Driving Force to Socialize the International Norms of Human Rights

Human rights, as a great term and lofty goal, have unquestionably become a topic of mainstream talk in the present-day world.2 Such mainstream talk has been internal- ized into part of the social structure. The current international society is experiencing a profound reorganization and transition in values. All kinds of new interactions under the context of globalization have resulted in the development of the current norms of international human rights, which are constructed on the basis of law and ethics. Therefore, analyzing the dynamic factors of socialization that support the operation of human rights norms in international society has become increasingly important in today＇s mutually dependent society.

Facilitators of and barriers to emergency medical service use by acute ischemic stroke patients: A retrospective survey

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify facilitators and barriers to emergency medical service use among acute ischemic stroke patients in Korea.Methods: This paper presents a secondary analysis of a retrospective survey that collected data from questionnaires and medical records.Among 233 acute ischemic stroke patients enrolled in a large-scale study,160 patients who had arrived at a hospital within 72 h after symptom onset were included in the data analysis.Results: Users of emergency medical services needed a shorter time than non-users to arrive at hospital (140 min vs.625 min.,p =0.001) and were more likely to arrive at hospital within 3 h of symptom onset (51.9% vs.31.5%,p =0.013).For those who first contacted emergency medical service,the facilitators of emergency medical service use were the presence of hemiparesis (p =0.003),bilateral paralysis (p =0.040),and loss of balance (p =0.021).The predominant barrier was the failure to recognize the urgency of symptoms (p 0.006).Conclusions: The use of emergency medical services reduced prehospital delay and increased the likelihood of patient arrival at hospital within 3 h.Given that experiencing typical stroke symptoms was a facilitator of emergency medical service use yet failure to recognize the urgency of symptoms was a barrier,public awareness should be raised as regards stroke symptoms and the benefits of using emergency medical services.

Is This Development and Freedom？ Managing Sex Risk Behaviour in the Era of HIV and AIDS at a University in South Africa

This study explored HIV risk perception of university students. A descriptive study design amongst a convenience sample of registered students at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University （NMMU）, who gave voluntary informed consent to participate, and with access to the student portal was employed. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe categorical data. The Pearson correlation co-efficient （r） and Spearman＇s rank co-efficient were used to measure the strength or degree of the relationship between variables and identify the significance of the correlation between two variables respectively. Results indicate that males in the sample （n = 619） are more likely to acknowledge self-perceived risk than females. This paper concludes that management strategies should be put in place in all universities in order to help the students stay HIV negative. Unless HIV and AIDS are institutionalised, the management of risk behaviour will prove difficult.

Differences between Occasional Organic and Regular Organic Food Consumers in Germany

It was the aim of this study to understand the differences between occasional organic consumers (OOC) and regular organic food consumers (ROC). A total of 571 consumers, interviewed directly after grocery shopping, were classified as conventional, occasional organic or regular organic consumers depending on the number of organically produced items bought. In order to gain encompassing insights on the differences between the ROC and OOC consumer groups, a large set of psychological and socio-demographic factors was studied. They differ with respect to general food choice motives with OOC placing significantly less importance on animal welfare, food security, environmental protection and more importance on caloric content, convenience and price compared to ROC;with respect to beliefs about the consequences of organic food consumption OOC expect greater expense, less choice, no increase in vitamins and no improvement in taste compared to ROC, and finally OOC show a less positive attitude, weaker social norms and lower intentions of buying organic food regularly in the future and give a lower importance in their lives to protection of the environment. OOC finally prefer different grocery stores and use a larger variety of stores than ROC.

Cultural tightness,trust,and power in enforcing tax compliance

The so-called Cultural Tightness–Looseness(CTL)concept intends to describe the socio-cultural foundation of societies by the strictness of social norms.In this paper,CTL is used to investigate its relevance to enforcing tax compliance.The CTL concept is formalised by structural payoff matrices for the confrontation between citizens and officials.Social norms and their impacts on the behaviour of the parties in a conflict are used to define several variants of tight and loose societies.The payoff matrices are employed to classify respective forms of societies.For a dynamic analysis,‘power’and‘trust’,as policy measures of behaviour control,are introduced to determine which instrument or combination of instruments emerges as the most relevant and effective option in the respective societal setting.The result is that‘trust’emerges in tight societies as the more important instrument of behaviour control,whereas‘power’appears as the more crucial tool in loose societies.Therefore,it is concluded that power or the‘cops and robbers’approach is usually applied in loose societies to enforce tax compliance.By contrast,‘trust’via the provision of information and support for paying taxes can be more often used in tight societies.