Sodium Content in Takeaway Meals Sampled from Three Large China Cities

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate salt levels in popular hot takeaway meals in three large China cities, and to compare the difference in sodium content in different types of takeaway meals. Methods: We randomly collected a total of 4450 samples of 7 different types of takeaway meals, which were the most consumed by local residents from takeaway platforms. The main ingredients, auxiliary ingredients, as well as the weight used in takeaway meals were collected. The sodium content in takeaway meals was obtained by calculation. Results: Obtained results show that the sodium content in three large China cities is alarmingly high. Comparing medians (interquartile range) of takeaway meals from different cities, Beijing contained the highest sodium content per portion (1371.3 mg (890.3 - 2137.4)), followed by Hangzhou (1348.45 mg (694.25 - 1541.62)) and Shanghai (340.1 (259.75 - 942.25)). In addition, the sodium content between pasta and porridge, Chinese meals, and western meals show significant differences (p 0.05). Compared with Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, the average sodium content exceeded dietary recommendations for one takeaway meal. The sodium content differed among takeaway meals prepared with various cooking methods and meats. Conclusion: Notable differences are detected in takeaway meals’ sodium content between several large cities in China. To meet China’s target salt intake, consumers in these cities are highly recommended to reduce sodium content in their everyday meals.

Effect of sodium content on the interaction between Ni and support and catalytic performance for syngas methanation over Ni/Zr–Yb–O catalysts

In this paper, Ni/Zr–Yb–O catalysts with different sodium contents are prepared by a co-precipitation method, using aqueous Na2CO3 solution as a precipitant, and the effect of sodium on the catalyst structure and catalytic performance for syngas methanation is extensively investigated using five Ni/Zr–Yb–O catalysts, containing 0, 0.5, 1.5,4.5 and 13.5 wt% Na^+, those are denoted as Cat-1, Cat-2, Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 respectively. It is found that the interaction between Ni and support determines the catalytic performance of Ni/Zr–Yb–O and the residual sodium content negatively affects the interaction between Ni and support. Cat-1 exhibits an excellent catalytic performance.During a long run time of 380 h, no deactivation is observed and both CO conversion and CH4 selectivity maintain a level above 90%. However, Cat-3 and Cat-5 suffer rapid deactivation under the same reaction condition. The characterization results indicate the strong interaction between Ni and support enables Cat-1 to possess well dispersed Ni species, resistance to sintering and carbon deposition and thus the excellent catalytic performance. However, the presence of sodium ions over Ni/Zr–Yb–O degrades the interaction between Ni and support and the catalytic performance, especially for the stability. The relative weak interaction between Ni and support results in severe sintering of both ZrO2 and Ni under the reaction condition, carbon deposition and the poor catalytic performance.

Development of lithium-free P2-type high-sodium content cathode materials with enhanced cycle and air stability for sodium-ion batteries

The effect of partial substitution of Mg for Ni on a high-sodium and lithium-free layered P2-type Na_(45/54)Mg_(6)/_(54)Ni_(12/54)Mn_(34/54)O_(2) cathode with high initial Coulombic efficiency and excellent cyclic stability has been investigated in this study.Based on the crystal structural analysis,the Mg doping can retain the P2 structure up to 4.3 V,thus restraining the detrimental phase transformation of P2-02during the Na-ion intercalation/deintercalation process.Therefore,the obtained Mg-doped P2-type cathode exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 109 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.1C between 2.0 and 4.3 V and a retention rate of 81.5% after 200cycles at 1C.In addition,the full cell consisting of Mg-doped P2-type cathode and hard carbon anode shows a capacity retention rate of 85.6% after 100 cycles.This study provides new insight into the development of durable cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Wheat Grain Yield and Protein Content as Influenced by Sodium Bisulfite

Two wheat varieties with similar yield and significantly different protein content were chosen to study the effect of foliage spraying sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) at low concentration to wheat plants receiving different levels of nitrogen on nitrate reduction along with yield and protein content of grain, so as to discuss the relationship between carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism, and find out the intrinsic mechanism of grain yield and protein content formation. The results showed that spraying NaHSO3 at grain-filing stage increased the yield of grain, but declined the capacity of nitrate reduction, which might result in decrease of protein content in the end. Whether receiving NaHSO, or not, the variety with high protein content had higher final protein level and nitrate reduction capacity than that with low protein content.

Spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around individual Tamarix ramosissima in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China

Ecological restoration by Taman＇x plants on semi-arid saline lands affects the accumulation, distribution patterns and related mechanisms of soil water content and salinity. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around natural individual Tamarix ramosissiraa Ledeb. were invetigated in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China. Specifically, soil water content, electrical conductivity （EC）, sodium adsorption ratio （SARa）, and salt ions （including Na＋, K＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and 8042-） were measured at different soil depths and at different distances from the trunk of T. ramasissima in May, July, and September 2016. The soil water content at the 20-80 cm depth was significantly lower in July and September than in May, indicating that T. ramosissima plants absorb a large amount of water through the roots during the growing period, leading to the decreasing of soil water content in the deep soil layer. At the 0-20 cm depth, there was a salt island effect around individual T. ramosissima, and the ECe differed significantly inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in May and July. Salt bioaccumulation and stemflow were two major contributing factors to this difference. The SAR at the 0-20 cm depth was significantly different inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in the three sampling months. The values of SAR~ at the 60-80 cm depth in May and July were significantly higher than those at the 0-60 cm depth and higher than that at the corresponding depth in September. The distribution of Na＋ in the soil was similar to that of the SAI, while the concentrations of K＋, Ca2＋, and Mg2＋ showed significant differences among the sampling months and soil depths. Both season and soil depth had highly significant effects on soil water content, ECe and SARa, whereas distance from the trunk of T. ramosissima only significantly affected ECe. Based on these results, we recommend co-planting of shallow-rooted salt-tolerant species near the Tamarx plants and avoiding planting herbaceous plants inside the canopy of T. ramodssima for afforestation in this semi-arid saline region. The results of this study may provide a reference for appropriate restoration in the semi-arid saline regions of the upper Yellow River.

高效液相色谱法测定阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯的含量

目的:建立测定阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯含量的方法。方法:采用Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(4.6 mm×250.0 mm, 5.0μm),流动相A为0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢铵溶液,流动相B为乙腈,流动相A到流动相B(50∶50)运行时间11 min,流速为1.0 mL/min,波长为210 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为10μL。结果:阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯都得到良好的分离。结论:高效液相色谱法灵敏、快速、准确、可靠,可用于阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯含量测定。

制备氢氧化锆及其氧化锆含量和氧化钠含量的影响因素探究

将氧氯化锆和氢氧化钠作为原料采用直接沉淀法制备40%氢氧化锆,其中氢氧化锆氧化锆含量与氢氧化钠溶液浓度、氧氯化锆投料时间、氢氧化钠溶液温度、反应温度、反应时间密切相关。氢氧化锆中氧化钠含量与m_(氢氧化钠/氧氯化锆、洗涤情况)、反应温度密切相关,与反应时间无明显相关性。制备40%氢氧化锆氧化锆含量最佳条件为:氢氧化钠溶液浓度为32%,m_(氢氧化钠/氧氯化锆)为1.6倍,氧氯化锆投料时间为1min,氢氧化钠溶液温度为10℃,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为20min。

Utilizing the γ-Irradiated Sodium Alginate as a Plant Growth Promoter for Enhancing the Growth,Physiological Activities,and Alkaloids Production in Catharanthus roseus L.

Sodium alginate is a polysaccharide that is largely obtained from the brown algae （Sargassum sp.）.It has been used as a wonderful growth promoting substance in its depolymerized form for various plants.The aim of this study was to find out the effects of various concentrations of γ-irradiated sodium alginate （ISA）,viz.,deionized water （control,T0）,20 （T1）,40 （T2）,60 （T3）,80 （T4）,and 100 ppm （T5） on the agricultural performance of Catharanthus roseus L.（Rosea） in terms of growth attributes,photosynthesis,physiological activities,and alkaloid production.The present work revealed that ISA applied as leaf-sprays at concentrations from 20 to 100 ppm might improve growth,photosynthesis,physiological activities,and alkaloid production in C.roseus L.significantly.Of the various ISA concentrations,80 ppm proved to be the best one compared to other concentrations applied.

碘量法测定天然气中硫化氢标准适应性研究

GB/T 11060.1—2010中碘量法是天然气气质中硫化氢限制指标的测定方法之一,是GB 17820—2018《天然气》中硫化氢含量的仲裁方法。现行GB/T 11060.1—2010被广泛应用,在应用中发现存在的主要技术问题:(1)硫代硫酸钠标准滴定溶液配制和标定与GB/T 601—2016规定不完全相同;(2)对于产品天然气中硫化氢含量低,按该标准要求分析一个样品需要4~9 h,方法使用受到限制;(3)按标准规定的试样参考用量,吸收硫化氢的溶液中硫化锌沉淀多、颗粒大,滴定终点的颜色不明显,影响测量结果准确度。通过开展GB/T 11060.1—2010标准适应性研究,考察了标准溶液的配制和标定方法,以及不同的取样量、取样流速和吸收器等对测量结果的影响。研究结果表明:按照GB/T 601—2016配制的0.1 mol/L硫代硫酸钠标准滴定溶液并标定,由于滴定管校准、滴定速度和分析天平精度原因,标定结果不能完全符合GB/T 601—2016要求;硫化氢含量<28.7 mg/m^(3)试样参考用量降低为50 L,其重复性和再现性完全满足标准要求。根据实验结果、标准适用性和操作性等因素,提出了GB/T11060.1—2010的修订内容并修订发布GB/T 11060.1—2023。针对GB/T1106.1—2023新标准进行解读,以便使用者能更好地理解和掌握新标准,确保新标准的有效实施。

原子吸收光谱法测定注射用哌拉西林钠中钠含量

目的建立原子吸收分光光度法测定注射用哌拉西林钠中钠含量,同时对国产制剂成盐情况进行评价。方法原子吸收分光光度法(atomic absorption spectrophotometry,AAS)。采用钠元素空心阴极灯光源;空气-乙炔火焰原子化器;检测波长589.0 nm;4%氯化铯溶液作为电离抑制剂,临用稀释50倍。结果原研企业4批次样品中钠含量平均值4.46%,16家国内生产企业204批次样品中钠元素含量平均值4.41%,均高于理论值4.26%,不同生产企业的产品钠含量差异大,多批次超出理论值±5%范围。结论该方法操作简单、专属性强、结果准确,可通过钠含量的测定,对哌拉西林钠原料成盐工艺水平进行评估。

高含泥人工砂不同清洗方式对混凝土性能影响研究

依托于滇中引水工程,研究了清水清洗和六偏磷酸钠清洗高含泥人工砂对MB值和混凝土性能的影响,对比了不同方式的技术经济性。结果表明:与清水清洗相比,采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗,MB值下降更明显,同时可避免石粉大量流失,混凝土的力学性能和变形性能更佳。具体而言,采用清水清洗人工砂,MB值从1.4 g/kg下降至0.85 g/kg,石粉含量从21.8%降低至10.3%。采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗人工砂,MB值从1.4 g/kg下降至0.45 g/kg,石粉含量从21.8%降低至16.8%;保持混凝土拌和物状态相同的条件下,采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗人工砂,混凝土用水量下降了40 kg/m^(3),28 d龄期混凝土抗压强度、劈拉强度和极限拉伸值分别提高11.7%、23.1%和24.1%,60 d龄期混凝土干缩率降低106×10^(-6),混凝土原材料成本降低了23.3元/m^(3)。

注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠质量分析

目的 对国内市场中不同企业的注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠的质量状况进行评价,发现质量风险点,为仿制药一致性评价提供质量控制关键点。方法 采用法定检验结合探索性研究的方法对样品进行检验,统计分析注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠的整体质量水平,分析不同企业产品的差异。结果 按法定标准检验,80批次抽验样品结果均符合规定。但发现原研产品的复溶时间更快;不同企业的产品有关物质和含量结果差异较大;现行质量标准差异较大亟待提高统一。探索性研究表明,样品复溶时间与制剂中亚胺培南晶癖及粒度相关;采用LC/MS等方法对本品有关物质的来源进行了归属,对部分杂质结构进行了推断;对本品的含量测定方法进行了优化。结论 国内市场中注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠的质量总体较好;在开展仿制药一致性评价工作中,需关注亚胺培南的晶癖以及制剂的有关物质、含量、充氮工艺和异亚丙基丙酮等质量关键点;现行标准有待统一和提高。

易溶盐含量对伊犁黄土未冻水含量影响研究

处于常年季冻区的伊犁河谷自然灾害频发主要与伊犁黄土的未冻水含量有关,土体中分布不均匀的盐分影响着未冻水含量的变化趋势。采用低频核磁共振技术分析了不同Na_(2)SO_(4)含量下未冻水含量随温度的变化关系,并提出了与易溶盐含量有关的未冻水数学模型。研究表明,Na_(2)SO_(4)含量主要在正温降温阶段以及冻结温度附近自由水冻结阶段对伊犁黄土未冻水含量产生影响;在冻结温度附近易溶盐分别对未冻水含量减小起抑制和促进作用,未析出含盐量越高,抑制作用越明显;温度越低,初始含盐量对未冻水含量的影响越小。

不同浓度外源硒对魔芋球茎硒含量和营养指标的影响

为探明花魔芋、白魔芋以及两者杂交后代优选品系ZL-19的富硒和耐硒能力,以及外源硒对魔芋球茎营养物质的影响,采用盆栽的方式开展不同浓度亚硒酸钠(0、5、10、20、40 mg·kg^(-1))灌根试验。结果表明,不同品种(系)球茎最高含硒量为:ZL-19与白魔芋相当,为0.192 mg·kg^(-1),低于花魔芋(0.265 mg·kg^(-1))。在耐硒能力方面:ZL-19>白魔芋>花魔芋,而在富硒能力方面花魔芋>ZL-19>白魔芋。花魔芋在外源硒浓度为10 mg·kg^(-1)时,球茎各项营养指标综合表现较优,球茎鲜质量增加了13.13%,球茎总糖、还原糖、总蛋白、可溶性蛋白含量和GSH-Px活性分别达到了71.265、27.019、50.811、17.605 mg·g^(-1)和1.845 U·g^(-1);白魔芋在外源硒浓度为20 mg·kg^(-1)时,球茎各项营养指标综合表现较优,球茎鲜质量增加了12.94%,球茎总糖、还原糖、总蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量和GSH-Px活性分别达到了97.012、29.632、52.773、16.892 mg·g^(-1)和1.642 U·g^(-1);ZL-19同样在外源硒浓度为20 mg·kg^(-1)时,球茎各项营养指标综合表现较优,球茎鲜质量增加了28.80%,球茎总糖、还原糖、总蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量和GSH-Px活性分别达到了84.717、31.819、49.402、17.709 mg·g^(-1)和1.719 U·g^(-1)。

斑蝥酸钠注射液中蛋白质的含量测定

目的:建立2,2′-联喹啉-4,4′-二羧酸(BCA)测定斑蝥酸钠注射液中残留蛋白质含量的方法。方法:依据蛋白质分子在碱性溶液中将Cu^(2+)还原为Cu^(+),2,2′-联喹啉-4,4′-二羧酸(BCA)与Cu^(+)结合形成紫色复合物,在一定范围内其颜色深浅与蛋白质浓度呈正比,以蛋白质对照品溶液作标准曲线,采用紫外-分光光度法测定供试品中蛋白质含量。结果:蛋白质在20~100μg范围内,线性关系良好(R=0.9979),精密度RSD为1.6%,稳定性RSD为3.2%,重现性RSD为3.2%,平均回收率为93%,RSD为1.3%(n=9)。结论:此方法专属性强、精密度稳定性良好、准确度较高,可用作斑蝥酸钠中蛋白质的含量测定方法,确保用药安全及关注厂家的工艺是否合理并建立斑蝥酸钠中蛋白质残留的检测标准,以便更科学地进行斑蝥酸钠的质量控制。

原子吸收分光光度法-火焰法测定复方醋酸钠林格注射液中钠、钾、镁、钙离子的含量

目的:建立复方醋酸钠林格注射液中钠、钾、镁、钙离子含量的原子吸收分光光度法-火焰法测定方法。方法:采用A3AFG-12型A3原子吸收分光光度计和XS205DU型、XP6型电子天平,以氯化铯作为测定钠离子和钾离子时的电离抑制剂,氯化镧为测定镁离子和钙离子时电离抑制剂,分别在589.3、766.5、285.2、422.7 nm处测定钠、钾、镁、钙离子含量,并进行方法学验证。结果:4种离子分别在0.15~1.20、0.2~1.6、0.05~0.4、1.014~5.069μg·mL^(-1)的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为r=0.9996、r=0.9993、r=0.9996、r=0.9990;4种离子平均回收率分别为98.5%,98.1%,93.2%,95.0%;测定注射液样品5批,钠、钾、镁、钙离子含量分别在3.186~3.221、0.155~0.160、0.023~0.026、0.056~0.059 mg·mL^(-1)范围内。结论:经方法学验证,所建立的方法重现性强、准确度高,适用于复方醋酸钠林格注射液中钠、钾、镁、钙离子的含量测定。

原子吸收分光光度法测定注射用头孢唑林钠中钠含量

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定注射用头孢唑林钠中钠的含量。光源为钠空心阴极灯,空气-乙炔火焰原子化器,波长330.2nm。该方法的检测限为0.09%,定量限为0.31%,系统精密度RSD为0.68%(n=6),重复性RSD为0.62%,中间精密度RSD为1.49%,线性范围为0.2003~0.4007mg/m L(r=0.999),平均回收率为100.8%(RSD为0.91%)。该方法专属性、精密度、线性、耐用性等参数符合要求,可用于测定注射用头孢唑林钠中钠的含量,准确度和灵敏度高。

掺杂法制备高钠仲钨酸铵工艺研究

粗晶硬质合金具有良好的热传导率和抗热疲劳性能,在矿山工具及硬面材料有较好的应用前景。作为钨制品的主要中间产品,高碱性金属含量的APT有利于生产粗颗粒碳化钨粉用于制备粗晶硬质合金。本文以钨酸铵溶液为原料,研究钨酸铵溶液中初始钠含量、掺入剂种类及掺入量、结晶率以及APT洗涤次数对APT晶体中钠含量的影响。研究结果表明:掺入剂种类对APT晶体中钠含量没影响,氢氧化钠的掺入量、结晶率及APT洗涤次数影响较大,控制钠钨质量比为4‰的氢氧化钠掺入量、结晶率为90%、APT采用纯水洗涤4次可生产出钠质量分数高于0.029%的高纳APT产品,其他杂质元素含量均优于国标零级要求。

离子色谱法测定甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液中焦亚硫酸钠及硫酸钠的含量

目的 建立测定甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液中焦亚硫酸钠及硫酸钠含量的方法。方法 采用离子色谱法,色谱柱为DionexIonPac AS11-HC柱(250 mm×4.0 mm,5μm),以氢氧化钾溶液为淋洗液,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样体积为25μL。结果 焦亚硫酸钠在10.596~211.920μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),平均回收率100.00%(RSD=1.4%,n=9);硫酸钠在1.027~20.540μg/mL之间线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率99.96%(RSD=1.8%,n=9)。结论 建立的方法简便、准确、灵敏度高,适用于甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液中焦亚硫酸钠及硫酸钠含量的测定。

HPLC法测定胃镜消泡剂中羟苯乙酯钠含量

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定胃镜消泡剂中羟苯乙酯钠的含量,色谱条件:采用Kromasil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-1%冰乙酸溶液(60∶40)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测波长为256 nm,柱温为30℃。结果表明:羟苯乙酯钠在2.41~24.14μg·mL^(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为107.02%,RSD为1.37%。该方法简便、准确,可用于胃镜消泡剂中羟苯乙酯钠的含量控制。