The Path of Human Rights Development with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era:the Coordinated Promotion of Social Rights Protection and Economic Development

The principle of marxist theory on the dialectical relationship between the economic base and superstructure is an important theoretical basis for recognizing the mutual relationship between social rights protection and economic development China and the West have different practical experience in handling their relations But a proper handling of their relations is conducive to promoting the development of human rights It is one-sided to either emphasize too much on social rights protection or to excessively pursue economic development The in-depth interaction between social rights protection and economic development is that they promote and restrict each other It is the right choice for human rights development with Chinese characteristics in the new era to promote social rights protection and economic development in a coordinated manner We should not only lay a solid material foundation for social rights protection with the high quality and efficiency of economic development, but also take social rights protection as the ultimate goal and strategic means to provide sufficient driving force for economic development And social rights protection and economic development should be synchronized.

Central and Peripheral Cultures and the Problem of Social Conflict in Vietnam

This article deals with relationship between cultural globalization and local cultures, seen mostly as conflict between centre and peripheries on the world scale and also as conflict among ethnicities in the societies. It also suggests some solutions to the problem of conflict on the global scale in general and in Vietnam in particular. In the era of globalization, there exists a risk of cultural imperialism rising as a cultural centre. Nevertheless, the cultural imperialism always bears the economic and political motives. This is the very cause which leads to politico-cultural conflict. Therefore, in essence, cultural hegemony is also the very economic hegemony and it serves the economy. Thus, in fact, social conflicts are often the contradictions, but these contradictions could lead to conflict only when they are pushed to political and economic interests level, and then they are the truly economic and political conflicts and not cultural ones. Therefore, in essence, there are not purely cultural conflicts, but culture is only the medium for politico-economic conflict. There may be various kinds of solutions for the problem of conflict： the economic solutions, the social solutions, the political solutions, and the cultural ones. Vietnarrv--as a multi-ethnic natiorv--is not a country without social conflict. To solve the problem of conflict is to solve the contradictions in economic interests and to overcome the lack of democracy. Therefore, the most important solutions for the problem of conflict are the cultural and political solutions. Especially, the article emphasizes the democracy and the rule of law as the critical points in solving the problem of social conflict.

An Empirical Study on the Generation Mechanism of NIMBY Conflicts of Construction Projects

In the highly overlapped contexts of urbanization and social transformation,and with the advent of the"Risk Society," the social issues,called "Not in My Back Yard(NIMBY)" conflicts,caused by the construction or operation of the NIMBY projects have become a serious problem in China.Hence,it is in urgent need to find out the influencing factors and discover the generation mechanism of the NIMBY conflicts.From the perspective of social conflict theory,the authors built a process model of the NIMBY conflicts on the basis of identifying stakeholders and analyzing their interest interaction.Thereafter,the authors conducted a questionnaire survey,followed by exploratory factor analysis(EFA) revealing the underlying influencing factors of the NIMBY conflicts.Finally,they performed the confirmatory analysis method of Structural Equation Modeling to test the preliminary research hypothesis of the model and its interaction path in AMOS 18.0,with the results showing that unequal exchange and consensus mobilization will contribute to the formation of common consciousness of the opposition party,the opposition party's common consciousness and action mobilization affects the generation of social conflicts.The process model reveals the generation mechanism of the NIMBY conflicts,and it facilitates further investigations in the governance of the NIMBY conflicts.

Female competition for availability of males in insects:the Nezara viridula(Linnaeus,1758)model

Multimodal communication in solitary stinkbugs enables them to meet,mate and copulate.Many plant-dwelling species exchange information during the calling phase of mating behavior using substrate-borne vibratory signals.A female-biased gender ratio induces rivalry and competition for a sexual partner.Female competition for males,first described among Heteroptera in three stinkbug species,revealed species specific differences and opened the question of plasticity in individually emitted temporal and frequency signal characteristics during calling and rival alternation.To address this question and gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying stinkbug female rivalry,we compared the characteristics of alternated signals in the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula(Linnaeus,1758)(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae).Compared to male rivalry,female rivalry is more complex,lasts longer and runs through successive phases by a combination of different song types.The male pheromone triggers alternation between females,producing song pulses that occasionally overlap each other.One female initiates the rivalry by changing individual pulses into pulse trains of three different types.The competing female alternates with pulses of changed temporal characteristics at lower levels of rivalry and by varying the frequency characteristics of pulse trains at higher levels.During female rivalry,the male either stops responding or occasionally emits calling and courtship signals in response to the female that has produced signals of steady temporal characteristics.Female rivalry shows complex and species specific patterns of information exchange at different levels with a broad-range variation of temporal and frequency characteristics of,until now,unidentified vibratory emissions.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Causes Reduced Exploratory Behavior in Mice Under Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Abnormal approach-avoidance behavior has been linked to deficits in the mesolimbic dopamine（DA）system of the brain. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）, an important pattern-recognition receptor in the innate immune system,can be directly activated by substances of abuse, resulting in an increase of the extracellular DA level in the nucleus accumbens. We thus hypothesized that TLR4-dependent signaling might regulate approach-avoidance behavior. To test this hypothesis, we compared the novelty-seeking and social interaction behaviors of TLR4-deficient（TLR4^（-/-））and wild-type（WT） mice in an approach-avoidance conflict situation in which the positive motivation to explore a novel object or interact with an unfamiliar mouse was counteracted by the negative motivation to hide in exposed,large spaces. We found that TLR4^（-/-）mice exhibitedreduced novelty-seeking and social interaction in the large open spaces. In less stressful test apparatuses similar in size to the mouse cage, however, TLR4^（-/-）mice performed normally in both novelty-seeking and social interaction tests. The reduced exploratory behaviors under approachavoidance conflict were not due to a high anxiety level or an enhanced fear response in the TLR4^（-/-）mice, as these mice showed normal anxiety and fear responses in the open field and passive avoidance tests, respectively. Importantly,the novelty-seeking behavior in the large open field induced a higher level of c-Fos activation in the nucleus accumbens shell（NAc Sh） in TLR4^（-/-）mice than in WT mice. Partially inactivating the NAc Sh via infusion of GABA receptor agonists restored the novelty-seeking behavior of TLR4^（-/-）mice. These data suggested that TLR4 is crucial for positive motivational behavior under approach-avoidance conflict. TLR4-dependent activation of neurons in the NAc Sh may contribute to this phenomenon.