder alloys

The melting point, spreading property, mechanical properties and microstructures of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder alloys added with micro-variable-Ce were studied by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX). The results indicate that the melting point of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder is enhanced by Ce addition; a small amount of Ce will remarkably prolong the creep-rupture life of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder joint at room temperature, especially when the content of Ce is 0.1%, the creep-rupture life will be 9 times or more than that of the solder joint without Ce addition; the elongation of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder is also obviously improved even up to 15.7%. In sum, the optimum content of Ce is within 0.05%-0.1 %.

Combined effects of Bi and Sb elements on microstructure,thermal and mechanical properties of Sn−0.7Ag−0.5Cu solder alloys

This research investigated the combined effects of addition of Bi and Sb elements on the microstructure,thermal properties,ultimate tensile strength,ductility,and hardness of Sn−0.7Ag−0.5Cu(SAC0705)solder alloys.The results indicated that the addition of Bi and Sb significantly reduced the undercooling of solders,refined theβ-Sn phase and extended the eutectic areas of the solders.Moreover,the formation of SbSn and Bi phases in the solder matrix affected the mechanical properties of the solder.With the addition of 3 wt.%Bi and 3 wt.%Sb,the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the SAC0705 base alloy increased from 31.26 MPa and 15.07 HV to 63.15 MPa and 23.68 HV,respectively.Ductility decreased due to grain boundary strengthening,solid solution strengthening,and precipitation strengthening effects,and the change in the fracture mechanism of the solder alloys.

Effects of cooling rates on microstructure and microhardness of lead-free Sn-3.5%Ag solders

The microstructure and microhardness of Sn-3.5%Ag solders were explored in the cooling rate ranging from 0.08 to 104 K/s. Under rapid cooling condition, the strong kinetic undercooling effect leads to the actual solidification process starting at the temperature lower than the equilibrium eutectic point, and the actual metastable eutectic point shifts to the higher Ag concentration. Hence, the higher the applied cooling rate is, the more the volume fraction of primary β-Sn crystal forms. At the same time, the separation of primary β-Sn crystal favors restraining the formation of bulk Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in solder due to the mismatch crystalline orientation relationship, those Ag3Sn phase separating through the eutectic reaction could hardly cling to the primary β-Sn crystal and grow up. Additionally, the Vickers hardness test shows that fine β-Sn and spherical Ag3Sn phase in the rapidly solidified alloy strongly improves the microhardness of the Sn-3.5%Ag solder.

Effects of rare earth element Ce on solderabilities of micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu solder

Several important properties of the micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu-Ce solder, including the spreadability, spreading ratio, wetting time, and melting point, were investigated for verifying the effects of rare earth element Ce on solderabilities of micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu solder. The solidus and the liquidus of the micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu-Ce solder are 193.6℃ and 218.4℃, respectively, about 28℃ and 3℃ lower than the melting point of the block Sn-Ag-Cu solder, which reminds the existence of the surface effect of the micron-powdered solder. By adding Ce into Sn-Ag-Cu alloy, its wetting time on pure copper can be obviously decreased. For the Sn-Ag-Cu-0.03%Ce, the soldering temperature is 250℃, and the wetting time on pure copper is close to 1s, with the soldering temperature approaching to 260℃, the wetting time is dropped to 0.8s, which is close to the wetting time, 0.68s, of Sn-Pb solder at 235℃.

Thermal reliabilities of Sn−0.5Ag−0.7Cu−0.1Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu solder joint

The effects of trace addition of Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles(NPs)on thermal reliabilities of Sn−0.5Ag−0.7Cu/Cu solder joints were investigated.Experimental results showed that trace addition of Al_(2)O_(3) NPs could increase the isotheraml aging(IA)and thermal cyclic(TC)lifetimes of Sn−0.5Ag−0.7Cu/Cu joint from 662 to 787 h,and from 1597 to 1824 cycles,respectively.Also,trace addition of Al_(2)O_(3) NPs could slow down the shear force reduction of solder joint during thermal services,which was attributed to the pinning effect of Al_(2)O_(3) NPs on hindering the growth of grains and interfacial intermetallic compounds(IMCs).Theoretically,the growth coefficients of interfacial IMCs in IA process were calculated to be decreased from 1.61×10^(−10 )to 0.79×10^(−10) cm^(2)/h in IA process,and from 0.92×10^(−10) to 0.53×10^(−10) cm^(2)/h in TC process.This indicated that trace addition of Al_(2)O_(3) NPs can improve both IA and TC reliabilities of Sn−0.5Ag−0.7Cu/Cu joint,and a little more obvious in IA reliability.

Microstructures and properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder alloys containing La

Trace amounts of La were utilized to improve the melting behaviors,microstructures,tensile properties and microhardness of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder alloy. La has little effect on the melting behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy according to the differential thermal analysis(DTA) tests. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns show that β-Sn,Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 coexist in the as-cast solder alloys and LaSn3 phases emerge when adding 0.4% La. The microstructures modified by La are more uniform and much finer than that of baseline alloy,and the coarse LaSn3 particles with complex dendrites are observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) when the addition of La is up to 0.4%. The composition of the LaSn3 phases is identified by energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). There are considerable improvements in mechanical properties with 0.05% and 0.1% addition,but degenerations by adding 0.4%La. The Vickers microhardness of β-Sn and eutectic area are both enhanced with the addition of La and the microhardness of LaSn3 is much larger than those of β-Sn and eutectic area.

Influence of Thermal Cycling on the Microstructure and Shear Strength of Sn3.5Ag0.75Cu and Sn63Pb37 Solder Joints on Au/Ni Metallization

The influence of thermal cycling on the microstructure and joint strength of Sn3.5Ag0.75Cu （SAC） and Sn63Pb37 （SnPb） solder joints was investigated. SAC and SnPb solder balls were soldered on 0.1 and 0.9 μm Au finished metallization, respectively. After 1000 thermal cycles between -40℃ and 125℃, a very thin intermetallic compound （IMC） layer containing Au, Sn, Ni, and Cu formed at the interface between SAC solder joints and underneath metallization with 0.1 μm Au finish, and （Au, Ni, Cu）Sn4 and a very thin AuSn-Ni-Cu IMC layer formed between SAC solder joints and underneath metallization with 0.9 μm Au finish. For SnPb solder joints with 0.1 μm Au finish, a thin （Ni, Cu, Au）3Sn4 IMC layer and a Pb-rich layer formed below and above the （Au, Ni）Sn4 IMC, respectively. Cu diffused through Ni layer and was involved into the IMC formation process. Similar interfacial microstructure was also found for SnPb solder joints with 0.9μm Au finish. The results of shear test show that the shear strength of SAC solder joints is consistently higher than that of SnPb eutectic solder joints during thermal cycling.