Determinants of Sexual Awareness among High School Students in Tokyo, Japan—Cross Sectional Analysis in Relation to Social Capital

Purpose: The study aimed to clarify the relationship between cognitive social capital and sexual awareness in high school students in Tokyo, Japan. Method: The self-administered questionnaire survey was administered to 1073 high school junior students in Tokyo in Feb. 2017 (collection rate 94.5%). Final analysis subjects totaled 1011 boys and girls (94.2%). True/false questions on timing to wear condom for sex knowledge, acceptability to sexual behavior of high school students for sexual awareness, sense of community belonging for social capital, existence of sexually experienced peers, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score (binarized with the mean value) were verified. Multiple logistic regression analysis assigning sexual awareness for dependent variable and sex knowledge, sexually experienced peers and Self-Esteem score for independent variable [model 1], including social capital for independent variable [model 2] was performed. The study was approved by Ethical Review Board of sub-organ. Results and Discussion: Out of subjects, 52.6% answered correctly questions on sex knowledge, 33.2% showed tolerance to sexual behavior of high school students, 68.6% had many peers with sex experience, and 75.9% had a sense of community belonging. In model 1, in both genders, having sex knowledge, high Self-Esteem score, and existence of sexually experienced peers was associated with a sense of intolerance to sexual behavior of high school students. In model 2, in both genders, having a sense of community belonging was associated with a sense of intolerance to sexual behavior of high school students [OR (95% CI): boy 1.11 (0.81 - 1.53), girl 1.14 (0.72 - 1.79)]. Persons with high cognitive social capital were likely to have a cautious sense toward sexual behavior. Conclusion: Cognitive social capital was found to be associated with sexual awareness. Cognitive social capital should be emphasized in promoting adolescent reproductive health for the future.

Determinants of Sexual Awareness among High School Students in Tokyo, Japan―Post-Interventional Comparison Analysis in Relation to Social Capital

Purpose: This study was to clarify the association of sexual awareness of high school students with cognitive social capital (SC) in Tokyo, Japan. Method: In September 2017, we conducted a survey of 1073 third-grade high school students who were the same students who had participated in the same questionnaire survey at the prior academic year when they were second-grade students. A total of 1073 students were surveyed and 956 students responded. From six to eight weeks prior to this September 2017 survey, we implemented an educational intervention in the students. Then we compared the results of this survey with the previous survey of February 2017. We used logistic regression to assess sexual awareness and sex knowledge, sexually experienced surrounding peers and Self-Esteem score. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board. Result/Discussion: Sexual awareness of high school students was significantly associated with SC both before and after the intervention. The higher SC one had, the higher sexual awareness was shown and the greater the sexual caution among both boys and girls was indicated. The study clarified the Determinants of Sexual Awareness of High School Students in Tokyo before and after the educational intervention. Conclusion: SC was found to be significantly associated with sexual awareness. SC should be emphasized in promoting adolescent reproductive health for the future.

HIV阳性MSM的社会行为及首次同性性行为到阳性时间的影响因素分析

目的了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性男男性行为者(MSM)的社会行为特征,分析首次同性性行为到阳性时间的影响因素。方法收集2007—2022年绵阳市疾病预防控制中心新确证并实施首次流行病学调查的阳性MSM资料,阳性时间的影响因素分析采用χ^(2)检验和Logistics回归模型。结果共收集有效资料457份,自认性取向成因属先天因素63.95%、后天因素36.05%,首次同性性行为性伴来源互联网60.54%、朋友等39.46%。首次同性性行为年龄平均23.95岁,发生阶段为在校学生44.64%、工作后55.36%。53.75%使用过rush poppers。阳性时间平均5.25年。多因素分析结果,职业学生/商业服务/无业(OR=1.868)、首次同性性行为发生在在校学生阶段(OR=1.555)者阳性时间短的可能更大,婚姻状况在婚及其他(OR=0.566)、固定性伴数≥3人(OR=0.553)、偶遇性伴数≥5人(OR=0.457)者阳性时间短的可能更小。结论阳性MSM多自认其性取向属先天因素,首次同性性行为的性伴来源互联网、发生在工作后和使用新型毒品较为普遍。阳性时间与婚姻状况、首次同性性行为发生阶段及性伴数量相关联。要针对性强化健康教育和行为干预。

野生藏酋猴的体重及其影响因素

体重是体现灵长类动物生活史和生长发育特征的重要指标,可反映其生理状况、行为变化和生态适应等信息。本研究以安徽黄山野生猴谷YA1群的48只藏酋猴为对象,使用地磅秤对群内个体进行连续11个月(2022年7月至2023年5月)的体重监测。研究结果显示,雄性藏酋猴的平均体重为(18.71±2.33)kg,显著高于雌性(11.79±1.97)kg。未成年雄性藏酋猴体重的快速发育期为3~5岁,雌性为2~3岁。成年雌雄体重与个体社会等级间均存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.001)。成年藏酋猴体重存在显著的季节变化(P<0.05),雌雄个体体重均在秋季最高,但是雄性个体在冬季最低,雌性个体春季最低。未怀孕个体体重在不同季节无显著性差异,而怀孕个体的体重从冬季到春季显著降低(P<0.05)。本研究表明,藏酋猴的体重具有显著的雌雄性二型现象,未成年雌雄个体体重的快速发育期存在明显分化,季节和社会等级对藏酋猴体重均具有显著影响。

婚龄人口性别比偏低及其社会后果研究

婚龄人口性别比失衡会对婚姻缔结、家庭稳定等产生影响,使得诱发社会风险的可能性增加。战后欧洲历史上曾经出现的婚龄人口性别比偏低现象,不仅引起了离婚率的明显升高,还造成了结婚率的大幅降低和非婚生育率的显著上升,也在一定程度上导致了当时社会上的性关系更加混乱。婚龄人口性别比偏低对婚姻、生育和两性关系等的影响与该地区婚龄性别比失衡的原因和周期密切相关,同时受到该地区社会、文化传统以及法律制度等的深刻影响。

No pain, no social gains:A social-signaling perspective of human pain behaviors

In this review article, we describe a social-signaling perspective of human pain and pain empathizing behaviors which is based on the premise that pain percepts evolved to serve both intrapersonal as well as interpersonal, communicative functions. This perspective offers a generative framework for understanding the natural origin and proximate expression of felt pain and pain empathizing behaviors. The basic thesis is that humans evolved sensory-behavioral heuristics for perceiving and inhibiting exogenous and endogenous pain sensations as part of more general expressive styles characterized by the demonstration of vulnerability gestures(i.e., trustworthiness cues) versus empowerment gestures(i.e., capacity cues), and these styles ultimately facilitate broader selfprotection and social novelty-seeking life-history behavior strategies, respectively. We review the extant literature on how social contextual factors(e.g., audience characteristics) and how structural and functional components of individual's social network appear to influence the expression of pain behaviors in ways that support basic predictions from the social-signaling perspective. We also show how the perspective can be used to interpret conventional findings of sex differences in pain percepts and pain empathizing behaviors and for predicting how the situational context and individual's peer networks modulate these differences in vitro and in vitro. We conclude the article by describing how pain researchers may better understand how varying levels and divergent directions of changes in affect tend to co-occur with systematic changes in internal vs external pain sensitivities, and thus why, from an evolutionary perspective, pain may occur in the presence and absence of physical tissue damage.

A Study on the Sex Differences of Vocabulary Learning Strategies of College Non-English Majors

The paper deals with a study on the sex differences of vocabulary learning strategies employed by the college non-English majors through a questionnaire. The author found some significant differences between some strategies employed by these two groups of students, but there were no significant differences between most of them employed by both sexes. Thus some tentative suggestions to the college English teachers in the vocabulary teaching were provided.

绵阳市男男性行为者领悟社会支持及与其相关因素的关系研究

目的了解男男性行为者(MSM)领悟社会支持现状,分析与相关因素的关系。方法用“滚雪球”抽样法,对四川省绵阳市MSM领悟社会支持等问卷调查和血清学检测。结果有效问卷1060份,领悟社会支持平均得分为家庭内支持(19.76±3.97)分、家庭外支持(39.44±6.55)分、总得分(59.20±9.78)分,低、中、高支持状态分别占1.79%、46.32%、51.89%。在家庭外支持及支持总得分方面,艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性者低于HIV阴性MSM(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果,年龄≥25岁(OR=1.536)、文化程度高中及以上(OR=2.407)、性取向双性恋及其他(OR=2.042)、本地居住时间>2年(OR=3.750)、近1年未接受同伴教育(OR=1.744)、互联网为主要寻找性伴方式(OR=2.114)者领悟社会支持高支持状态的可能更大,职业工人/农民/商业服务(OR=0.374)、艾滋病知识不全知晓(OR=0.364)、近6个月肛交无保护(OR=0.613)、近6个月肛交人数≥2(OR=0.756)者领悟社会支持低/中支持状态的可能更大。结论MSM领悟社会支持不高,领悟社会支持与人口学特征及性行为相关,领悟社会支持低/中支持状态者HIV感染风险大,应有效促进MSM领悟社会支持提高。

Social Differences and English Varieties

Social varieties has long been taken into consideration,as people in different social group have different social manner and speech behavior.This paper focuses on several aspects,such as sex,age,social class, etc.which account for language varieties in English.The purpose is to have a good understanding of learning English as second language.

Sex Work, Motivations for Entry, and the Combined Impact of Both on Mental Health: A Case Report of Japanese Female Patients within Therapeutic Relationships

The purpose of this study was to explore the motivations for entry into the sex industry. The narratives of four Japanese female psychiatric patients with a past experience of sex work were used for analysis. I identified not only practical factors such as financial difficulties or lack of job skills, but also various psycho-social factors, namely: weak emotional ties with their mothers since infancy, their mothers’ tendency to prioritize sons over daughters, unremitting needs for maternal care, fear of rejection and object-seeking behavior, desire to control others, envy and aggressive self-destructive behavior, difficulties in establishing female peer relationships during adolescence, proneness to dependency on male objects through sexual relationships, past histories of crime and delinquency, weak internal motivation, frequent acting out, and addictive behaviors. In this article I discussed whether their mental maladjustment was purely the product of their past experiences as sex workers, or whether in fact both the maladjustment and the motivations for entry were derived from personality characteristics developed since infancy. Although not applicable to every Japanese sex worker, this article presents a preliminary hypothesis regarding the contribution of the above multi-dimensional factors to the motivations for entry, and the following mental maladjustment.

我国学校社会工作实证研究的脉络、概况和热点——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

运用CiteSpace软件对中国知网收录的119篇论文进行了可视化分析,总结目前关于学校社会工作实证研究的脉络、概况和热点。可以看到我国学校社会工作实证研究还处于发展阶段,研究数量呈上升趋势,研究广度和深度进一步发展。研究热点集中于性教育、校园欺凌、留守及流动儿童的介入等实务议题。然而,现有研究大多为案例分析为主的质性研究、缺乏实证为本的干预研究、研究者之间的合作较为松散。建议之后的学校社会工作实证研究运用定量研究方法增进研究的科学性、开展证据为本的干预研究以及重视跨学科研究团队的培育与组建。

家庭社会经济地位与大学新生短期择偶态度:基于潜变量增长建模的分析

本研究旨在考察大学新生短期择偶态度的变化轨迹,以及家庭客观经济地位对大学新生短期择偶态度的影响及其性别差异。采用社会性性态度问卷与家庭社会经济地位问卷,以贵州省某高校的942名大一新生为研究对象进行每月1次共4次的追踪调查。潜变量增长建模与群组分析的结果表明:(1)新生的短期择偶态度呈线性增长趋势且具有显著的性别差异,即男性的初始水平和增长速度均高于女性;(2)家庭SES正向预测短期择偶态度的初始水平且能显著减缓短期择偶态度的增长速度,同时该预测作用不具有性别差异。研究结果支持了性策略理论与生活史理论的观点;同时,为大学新生入学过渡期内的适应教育与性安全教育提出了建议。

面神经炎病人心理状况及其相关危险因素分析

目的:调查面神经炎病人心理状况及其相关危险因素。方法:选取2021年1月—2022年6月医院收治的80例面神经炎病人为研究对象,采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评估所有病人的心理状况,根据结果分为不良组与良好组;设计基线资料调查表,详细统计两组病人的基线资料并比较,重点分析面神经炎病人心理状况的危险因素。结果:80例面神经炎病人存在焦虑或抑郁28例,占35.00%(28/80);不良组与良好组病人基线资料比较结果显示,性别、病程、家庭人均月收入及社会支持对面神经炎病人心理状况有影响(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性、病程长、家庭人均月收入低及社会支持低下均是面神经炎病人心理状况的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论:面神经炎病人不良心理状况发生率较高,女性、病程长、家庭人均月收入低及社会支持低下均是面神经炎病人心理状况的危险因素。应加强病人的健康教育与心理疏导,并嘱咐家属给予病人必要的支持,以改善病人心理状况。

婚恋类综艺中女性媒介形象的建构与突围——评国内首档离婚综艺《再见爱人》的符号实践

研究结合性别符号学及社会性别的相关理论,从“建构”与“突围”两个维度对国内首档离婚综艺《再见爱人》进行了文本分析,窥探女性媒介形象的建构逻辑,分析媒介如何赋权女性媒介形象及其意义的生产过程。研究发现,该档节目通过换喻、选择积极能指、提供语境3种路径来实现对女性媒介形象的赋权,这也为实现女性媒介形象符号表达的突围提供了新启发,即理应从能指把关、语境搭建及叙事策略等符号学进路中找到与媒介实践更好的结合。

种群内部因素对动物免疫功能的影响

动物的免疫状况与种群动态的关系是近年来动物生态学研究的热点之一。总结了种群内部因素对动物免疫功能的影响 ,并介绍了几种免疫调节假说。对于不同的研究对象 ,种群密度的高低对其可产生不同的影响。在一个种群中 ,优势个体往往具有较高的免疫水平 ;雌性个体的免疫水平高于雄性个体 ,这可部分归因于性激素的作用。动物处于繁殖期时免疫水平有所下降。婚配制度的作用效果是复杂的 ,为了能够成功进行繁殖而面临更大选择压力的性别可能具有更强的免疫功能。许多研究者根据野外研究结果探讨了种群调节的免疫机制问题 ,认为个体的免疫能力受到遗传和环境因素的影响 ,其变化状况将关系到整个种群的数量波动。还介绍了生态学研究中采用的免疫学指标 ,评价了这些指标对实验结果的影响 ,并对今后的研究方向提出了几点建议。

环境保护过程中社会性别的建构

基于社会性别中性别与发展的理论视角,阐述环境保护过程中社会性别的构建,以及参与环保这个途径对于女性自身发展的积极作用。

短尾猴的社会行为与社会关系

群体生活的动物通过社会行为相联系 ,社会行为的类别和发生的频率决定了动物社会关系的性质 ,进而决定了社会结构的类型。本文根据作者在安徽黄山对短尾猴 16年的观察研究 ,描述和分析了一些重要的社会行为 ,探讨了短尾猴社会中各种社会关系的特点和性质。雌性短尾猴之间的行为比较简单 ,缺乏多样性 ,主要通过近距及理毛等状态性行为建立和维持 ,是长久和稳固的关系 ;雄性短尾猴之间具有丰富的行为 ,事件性行为 (如拥抱、爬跨等 )占主要部分 ,易发生冲突但也易于和解 ;雄性和雌性关系与繁殖季节有关 ,交配期主要是性关系 ,产仔期主要是友好关系 ;

社会支持与不同性别癌症患者发病的关系研究

目的 :探讨社会支持与不同性别癌症患者发病的关系 ;方法 :使用肖水源编制的“社会支持评定量表”分别对5 0 1例不同性别癌症患者进行问卷调查 ;结果 :女性患者社会支持总分、主观支持分和对支持的利用度的评分比男性患者高(P <0 0 5 ) ,而客观支持分两者无差异 ;结论 :社会支持与不同性别癌症患者发病相关 ;应给癌症发病高危人群、特别是男性多一些关爱 ;而患者自身应充分利用别人的帮助 。

社会因素和性激素与围绝经期抑郁症的相关研究

目的探讨社会因素以及性激素水平与围绝经期抑郁症高发的关系。方法采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)及国际疾病分类(ICD-10)中"抑郁发作"的诊断标准筛查入选研究对象。收集79名围绝经期抑郁症和58名围绝经期非抑郁症研究对象的一般资料和外周血标本。采用电化学发光法检测血清中的雌二醇(E_2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)、黄体生成素(LH)和卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平。结果围绝经期抑郁症组睡眠障碍和慢性病发生率高于非抑郁症组(x^2=4.700,P=0.030;x^2=4.866,P=0.027)。围绝经期抑郁症组E_2、T、P水平均低于非抑郁症组(z=-3.175,P=0.001;z=-3.726,P<0.000;z=-2.868,P=0.004)。HAMD评分与E_2、T、P均存在负相关关系(r=-0.284,P=0.001;r=-0.389,P=0.000;r=-0.352,P=0.000)。Logistic回归分析显示E_2、T、P水平高是抑郁症发生的保护因素[OR(95%CI)分别为:3.851(1.347~11.785),P=0.014;4.580(1.298~14.132),P=0.012;1.864(0.984~3.942),P=0.049)]。结论睡眠障碍、慢性病、E_2、T、P水平与围绝经期抑郁症的发生相关,E_2、T、P水平高是围绝经期抑郁症发生的保护因素。