The Association between Awareness of Sexual Behavior and Cognitive Social Capital among High School Students in Vietnam

Background: Globally, adolescent sexual behavior is a major health concern and the focus of many researches. However, negative attitude towards premarital sex and sense of community belonging have not been examined in relation to adolescent sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine whether these two factors are associated with adolescent sexual behavior. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1672 eleventh grade students from three public high schools in Hanoi, Vietnam. Participants’ sense of community belonging and negative attitude towards premarital sex were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses to examine associations between the cognitive social capital concepts, such as a sense of community belonging. Results: 92.3% of students agreed with a sense of community belonging, but only 14.1% of students accepted premarital sex. A high sense of community belonging was significantly associated with negative attitude towards premarital sex OR (95% CI), male 3.16 (2.3-4.34), female 8.77 (5.38-14.29). After adjusting for a sense of community belonging, the association disappeared between acceptance of premarital sex and sexual experience of peers, proper time to wear a condom, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score. Conclusion: Cognitive social capital, such as sense of community belonging, was associated with negative attitude towards premarital sex. Therefore, cognitive social capital concepts should be included in sexual behavior and health promotions, especially with adolescents.

The Influence of Social Desirability on Self-Reported Sexual Behavior in HIV Survey in Rural Ethiopia

Objective: It is in order to examine associations between social desirability (SD) and self-reports of abstinence among youths in rural Ethiopia. Methods: Youths of ages 15-24 (114 participants) were administered questionnaire to assess HIV knowledge and primary abstinence and a modified Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale to assess SD bias. The relationships between SD groups (dichotomized into high and low) and abstinence by various characteristics were assessed by using Fisher’s exact p-values. Results: The odds of individuals reporting abstinence were 13.2 times greater in the high SD group compared to the low SD group (p-value 0.002) when adjusted for education, gender, age group, and HIV knowledge. The differences in abstinence between the high and low SD score groups were also examined for selected variables. Conclusions: Individuals who exhibited more SD bias were more likely to report primary abstinence. SD bias should be considered when conducting self-reported surveys to measure the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs.

Social Skills and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents with Child Sexual Abuse, and Their Relation to Basal Cortisol

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a stressful associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal (HPA) axis and behavioral problems. Children and adolescents with history of CSA could have higher cortisol levels, as these have been associated with deleterious changes in brain regions involved in controlling social behavior and self-control. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship among basal cortisol levels, social skills and behavioral problems in adolescents with CSA by evaluating two groups: one consisting of 12 - 15-year-old girls with CSA (n = 23), the other healthy comparison adolescents with no history of child abuse (n = 23). Social skills and behavioral problems were assessed using the Social Skills Improvement System. Three saliva samples were collected from each participant. The girls with CSA had lower social skills and more behavioral problems, as well as, higher cortisol concentrations. Besides, these participants showed significant negative correlations among cortisol levels and social skills, as well as, positive correlations with behavioral problems scales. It is feasible to suggest that the social deficiencies observed in these participants with CSA are related to alterations of the HPA.

The Cross Sectional Study on the Association between Sexual Awareness and Cognitive Social Capital among High School Students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Purpose: We aimed to reveal the association between cognitive social capital and sexual awareness among high school students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, where adolescent premarital sex is considered to be wide-spreading as consequence of socioeconomic changes, in comparison to our previous study in Hanoi, 2012. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and a cross sectional study in late 2014, with 2051 eleventh graders at three high schools in Ho Chi Minh City. Complete data was received from 1935 respondents (94.3%). We assessed basic attributes, sexual knowledge, sexual awareness, sexual experience of peers, cognitive social capital such as a sense of community belonging, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem score. After the independent t-test and multiple logistic regression analyses on sexual awareness were performed assigning trivalent Rosenberg Self-Esteem score, sexual knowledge, and sexual experience of peers as independent variables (model 1), followed by analysis adjusted for cognitive social capital (model 2). This study was approved by Japanese Red Cross Akita College of Nursing (No. 24-003). Results: Of 1935 respondents, 99.9% were 16 or 17 years old and mostly from nuclear families (71.1%). Of all participants, 45.8% in males and 49.4% in females correctly answered on sexual knowledge, 47.6% of males and 28.3% of females accepted premarital sex, 60.0% of male and 65.0% of females knew peers with sexual intercourse experience, and 78.1% of males and 79.1% of females agreed with a sense of community belonging. When multiple logistic regression analyses performed, in model 1, sexual awareness was significantly associated with Rosenberg Self-Esteem score in female. In model 2, above association disappeared but significant association was found between sexual awareness and cognitive social capital in both sexes OR (95% CI), male 1.39 (1.05 - 1.84), female 1.99 (1.49 - 2.65). Discussion: The conservative traditional culture in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City seems to be similar to the concept of cognitive social capital and it is considered to have influenced sexual awareness of high school students in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Conclusion: Cognitive social capital is significantly associated with sexual awareness among high school students in urban areas of Vietnam.

道德自我、社会支持对大学生非安全性行为的影响

目的探索道德自我、社会支持对大学生非安全性行为的影响。方法于2022年5月采用大学生道德自我问卷、社会支持评定量表、青少年健康相关危险行为问卷对1024名大学生进行调查,分析调查结果。结果(1)大学生道德自我与社会支持呈显著正相关(r=0.31,P<0.01);(2)道德自我与大学生非安全性行为呈显著负相关(r=-0.26,P<0.01);(3)社会支持与大学生非安全性行为呈显著负相关(r=-0.19,P<0.01);(4)社会支持在道德自我与大学生非安全性行为的预测机制中起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的36.5%。结论道德自我、社会支持可以较好地预测大学生非安全性行为,社会支持在道德自我和大学生非安全性行为之间起到部分中介作用,这一作用机制对于大学生性健康和性道德教育具有积极的理论和实践意义。

Latent Profiles of Social Media Users, STI Knowledge, and Condom Use among African American Young Adults

The abundance of social networking platforms has increased the frequency and the availability for which individuals communicate with one another. The feasibility and accessibility to go online to find sexual partners pose opportunity for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the absence of safe sexual practices. Low condom use has been reported among young adults who seek sexual partners online. African American young adults have some of the highest rates of infection for certain STIs. In order to mitigate the incidence and prevalence of STIs in at-risk populations, sexually active young adults must use condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activities. The present study sought to uncover the heterogeneity within African American young adults regarding their online networking utilization, STI knowledge, and sexual risk behavior. African American young adults (N = 236), ages 18 - 23, completed private online survey administration. Using latent class analysis, three classes were identified: Social Network Communicators (43%;N = 101), Social Networking Daters (36%;N = 83), and Media Sharers (21%;N = 52). Social Networking Daters exhibited the highest probability of using online dating sites daily, low STI knowledge, and a zero probability of consistent condom use. All three groups exhibited relatively low STI knowledge. Furthermore, having a history of STI increased the likelihood of being classified into the Social Networking Daters class relative to the other classes. Findings highlight the need to capitalize upon online platforms for African American young adults who utilize online dating sites and other online environments.

污力滔滔还是雅俗共赏?营销中的性感效应

性感广告是常见的品牌营销手段,科技发展使得表现形式更加丰富的性感营销越来越受青睐。既有研究往往片面地将性感等同于与性,且文献零散分布在生理学、社会学和心理学等多个学科领域,缺乏系统的逻辑脉络,结论之间相互矛盾。完整的性感效应理论框架包括对性感广告的定义、分类和性感广告所产生的正负面效应;其中的心理解释机制有消费者认知、生理动机、性自我图式和社会临场感;同时,性感广告会受到产品类型、广告情境和个体特质的调节。总之,性感广告在营销中具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。

西昌市吸毒人群HIV感染模式研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群吸毒方式及性行为与HIV感染的关系.方法：采用现况调查对四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、伙伴人数和性行为情况与HIV感染的关系进行调查.同时采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果：吸毒人群619人中,HIV感染率为8.6%（53/619）,其中静脉吸毒者的HIV感染率为10.1%（33/327）.在单因素分析和控制其他因素分析中,至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数与HIV感染差异均有统计学意义.趋势性检验发现随着至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数的增加,吸毒人群HIV感染率也在增加.在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,发现与HIV感染差异有统计学意义的变量是共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数（1～3人OR=2.47,95%CI为1.21～5.04;≥4人OR=5.13,95%CI为2.30～11.46）和彝族（OR=3.71,95%CI为2.04～6.75）.结论：吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与HIV感染有关.

共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染关系的研究

目的探讨吸毒人群共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004-05/07,采用横断面研究调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、吸毒频率、共用注射器静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数以及性行为特征。同时采集血样进行HIV和抗体检测。结果调查吸毒人群451人,HIV感染率为15.1%(68/451),其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17.8%(66/370)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,与HIV感染关系有统计学意义的变量是彝族(OR=2.91;95%CI,1.67～5.10)、至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的总次数(1～19次OR=4.67;95%CI,2.35～9.26;20次及以上OR=4.20;95%CI,1.52～11.61)和至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数7人及其以上(OR=2.17;95%CI,1.01～4.68)。结论吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与其HIV感染有关,需通过降低共用注射器具静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数来控制HIV的传播流行。

性病门诊病人性行为特征与心理社会因素探讨

对１９９７年３月至６月因性病方面原因就诊的病人进行性行为特征与心理社会因素方面的问卷调查。结果表明：就诊者以２０～２９岁年龄组居多，占４２．０％，２０岁以下，占９．０％；初次性行为多发生于２０～２５岁，最早１４岁，最晚２９岁，平均年龄２１．３岁；婚前性行为发生率为７５．０％，保持多性伴关系者占８３．０％，平均性伴数为３．７人，且男性多性伴率显著高于女性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；避孕套使用率为５２．６％，其中商业性行为最低，仅为１８．０％。提示，应加强性知识的宣传教育，减少婚外性行为，推广使用避孕套。

浙江省金华、杭州大学生性行为现状调查分析

目的了解大学生社会性行为发生的现状。方法采用自编问卷,对浙江省10所高校751名大学生的社会性行为及性心理现况进行调查。结果有过接吻、性爱抚、性交的大学生分别为45.5%、27.4%、16.6%。男、女生在性爱抚、性交上差异显著(P<0.01)。在性交行为的发生中男生的主动性显著高于女生(P<0.01)。一些大学生中出现了无“爱”之性。婚前性交给大学生带来种种困扰。结论一部分大学生性道德意识淡漠,必须对大学生进行性教育,确保其性行为维持在社会和道德允许的范围之内,促进其性心理的发展和人格的完善。

能以貌取人吗? 面孔宽高比研究述评

面孔宽高比是左右颧骨点之间的距离除以上面高所得到的比值,被认为是人类面孔性别二态特征之一。男性面孔宽高比被认为是男性睾酮水平的可信外显指标,与攻击行为、欺诈等不道德行为存在显著关联,并受到社会经济地位的调节;面孔宽高比与上进心、对内群体成员的牺牲精神等男性化积极社会行为亦存在显著关联。睾酮水平被认为是面孔宽高比和社会行为两者背后的共变因素,并引起激烈争论:面孔宽高比的性别差异在多个研究中未获支持,男性面孔宽高比与睾酮水平存在关联的直接证据亦有待进一步夯实。

流动人口的风险性行为——社会经济地位与社会资本因素探析

社会经济地位(SES)和社会资本能够对流动人口的健康状况产生重要影响。本文围绕西部地区性别失衡与婚姻挤压情景下的男性流动人口,探讨SES和社会资本对于风险性行为参与的影响。研究通过性与生殖健康问卷调查的数据描述,解读了SES差异下的风险性行为参与状况;运用序次回归分析,讨论了SES和社会资本对于风险性行为的影响。研究发现SES与社会资本对大龄未婚男性的风险性行为会产生显著影响;而对已婚人群的商业性行为有显著影响,对无保护性行为的影响不明显。因而SES和社会资本是性别失衡情境下流动人口在城市中发生风险行为的重要影响因素。上述风险因素的明确也有助于为流动人口社会管理与公共服务体系建设提供策略启示。

大龄未婚男性流动人口的风险性行为及影响因素

以西安市28岁以上的大龄未婚男性流动人口为研究对象,进行了性行为相关内容的电子问卷调查,并收集农村大龄未婚男性进入城市后可能产生的风险性行为信息;通过分析明确了大龄未婚男性流动人口的风险性行为概况和人群特征,用逻辑斯蒂(Logistic)回归模型探析了其行为现状与影响因素。研究发现,大龄未婚男性流动人口在多个性伴侣与商业性行为表现出明显倾向;大龄未婚男性流动人口的经济条件年龄以及受教育程度对其风险性行为产生了影响;周围人群的风险性行为参与对大龄未婚男性流动人口的风险性行为参与产生带动作用;此外,无保护性行为在这一人群中的比例已经显著降低。

依据性行为地理网络特征开展大学生性教育

目的:了解大学生性行为地理网络特征,为基于性行为地理网络特征的性教育提供针对性建议。方法:对4081名大学生进行问卷调查,并进行性行为地理网络单因素及多分类logistic回归分析。结果:13.8%的调查对象承认有过性行为,初次性行为和最近半年性行为的地点均以学校周围(37.1%、21.8%)和离学校较远的宾馆(28.3%、15.9%)为主。多因素分析显示初次性行为地理网络的影响因素为学校所在地,学校所在地为"省会城市"者更容易在"宾馆"发生初次性行为(P<0.01);最近半年性行为地理网络的影响因素为年级、恋爱情况以及初次性行为地理网络(P<0.05)。结论:可依据大学生性行为地理网络特征,从性行为发生地点着手,开展行之有效的性教育。

大学生合理节欲的必要性与实施途径

大学生节欲对促进他们维持身心健康、促使学业顺利完成、减少社会伦理问题等具有重要的现实意义。本文分析了大学生节欲的必要性和重要性,提出了大学生节欲的科学途径,这些措施对改善校园风气,提高大学生性教育效果具有积极意义。

婚姻挤压背景下流动男性HIV/AIDS传播的社会风险——基于风险性行为的比较分析

通过统计方法明确商业性行为和男男同性性行为的概况及其影响因素;在此基础上对HIV/AIDS传播的社会风险指标进行赋值,通过风险计算方法评价了两类风险性行为HIV/AIDS传播的社会风险。研究发现,流动男性存在HIV/AIDS传播的个人风险,影响因素对两类风险性行为的影响存在显著差异;商业性行为是流动男性HIV/AIDS传播的社会风险,男男同性性行为尚未成为社会风险。

性行为的社会控制

性行为的社会控制是指性行为中与社会有关的方面,人类的性行为既是一种本能,同时也受理智的支配,而理智是在人类社会的发展中所产生的道德、法律等所形成的控制力量,保证了社会的正常发展。我国当前性行为已经到了无序与泛滥的程度,亟需社会调控。性行为的社会控制,包括道德调控和法律调控,这两者的调控范围不同,应当仔细区分。道德调控,主要是针对轻度越轨但尚不触犯法律的一类性行为;法律调控,完全是针对性犯罪行为。二者互相补充,相辅相成。

雄激素与鼠类的社会行为

雄激素引起的社会行为包括杀婴行为、攻击行为、交配行为和社会识别行为等 ,雄激素首先引起脑结构的性差 ,是雌雄个体社会行为发生差异的基础 .雄激素引起的杀婴行为目前还有争议 ,多数学者认为还与孕酮有关 ;雄激素引起的攻击行为还受年龄、生殖状态 (泌乳时期 )、婚配制度、父本扶养还是母本扶养等各种因素的影响 ;雄激素引起的交配行为、社会识别行为还与化学感觉系统有关 ,社会识别主要由抗利尿激素依赖雄激素而产生 .

雄性川金丝猴对雌性的受孕认知与等级识别

社会认知是群居动物适应复杂环境和社会生活能力的体现,致力于理解自身、他人与社会。认知有利于促进利益分配的优化,而行为认知策略则是关注的热点问题。但迄今为止,川金丝猴如何进行社会地位与受孕状态等基础认知尚不清楚。本研究通过投食招引,在个体识别和等级判定的基础上,以栖息于秦岭观音山自然保护区熊猫谷景区的一个半野生川金丝猴群为对象,采用瞬时扫描和焦点动物取样法,观察并收集了猴群中6个一雄多雌单元成年雌雄个体的空间位置、邀配、交配及产仔行为数据,结合食物密度梯度"同心圆"和受孕周期,推测雌性成功受孕的交配时间段,运用配对t-检验统计证实受孕前后雌性的交配实现率差异显著(t=4.527,P=0.001),表现为受孕前雌性邀配行为获取的雄性响应率明显高于受孕后;通过Spearman相关性检验发现,雌性受孕前的交配实现率(R=0.527,P=0.006)及受孕时间(R=0.556,P=0.049)与自身等级均显著正相关,即高等级雌性邀配行为的雄性响应率及与雄性生殖性交配的时间明显高于或早于低等级雌性。结果表明,雄性川金丝猴拥有认知单元内成年雌性受孕状况和等级地位的能力,这种认知能力影响着雄性的性行为方式。