Self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving of nursing students in Macao

Objective The aims of this study were to describe nursing students′self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving and test their correlations in Macao.Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 140baccalaureate nursing students.A stratified random sampling was performed.The Self-directed Learning Readiness(SDLR)Scale and Chinese Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised(C-SPSI-R)were used.Results The response rate was 79.3%.Students possessed readiness for self-directed learning(mean 149.09±12.53,51.4%at high level,48.6%at low level).Regarding to social problem solving,the mean scores of each subscale were 9.35±3.25(Rational Problem Solving,RPS),10.26±3.23(Positive Problem Orientation,PPO),8.14±4.06(Negative Problem Orientation,NPO),5.67±4.44(Avoidance Style,AS),and 4.84±3.03(Impulsivity/Carelessness Style,ICS).SDLR was positively related to RPS and PPO,but was negatively related to AS.Conclusion Half of students possessed stronger readiness for self-directed learning.Students had a belief in the ability to solve problems,and adopted relevant strategies in solving problems.However,students still had negative and dysfunctional orientation and defective attempts in solving problems.Self-directed learning was positively related to positive and constructive orientation,but was negatively related to defective problem-solving pattern.Nurse educators should create educational climates for promoting student confidence and mutual responsibility for learning and their thinking process for problem solving.

Common Preventable Health and Social Problems Encountered by Elderly in Shinyanga Region in the Northern Part of Tanzania

Background: In Tanzania elders are respected as repositories of inherited wisdom, experienced and principal decision makers in the community. However, evidence shows that such repositories are no longer considered important in most societies. As a result elders are neglected with some mistreatment in terms of provision of health and social services for instance;at times they get denied and ignored of their obvious rights, ignoring their retirement benefits and the rights onto free social services as per the Tanzania National Ageing Policy of 2003. Elders are therefore faced with physical, psychological and geriatric social suffering. It is on this basis that this study tries to explore the common preventable health and social problems encountered by elderly in Shinyanga Region in northern part of Tanzania. Methods: Across sectional community based study of 465 subjects randomly selected was done in three wards of Kahama District. The district was selected randomly out of 8 districts of Shinyanga Region, structured questionnaires with both closed and opened endower used;the information was collected from house to house and other information collected from health facilities within the wards as every ward had one public health facility;subjects (respondents) were obtained using purposive sampling technique aiming at elderly with 60 years of age and above. Results: Kahama district has a population of approximately 36,014 of which 1500 (4%) are in the elderly age group of 60 years and above. The study population was 465 which is 30% (465/1500) of the geriatric population of Kahama. Among this group 5% were female while 41% were male and 53% (248/465) were married. 64% (297/465) were taking care of themselves, 32% (150/465) cared by relatives and 4% (18/465) cared by the community. Among the respondents, 40% (185/465) were affected by HIV/AIDs in one way or another either living with orphans whose parents died of HIV/AIDS or asking care of the infected patients within the family. It was also found that 73% of the geriatrics were not exempted from medical treatment fees so they had to pay for their medical care. However, only 32% were aware of getting free treatment and 61% of the study populations were not satisfied with the medical care provided at the public health facilities. The common diseases affecting this age group are: Eye problem 59% (273/465);Arthritis 52% (241/465);Dental problems 27% (124/465);Hypertension 23% (107/465);Backache 22% (105/465);Malaria 28% (132/465);Hearing problems 26% (121/645);Urinary tract Infection 35% (165/465);Depression 8% (36/465). Dementia was also a problem though we had no tools to confirm the diagnosis;some of the geriatrics had more than two diseases. Conclusion: The majority of the elderly age group in Kahama District are not aware of their rights that they deserve free treatment according to Tanzania policy, furthermore for assessment and screening of health problems. A majority of the elderly die prematurely due to preventable diseases and more than half of the diseases affecting geriatrics are preventable.

Social Problems Caused by the Model

While achieving successes,the neoliberalist economic development model hasalso given rise to a series of grave problems,especially problem of social injusticeand polarization,which have begun to threaten Latin America’s social security andstability.

Review of the Research on Urban Social Problems in Recent Years

In the last 10 years, China has madeconsiderable progress in urbanization withincreasing numbers of both city and urbanpopulation. This has played a positive rolein promoting the country’s political, eco-nomic and cultural development. However,the process of urbanization has broughtalong new problems and contradictionswhich require theoretical exploration.Against this background, urban sociology,

Social Skills and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents with Child Sexual Abuse, and Their Relation to Basal Cortisol

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a stressful associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal (HPA) axis and behavioral problems. Children and adolescents with history of CSA could have higher cortisol levels, as these have been associated with deleterious changes in brain regions involved in controlling social behavior and self-control. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship among basal cortisol levels, social skills and behavioral problems in adolescents with CSA by evaluating two groups: one consisting of 12 - 15-year-old girls with CSA (n = 23), the other healthy comparison adolescents with no history of child abuse (n = 23). Social skills and behavioral problems were assessed using the Social Skills Improvement System. Three saliva samples were collected from each participant. The girls with CSA had lower social skills and more behavioral problems, as well as, higher cortisol concentrations. Besides, these participants showed significant negative correlations among cortisol levels and social skills, as well as, positive correlations with behavioral problems scales. It is feasible to suggest that the social deficiencies observed in these participants with CSA are related to alterations of the HPA.

社会工作介入下的突发公共卫生事件中青年心理问题探讨

探讨青年群体在突发公共卫生事件中的心理压力问题,为青年群体的心理健康教育及实施心理行为干预提供依据。研究采用自编问卷,对安徽省F县Z社区内的青年群体进行抽样调查,并对抽样结果进行统计分析。结果显示:有75%的人面对突发公共卫生事件会增加心理压力,只有7%的人不受此影响,同时有30%的人不了解缓解心理压力的方法。由此建议社区设立心理服务专线、建立心理服务中心,以便有针对性地向青年群体开展心理健康教育;同时可以开展个案工作,合理分配社区工作者上门走访、线上咨询,有助于青年群体走出心理压力困境。研究丰富了现有文献,为突发公共卫生事件引发心理问题提供了解决思路。

近年来日本社会保障制度改革述评

2010年以来,日本人口减少、少子化、超老龄化趋势进一步加剧,医疗及护理需求攀升,社会保障支付与个人负担失衡,老年人和年轻人的代际矛盾显现。日本政府推行社会保障与税收一体化改革、社会保障与工作方式改革、“全世代型社会保障”制度改革,主要采取全年龄、全领域改革,即对年金制度、工作方式、医疗制度、预防及护理、少子化问题、贫富差距进行改革。改革的实施在一定程度上稳定了社会保障资金来源,有利于促进老年人及女性的劳动参与以及缓解代际矛盾。全面深入分析日本三项社会保障制度改革,对我国应对人口老龄化挑战、完善社会保障制度有借鉴意义。

核心素养导向的学科实践:内在逻辑与学习进程

学科实践是核心素养导向下的学科学习新形态,指向学生应对复杂问题情境的胜任力与协作交往的道德力的培育。学科实践包含人类实践、专业实践和个体实践,其紧紧围绕着学科知识与学科实践、学科观念与学科实践的互通关系而展开,知识在人类实践中产生又在指导和规约实践中得以发展,个体观念则在经历学科知识生产和发展的思维过程和实践过程中得以建构,再应用于实际问题解决以发展学生的学科理解力与学科实践力。学科实践以感性实践为起点,在复杂问题解决学习中通过理性实践与协作探究深化知识理解,并在知行循环中实现知识迁移与知识应用。让学科实践在学校教育中得以真正落实,需明确“学用合一”的学习理念,以“学科心理”来融通系列学习活动,厘清进阶性学科问题与问题链的现实路径,并致力构建意义协商的学习共同体。

家校合作对青少年社会行为的影响研究

青少年社会行为是非认知能力的主要体现,其不良社会行为不仅会影响其自身的学业和身心发展,也会影响家庭甚至整个社会的和谐稳定。家校合作是教育体系的组成部分,是影响青少年身心健康和全面发展的重要因素。基于中国教育追踪调查数据,分析家校合作对青少年社会行为的影响。结果表明:第一,家校合作能显著提升青少年亲社会行为,减少青少年问题行为;第二,二者关系在性别、城乡、家庭经济水平方面存在异质性;第三,亲子关系和师生关系在家校合作和青少年社会行为之间起中介作用。因此,应通过拓宽家校合作领域、培养良好的亲子关系和师生关系、重视家庭教育等途径,提升青少年亲社会行为和减少青少年问题行为。

疾病与社会:马克思文本中的医学隐喻

医学隐喻既是贯穿马克思思想史的独特阐述方式,也是表征马克思思想本义的关键载体。立足医学隐喻传统及社会有机体认知,马克思构塑了完备的医学隐喻体系,运用“瘟疫”“寒热病”等疾病类词汇喻指普鲁士社会制度、德国观念论、英国政治经济学等社会理论与现实问题,运用“金鸡霜”“解剖刀”等药物类、治疗工具类词汇喻指对社会问题或意识形态式的、或暂时的、或彻底的解决方案,藉此,马克思对封建制度、资本主义社会、人类历史等进行了深入反思。通过政治经济学研究,马克思笔下的医学隐喻从一种隐晦表达的思想修辞“进化”为成熟的社会医学观,基于工人阶级疾病问题分析,马克思以医学领域之面映射资本主义社会之体,为无产阶级指明解放道路,强调通过开展阶级斗争彻底消灭私有制,不仅在社会医学方面能够改善“工人病”产生的恶劣环境,更为每个人的自由而全面发展提供健康的身心条件。

日本社会晚婚化现象的成因及对策

作为世界上晚婚化现象最严重的国家之一,日本的平均初婚年龄不断攀升。通过对厚生劳动省、总务省调查数据进行分析发现,女性独立意识增强,理想型结婚对象难觅,男女双方对家庭生活的期望值降低,未婚者倾向于享受自我生活、追求自身价值实现是日本社会晚婚化加剧的主要原因,并由此造成了严峻的少子化、愈发突出的高龄化等社会问题。对此,可通过引导未婚者树立正确的婚恋家庭观,呼吁地方团体及政府加大政策支持等方式缓解晚婚化现象给日本社会带来的挑战,促进社会的良性发展。

社会接纳调节社会排斥对情绪冲突适应的影响

情绪冲突适应是指人们调动认知控制资源解决当前情绪冲突会促进对随后情绪冲突任务的解决。基于社会排斥的自我情绪调节理论和自我决定理论,本研究通过两个实验考察社会排斥是否影响情绪冲突适应以及社会接纳是否调节社会排斥对情绪冲突适应的影响。在实验1中被试被随机分为接纳组和排斥组。结果发现,排斥组被试在反应时上的情绪冲突适应效应小于接纳组。在实验2中被试被随机分成接纳-接纳组、接纳-排斥组、排斥-接纳组和排斥-排斥组。结果发现,接纳-排斥组比排斥-排斥组被试在反应时上表现出更大的情绪冲突适应效应,而接纳-接纳组和排斥-接纳组被试的情绪冲突适应效应没有显著差异。这两个实验提示,社会排斥会降低个体的情绪冲突适应,而社会接纳可以调节被排斥者的情绪冲突适应。上述发现不仅有助于理解社会排斥与情绪问题之间的关系,而且为干预社会排斥带来的情绪问题风险提供可行性方案。

百年党史实践中的哲学问题

如果把中国历史视作一个自我生成、自我呈现的精神谱系,那么百年党史就是这个精神谱系的现当代形态。然而,如果我们把这个充满内在动力、充满生命力的、流动的精神谱系仅仅视作一个解释的对象、任意建构和重构的对象,便必然遮蔽它的内在张力和奔向未来的动力。相反,如果我们直面这个现当代精神谱系的原始发生和逻辑演进过程,那么它就是一部哲学问题的发生史。哲学问题或问题哲学是我们把握百年党史实践的一种致思方式,而不是一种意见、情绪和情感。百年党史实践中的哲学问题,有社会本体论、社会认识论和社会价值论三个层面,以及基于三个层面之上的基础性、根本性和全局性三种性质。如果能把三个层面和三种性质的问题还原到百年党史的实践中,并给出一个既有正确性前提又有正当性基础的分析和论证,那么这种真诚的态度和追求真理的精神就是值得肯定的。

基于社会网络分析法的广西农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目问题分析及优化策略

背景我国自2010年起开始实施农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目(以下简称该项目),该项目在完善基层卫生人才队伍建设、提升基层医疗卫生服务水平等方面发挥了重要作用。随着该项目的推进,虽然已取得了一定成效,但也存在诸多尚待解决的问题,而其中紧迫且重要的核心问题尚未明确。目的通过梳理存在的问题,为进一步推进该项目提供借鉴。方法于2023年5月,采用文献分析法检索中文数据库,梳理文献记载的该项目存在的问题;采用社会网络分析法对梳理得出的问题进行分析,运用优劣解距离法(TOPSIS法)对基于社会网络分析法计算得出的结果进行综合评价。结果对文献中有关问题进行整理统计。得出频次排名靠前的问题依次为定向医学生基层薪资待遇偏低(14次)、定向医学生基层职业发展空间有限(10次)、相关配套政策不完善(10次)、基层工作条件差(7次)、定向医学生学习积极性与主动性欠缺(7次);通过TOPSIS法对社会网络分析法计算得出的结果进行综合评价,排名前4位的问题依次为相关配套政策不完善(Ci=0.867)、定向医学生基层职业发展空间有限(Ci=0.800)、定向医学生基层薪资待遇偏低(Ci=0.786)和基层工作条件差(Ci=0.621)。结论广西壮族自治区农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目在推进过程中仍存在较大问题。建议从以下几个方面优化该项目以确保项目高质量发展:完善相关配套政策,强化监管与评估;畅通职业晋升渠道,建立长效激励机制;完善薪酬制度,提高待遇水平;改善基层工作环境,为基层工作提质增效。

面向老龄化社会主题的设计人才培养实践

以老龄化社会主题为例,探索设计院校如何开展“社会主题型”设计人才培养,使之培养出能够与时俱进,解决新时代社会问题的复合型卓越人才。以重庆邮电大学传媒艺术学院“人体感知与数据智能”实验室作为实践平台,并对“问题意识”“多元知识”和“地球公民”的重要性进行分析,最后针对这3个意识进行人才培养实践。通过两年半的实践过程,实验室培养出的本科生在发表高质量文章、实现高质量就业,以及获得互联网+奖项方面都取得了可喜成绩。当培养内容从“专业类别(Discipline)”转向到“社会主题(Theme)”,当培养模式从“知识传授(Delivering)”转向到“平台使能(Enabling)”,面向老龄化等特定社会主题的设计人才培养是有可行路径的,可以有效地解决传统专业技能型人才培养中存在的盲目性、滞后性和被动性问题。

关于政府和社会资本合作存量项目面临的问题及思考

“政府和社会资本合作存量项目”定义为2023年2月政府和社会资本合作项目清理核查前已完成招标采购程序的项目。当前,有关政府和社会资本合作项目的财政规章和规范性文件较多已废止和失效,存量项目的履约和监管职责原则上由地方政府自行负责。存量项目当前面临的突出问题之一即是付费困难,这对存量项目的持续稳定运营产生重大影响。根据以往项目经验和对相关政策文件的分析与解读,从履约管理、延长合作期及降低项目收益率等不同角度对解决存量项目付费困难问题提出一些思路和见解。

Preliminary Exploration on Socialization of Meteorological Services

Socialization of meteorological services is important guarantee of servicing national major development strategy,strategic selection of adapting to national reform,urgent need of meeting the development of related industries,and necessary way of solving public demand on meticulous,targeted and personalized meteorological services. At present,socialization construction of meteorological services in China still has many problems,such as weak service capability of intelligent weather,inadequate and imbalanced urban-rural and regional development,insufficient sharing and opening of meteorological data,and deficient role of social organization. It should vigorously impel socialization of meteorological services by exploring sharing and opening mechanism of basic meteorological data,establishing policy,regulation and standard system adapting to socialization of meteorological services,establishing operation mechanism for socialization of meteorological services of government dominance combining market,enriching content and means of meteorological socialization service.

QUASI-VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES AND SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM

A quasi-variational inequality is proved in paracompact setting which generalizes the results of Zhou Chen andAubin. As applications, two existence theorems on the solutions of optimization problems and social equilibria ofmetagames are showed which improve and extend the recent results of Kaczynski-Zeidan and Aubin.

新就业形态从业人员参保问题与对策分析

数字技术和平台经济的兴起催生了新就业形态。文章分析了新就业形态从业人员面临“漏保”“脱保”“断保”问题的现状、原因,解决新就业形态从业人员参保问题有利于促进共同富裕、维护社会稳定,提出了解决上述问题的途径:包括教育和咨询、财政支持、税收激励、法规制定以及在线资源建设等方面的举措,这些措施的综合运用可以提高新就业形态从业人员的社会保障水平,并促进其稳定就业和可持续发展。

基于问题行为理论的低年级大学生社交网络成瘾的影响因素研究

目的·基于问题行为理论,构建结构方程模型,开展对于大学生社交网络成瘾的相关研究。方法·在上海市某高校一、二年级本科生中开展关于大学生社交网络成瘾的横断面问卷调查,采用Logistic回归分析性别、年级、学习压力、自尊、孤独感、抑郁、困顿感、挫败感、人际需求、社会支持、吸烟、饮酒、运动和学习成绩对社交网络成瘾的影响。以问题行为理论为理论框架,构建大学生社交网络成瘾的理论框架模型。结果·60.31%(591/980)的低年级大学生有社交网络成瘾情况。单因素Logistic回归结果显示:抑郁、自尊、孤独感、挫败感、困顿感、社会支持、人际需求、运动和学习成绩对社交网络成瘾有显著影响。研究构建的大学生社交网络成瘾的结构方程模型拟合结果良好[S-Bχ^(2)/df=8.03,拟合指数(goodness-of-fit index,GFI)=0.924,比较拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)=0.909,非规范拟合指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)=0.872,近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)=0.096,标准化残差均方根(standardized root mean square residual,SRMR)=0.070],提示人格系统与社会环境系统之间、人格系统与行为系统之间、社会环境系统与行为系统之间均相互影响(β=1.018,P=0.000;β=0.218,P=0.003;β=0.268,P=0.000)。人格系统和行为系统对社交网络成瘾的影响在统计学上不存在显著性,社会环境系统对社交网络成瘾有显著的正向影响(β=0.481,P=0.001)。结论·人格系统和行为系统通过影响社会环境系统间接影响社交网络成瘾,社会环境系统直接影响社交网络成瘾。对于低年级大学生社交网络成瘾问题,应当充分尊重大学生的特点,从系统3个层面共同入手,降低大学生社交网络成瘾风险。