Differences inthe Level of Social Status of Male and Female Folk Dancers

The research was conducted in order to determine differences in the social status structure of male and female performers of folk dances. For the purpose of determining the social status structure of male and female dancers, 103 male and 145 female dancers aged 18-28 actively engaged in folk dancing were tested. For the assessment of social status, only one model that allows for true scientific approach to studying the structure of stratification dimensions has been made so far. The model was constructed by Saksida and later served as a basis for many studies conducted by other authors as well （Saksida, Caserman, Petrovic, Momirovic, and Hosek）. Designed as a phenomenological model, it has undergone several changes over time, but it is still suitable for studying social change. The INST2 questionnaire modified by Boli, Popovic, Hosek, Momirovic, and Savic （SSMIN） was applied in this study. All the data obtained in this research were processed at the Multidisciplinary Research Center of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Pristina, through the system of data processing programs designed by D. Popovic and K Momirovic. To determine differences between the groups, a method of discriminant analysis was applied.

Self-Reported Social Status among Rural Residents:A Case in the Outskirts of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region

China has in recent decades undergone profound changes and continues to do so—changes that are transforming the social fabric,motivating studies on how self-reported social status is changing in different parts of China.Applying a realist approach,the study emanates from theories on self-reported social status underlining the role of reference-groups,adding insights from the work of Pierre Bourdieu by introducing the terminology of habitus and types of capital.Furthermore,the study adds a spatial scale,thereby contributing to theoretical development.Hence the empirical study asked villagers to provide self-reported social status at village,county and national levels.The statistical analyses include objective and subjective conditions,representing economic,cultural,social,and symbolic capital,as well as other factors.The results confirm the relevance of the reference-group theory,with self-reported social status decreasing from village to national level.Based on multivariate analyses,the study identifies two segments of habitus at the village level,one at the county level and one at the national level,facilitating high scores on self-reported social status.These habitus segments underline the importance of incorporating spatial scale as a theoretical dimension.In doing so,the study reveals that a habitus segment including cultural capital of farming competence is important at village and county levels but is replaced at the national level by a segment including the social capital of instruction sources related to farming and not wanting to move.Furthermore,a habitus segment revolving around the economic capital of jobs outside farming,younger generations,and wanting to move is active at the village level.In addition to revealing reference-group differences this habitus segment also indicates that large-scale,national transitional forces are at work,facilitating new drivers for self-reported social status locally.

The better future projections the more childbirth:the association between subjective social status and fertility desire of the Chinese population

Previous research has detailed how social status affects the willingness to have children.However,subjective social status(SSS)derived from a comparison with a reference group also has an important impact on fertility desire.This study explores the relationship between the past,present,and future SSS and fertility desire,using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,a nationally representative population survey conducted in 2017(N=4,864).The study found that the individual’s fertility desire is positively enhanced by the current SSS,the expected SSS in the future,and the upward trend of SSS throughout the course of life.Compared with the group with a low level of SSS and with little change in SSS,the fertility desire of the group with"Rising first and then stable"SSS and"Rising"SSS significantly increased.The results suggest that the expectation of positive changes in social status will stimulate fertility desires and produce long-term family plans.With the rapid development of China’s social economy and the positive response to the low fertility rate,social policies should be adopted to open up channels for the protection and improvement of the social status of citizens and to achieve an increase of fertility desire.

Subjective Social Status,Income Inequality and Subjective Perceptions of Mobility(2003-2013)

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rura1 residents from the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)and China Genera1 Social Survey(CGSS)from 2003 to 2013,we analyzed the structural features and influencing factors underlying subjective social status in China.Our findings indicate that over these years,such identification has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin:those who“identify with a low social status”account for more than half of respondents,a much higher proportion than in most countries.At the individual level,the net effect on subjective social status of such objective indicators as education,income and occupation has been relatively small,and lessened over the ten years.The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and subjective social status is quite strong,but the upward impetus provided by perceptions of upward mobility weakened over the period.At the macro-level,the tempo of economic growth failed to raise the level of class identification,and income inequality had a markedly negative effect.Our research findings further demonstrate that curbing the income gap and increasing opportunities for mobility are important for raising the level of class identification during the transition period.

Social class differences in parent educational expectations:The relationship between parents’social status and their expectations for children’s education

To achieve the overall goals and purposes of education is closely related to the living environments of students.Different family backgrounds will put children into a situation where they face unfair competition.According to a survey conducted in China’s Urumqi and Changchun about parents’awareness of educating their children,this paper will suggest that families with different backgrounds have different expectations for their children’s education.Moreover,it suggests that parents’social status is related to their children’s education expectations.Therefore,we can find that parents’social status influences their children’s education,and their positions in social class are related to education.

Teachers’ Social Status Debated

Primary and secondary school teachers should be entitled to the same rights as civil servants. That’s the proposal put forward by academician Zhu Qingshi, former president of the Beijing-based University of

A Survey of Social Nutrition Status of the Elderly in theUrban Area of Chengdu, Sichuan Province

The social nutrition status was investigated among 246 subjects aged 60-90 living at three urban communities in Chengdu of Sichuan Province. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate socirydeweraphic background, the subjects' nutrition knowledge, and the support systerns for geriatric nutrition. Fasting venous blcod was colected for the analysis of biochemical parameters. Blood pressure, bene mineral contents (BMC), body weight (BW) and they height (BH) were measured at the same time. Only 49. 7% of the subjects correctly an swered four basic questions on nutrition. Food patterns for the elder1y were simple and modest. Several nutrition-related disorders for the elderly were including high systolic bbo pressure (44. 6 % ), hyPertriglyceridemia (25. 9 % ), high diasto1ic blood pressure (25. 1% ),obesity (24. 5% ), high PBG (20. 6% ), emaciation (19. 9%), high FBG (17.9%) and osteoporosis (16. 8%). These data indicate that the support systems for the geriatric nutrition will have to be improved.

IMMIGRATION, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS OF AMERICAN CHINESE

In 1994, the total Chinese population in the United States were 2,017,799 which were 0.8 percent of the total US population. The Chinese population were highly concentrated by regions and among the total population. By states, 42 percent of total Chinese population were found in California, 17 percent in New York. More than 80 percent total Chinese population were concentrated in 9 states. By metropolitan areas, 14.73 percent of total Chinese population were found in Los Angeles and New York respectively. Compared with the total US population, 60 percent Chinese population were found in less than 20 percent total US population and 80 percent in 50 percent. By studying the Chinese population distribution and the reason behind it, we hope to find some interesting relationships among the characteristics of this distribution and the historical, cultural, social and economic factors influencing it.

Social, Clinical and Psychometric Factors Affecting Self-Rated Oral Health, Self-Rated Health and Wellbeing in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Many studies examined and reported oral and general health inequalities in clinical health, SROH and SRH. Objectives: The study aims to explore the social influences, gradients and predictors of self-rated oral health (SROH) and self-rated health (SRH) and wellbeing in Greek adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study, of men and women, aged 65 years and over (N = 743) in Greece. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed for dentate and edentulous participants. For the association between socioeconomic exposures and binary outcomes, logistic regression was performed to estimate Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals (OR, 95% CI);levels of association and Cramer’s V were applied to calculate associations and p-values. Results: The objective socioeconomic measures, such as household income, education level and last main occupation were significant predictors and determinants of both SROH and self-rated health (SRH). For Satisfaction with life (SWL), there was a diversity in the results analogous to the dental status of the participants. Household income and SSS were predictors of SWL in dentate participants. In the total sample Household income, occupation and SSS, were predictors of SWL, while in edentulous participants only occupation and SSS were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Subjective social status was statistically significant for SROH, SRH and SWL (p < 0.01). More men than women reported their SROH and SRH as good. Household income and SSS were predictors of SWL, in dentate participants, thus the better the income and the higher the relative social status, the higher feeling of SWL was recorded. Place of residence had significant associations only with SWL. Household income, education, occupation and SSS had significant levels of association with SROH and SRH in dentate participants (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are socioeconomic gradient inequalities in SROH and SRH in Greek adults living in Attica area. Subjective social status is a predictor of SROH, SRH and SWL. The need to prioritize interventions to eliminate disparities and inequalities in oral and general health and wellbeing of elders is evident.

A Comparative Study of Ear Diseases in School Children from Lower versus Higher Socioeconomic Status

Background: Preventable otologic conditions have been found to be important health issues among paediatric age group. Poor socioeconomic status and inappropriate management services in developing countries lead to various complications despite the fact that most of these diseases are self-limiting. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of ear diseases in school children of high and low socioeconomic status in Yola, Nigeria. Methods: This study was conducted in March 2017 in two primary schools (private and public) in Yola among 6 - 8 years old pupils. Approval for the study was obtained from Federal Medical Centre, Yola and consent was obtained from the parents/guardians and the school authorities. Using a health questionnaire, a brief ENT history was obtained from children in years 1 and 2 of each school. Otoscopic examination, audiometry and tympanometry were then carried out. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 20. Results: One hundred and three children were studied. The age range was 6 - 8 with mean age of 6.8 ± 0.9 and 53 (51.5%) boys. Fifty-two (50.5%) were from public school (low socio-economic class) and 51 (49.5%) from private (high social class). Wax was the most common ear condition encountered affecting 37 (35.9%) children, and the number was similar in both groups. Otitis media with effusion (OME) was encountered in seven children evenly split between the two groups showing a point incidence of 6.8%. There was hearing loss in 13 (12.6%) children, and this was also similar in the two groups. Conclusion: Wax impaction was the commonest otologic disease encountered. Our study also showed a point incidence of 6.8% for OME, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups, and neither was there any statistically significant difference between the two groups in any of the other diseases encountered.

The Rise of China’s Women’s Basketball Team:An Exploration of Gender Equality in Professional Basketball

This article explores the rise of the Chinese women’s basketball team in professional basketball and its relationship to gender equality issues.In view of the gender differences in salary,market value,social status,and other aspects,the article proposes a series of strategies to promote the realization of gender equality for female basketball players in professional basketball.This article points out that the rise of the Chinese women’s basketball team will lead the process of gender equality and lay the foundation for a more equitable and inclusive future.To achieve this goal,this article highlights the importance of improving the competitive level of female athletes,improving basic education,promoting basketball culture,and promoting gender equality.

走向家产身份制——简论中国社会分层秩序的演变及其问题

在中国应变性变革过程中,社会分层格局越来越向着一种家产身份制的方向演变。毛泽东时代的结束并不意味着原有身份格局的简单解体。身份化的过程贯穿于利益竞争的始终,参与了市场化背景下社会分层秩序的建构。这一过程不仅对个人利益的得失有着重要影响,而且决定了社会演变的性质以及由此带来的各种问题。

论新媒体环境下网络社会管理的“四位一体”模式

新媒体发展给网络社会管理既带来机遇,也带来严峻挑战。目前,我国网络主权的维护方面还不适应新媒体发展带来的"网络无国界"的冲击;新媒体监管体制和机制相对滞后,不适应新媒体快速发展要求;保护网民的合法权利的法律、法规缺失。基于此,我们应该建立"四位一体"的网络社会管理模式:政府对外要积极争取网络社会管理话语权,对内要契合新媒体时代特征,成为"善治"政府;网络媒体要基于职业使命承担起信息传输、管理职责;互联网企业要基于企业社会责任发挥辅助监督、管理功能;网络用户要基于公民意识,成为自我约束者和公共精神的建构者。以此构建起一个自足的网络社会管理体系,成就安全、稳定、可靠、有序的网络社会。

Effects of Dietary Protein Variations at Different Life-stages on Vocal Dominance of the African Clawed Frogs

How nutritional conditions during early development affect an organism’s phenotype at adulthood is still poorly understood despite a plethora of research on developmental plasticity.The"environmental matching"hypothesis predicts that individuals will have high fitness providing that their adult environment"matches"what they experienced during development.In contrast,the"silver spoon"hypothesis predicts that individuals who obtain better developmental resources will be generally superior.Here we tested these two hypotheses and examined the underlying hormonal mechanisms by manipulating the early dietary protein content of African clawed frogs(Xenopus laevis)for a year with a 2×2 factorial experimental design.We found that only a lowprotein food during development enhanced the vocal competition ability of male X.laevis,and that vocal dominance was associated with higher cortisol levels but not related with testosterone content.These results were not congruent with the"environmental matching"hypothesis or with the"silver spoon"hypothesis,suggesting the behavioral plasticity during development is more complex than our expectation in amphibians.

A Comparative Study on Korean and Myanmar Personal Pronouns

The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between pronouns in Korean and Myanmar. In other words, we try to help Korean and Myanmar learners to study personal pronouns by comparing the personal pronouns between the two languages. Personal pronouns are used in Myanmar as “pronouns referring to people” as in Korean. The two languages are divided into first person, second person, and third person pronoun. However, looking at functions and usage, there seem to be many differences between the two languages. For example, in the case of Myanmar language, personal pronouns are different according to gender and personal pronouns are used differently for general people and monks. Myanmar also uses the personal pronouns differently depending on colloquial and written language. In the case of Korean language, there is no big difference between the sexes in different languages but there is difference between the people and monks in terms of Myanmar language. However, Korean people have difficulties in learning personal pronouns because their usage differs according to their status and social status. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, it is meaningful to identify commonalities and differences between languages by comparing characteristics and use of personal pronouns between the two languages.

Cultural Capital and Status Attainment: An Empirical Study Based on Data from Shanghai

Cultural capital plays an important role in individuals＇ educational and status attainment. On the basis of data from the Shanghai Social Structure Survey of 2008 and from the perspective of broadly defined cultural capital, this paper measures the role of cultural capital of parents and children in the acquisition of social status. The findings are as follows： （1） Higher stocks of cultural capital on the part of parents and children mean more years of schooling for children. （2） Children＇s culatral capital has a significant influence on their status attainment. （3） Controlling for variables like gender and father＇s occupation, the more cultural capital one has, the more likely one is to enter a higher stratum. （4） A family＇s education, cultural ambience and cultural investment have a sustained and stable impact on status attainment. （5） Cultural caoital provides an effective way for the lower strata ofsociety to achieve upward social mobility.

Epigenomics and gene regulation in mammalian social systems

Social epigenomics is a new field of research that studies how the social environment shapes the epigenome and how in turn the epigenome modulates behavior.We focus on describing known gene-environment interactions(GEIs)and epigenetic mechanisms in different mammalian social systems.To illustrate how epigenetic mechanisms integrate GEIs,we highlight examples where epigenetic mechanisms are associated with social behaviors and with their maintenance through neuroendocrine,locomotor,and metabolic responses.We discuss future research trajectories and open questions for the emerging field of social epigenomics in nonmodel and naturally occurring social systems.Finally,we outline the technological advances that aid the study of epigenetic mechanisms in the establishment of GEIs and vice versa.

A Contrastive Study of American and Chinese University Students' Complaining Strategies

This paper aims to make a contrastive study on complaining strategies between American and Chinese university students, based on the descriptive study of the collected data, with reference to the social variables of social status and social distance. It is found that Chinese and American university students are significantly different in the choice of complaining strategies produced to professors, intimates, friends and strangers. The Chinese show greater respect to professors than Americans do. Generally, as to interlocutors with equal social status, Americans＇ complaining degree displays a gradually descending tendency along a social distance continuum, while the Chinese have intimates and strangers at the both ends, with friends in the middle. No significant difference has been revealed in the choice of complaining strategies to parents, but Americans tend to be more polite than the Chinese. This challenges Brown and Levinson＇s formula, Wx = D （S, H） ＋ P （H, S） ＋Rx, which implies the same weight for each of these three factors. The study proves that in private conversations, the variable of social distance carries more importance than the variable of social status.

Many public urban parks, but who profits from them? The example of Tabriz, Iran

Introduction:Public urban parks are accessible to everyone in a city.The time people need to reach a public park influences the accessibility of the park.Parks far away from home are less accessible because of time to spend to reach them than those in the neighborhood.Good green urban infrastructure aims to provide different types of parks(by size and structure)to all urban dwellers.The network of parks should allow all inhabitants to have access to parks within close proximity to their residences.Methods:This paper aims to investigate the accessibility of parks as related to the social status of the inhabitants.This was investigated using the example of a clearly socially stratified city(Tabriz,Iran),in which a part of the urban society(by total number and social status)has better or worse access to urban parks.The example of urban parks shows which services are supplied on site and who the potential users are within an accessible distance.The services are qualified by structural park indicators and quantified by the quantity of these indicators.The distances are calculated on the basis of the size of the parks.Different distance circles around the parks indicate from where most of the users are coming,depending on park category.A quantification of population as related to potential users by social status in different distances to the parks shows the accessibility of parks for different quantities of inhabitants and different social strata.The classification of social status(high,middle,and low)was carried out by General Census of statistical center in 2005,informal settlement project data,statistical blocks data,land price in Tabriz municipality,and master and detailed plan reports.Results:Many households do not enjoy government recommended levels of access to public green spaces in Tabriz,and the results highlight the social segregation in park distribution and their accessibility.Conclusions:The best parks are located in the high social status areas,and the accessibility is the best among all societal levels.

What Has Shaken the Determination of Medical Students to Become a Doctor？

The scarcity of doctors is common in underdeveloped countries as well as in some developing and developed countries including Japan, Germany, Australia, Korea, and even the United States of America, indicating that this scarcity has become a global issue. Causes vary from country to country. In China, the causes of this shortage are complicated. Due to increasing violence in recent years against medical staff that endangers the personal safety of medical practitioners, the number of Chinese medical school applicants has decreased greatly. Furthermore, the proportion of students who abandon the health sector is very high.