1-Heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt:One pot efficient synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-1,3-benzo[d]imidazoles

Synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-1,3-benzo[d]imidazoles by the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt （10 mol%） at room temperature. The reactions were performed in acetonitrile：water （8：2）. The method was proved to be eco-friendly, convenient and the products were isolated with good yields （82- 90%）.

Pentacoordinated Spirophosphoranes from Amino Acid Sodium Salts

The reactions of 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with various sodium salts of amino acids to afford the pentacoordinated spirophosphoranes containing amino acid were studied by NMR spectra techniques. The results showed that natural alpha-amino acids had greater ability than beta-amino acids to form the pentacoordinated species, which is important in the biosynthesis and prebiotic synthesis of of oligopeptides and proteins.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations of Dapaong and Its Surroundings in Togo on Sodium/Salt and Potassium Intakes

Background: Food plays an important role in human health. A healthy diet contributes to the improvement of the health of populations. A diet high in sodium/salt and low in potassium has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the inhabitants of Dapaong and its surroundings on dietary intakes of sodium/salt and potassium. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 1 November to 15 December 2022 involving 400 adults aged 25 to 44 years. Sampling was done using the probability method and the multistage random sampling technique with proportional allocation. These two methods were applied to select villages, households, and primary targets in each locality according to whether the area of residence was urban or rural. The electronic kobocollect questionnaire was administered to people in households and the interview guide was to resource persons, administrators and community leaders to collect the data. Results: Overall, 80.25% of the respondents had low knowledge of sodium/salt intakes;88.50% had poor attitudes towards the use of foods that provide more sodium/salt and 92.75% had behaviours that were not conducive to reducing excessive salt consumption. With regard to potassium, the same trend was observed in the order of 91%, 72% and 73.75%. Conclusion: The KAP levels of the people studied were not good. The populations are prone to cardiovascular disease. A multisectoral nutritional intervention would be essential to improve the knowledge of the populations on sodium/salt and potassium intakes and therefore favourable to the fight against CVD/NCD.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Perceptions for Salt/Sodium Reduction in the Gastronomic Sector of Costa Rica

Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. This study examined food services in Costa Rica as a major source of sodium. The research included six cafeterias, six fast food establishments, 13 restaurants, and 15 diners using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Interviews were conducted with workers to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding salt reduction. The findings were analyzed to determine effective intervention strategies. Participants showed regular knowledge about salt/sodium. While they recognized the link with high blood pressure, understanding of other health problems was limited. Positive attitudes were observed toward healthy cooking and reducing sodium in pre-prepared food, especially in restaurants. Over 70% expressed a desire to reduce salt in food services, with more than 80% indicating a need for staff training, particularly in cafeterias lacking knowledge of low-salt preparations. High-sodium ingredients were prevalent, with saltshakers and sauces readily available. However, some individuals were reluctant to reduce salt/sodium intake, citing concerns about taste, food variety, and customer complaints. Obstacles to reducing salt/sodium levels included limited accessibility and the cost of low-sodium ingredients. The data collection tools and methodologies used in this study can serve as a foundation for future investigations and strategies to reduce salt consumption in food services. The study recommends government support for transforming the gastronomic sector and implementing regulations and knowledge enhancement. Collaboration with the productive sector is crucial for creating healthy environments. This research presents valuable evidence regarding the utilization of salt and sodium in the gastronomic sector, thereby assisting in the decision-making process for public health initiatives and the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. It highlights the significance of tackling sodium reduction in food services to encourage the adoption of healthy culinary practices and enhance the overall health of the population.

Methanesulfonic acid sodium salt protects retina from acute light damage in mice

Background Methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （Dipyrone）, an antipyretic and analgesic drug, has been demonstrated to improve cerebral ischemia through the inhibition of mitochondrial cell death cascades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential photoprotective activity of methanesulfonic acid sodium salt in a model of light-induced retinopathy. Methods One hundred mice were assigned randomly into vehicle （V）, methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （D）, light damage model plus vehicle （MV） and light damage model plus methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （MD） groups （n=25 each）. In the MD group, methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （100 mg/kg） was administered by intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before light exposure. Twenty-four hours after light exposure, hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used for histological evaluation. The thickness of the outer plus inner-segment and outer nuclear layer was measured on sections parallel to the vertical meridian of the eye at a distance of 1000 I^m from the optic nerve. Electroretinography （ERG） test was performed to assess the functional change. The morphology of mitochondria was also revealed by TEM. Finally, the expression of cytochrome c （CytC） and the relative apoptotic proteins were detected by Western blotting, and the interaction between mitochondrial proteins was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. Results The photoreceptor inner and outer segments of the MV group were significantly disorganized than the MD group. The thicknesses of the outer plus inner-segment layers and the outer nuclear layer, and the amplitudes of the a and b waves of the scotopic ERG response markedly decreased in the MV group compared to those in the MD group （P 〈0.05）. TEM examination revealed that the mitochondria of the MV group were distinctly swollen and contained disrupted cristae. In contrast, the morphology of mitochondria in the MD group was unaffected. Western blotting analysis showed that CytC, apoptosis proteinase activating factor-1 （Apaf-1）, caspase 3, p53, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis （PUMA）, Bax, and Bad were increased, whereas the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL were significantly decreased in the MV group than the MD group. Co-immunoprecipitation detection revealed that PUMA immunoreactivity precipitated by Bcl-XL decreased, whereas Bax immunoreactivity precipitated by Bcl-XL increased in the MD group compared to those in the MV group. Conclusion Methanesulfonic acid sodium salt is an effective photoprotective agent against light-induced retinopathy through the inhibition of CytC-mediated mitochondrial impairment.

One-step synthesis of α,β-unsaturated arylsulfones by a novel multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes,chloroacetonitrile,benzenesulfinic acid sodium salt

A new and green method for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated arylsulfones had been achieved through the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, chloroacetonitrile, benzenesulfinic acid sodium salt in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydroxide （[bmim]OH） in EtOH under reflux. The ionic liquid was recovered and recycled for subsequent reactions. The advantages of this protocol were non-toxic, easy work-up and good yields.

l-Hexanesulphonic acid sodium salt promoted the one-pot synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols under microwave-irradiation

Amidoalkyl naphthols have been synthesized in high yields in the presence of 1-hexanesulphonic acid sodium salt as an inexpensive solid catalyst under solvent-free conditions and microwave-irradiation.This catalyst provides clean conversion;greater selectivity and easy workup make this protocol practical and economically attractive.

MODIFICATION OF SODIUM SALT OF PARTIALLY CARBOXYMETHYLATED TAMARIND KERNEL POWDER THROUGH GRAFTING WITH ACRYLONITRILE: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND SWELLING BEHAVIOR

A graft copolymer of polyacrylonitrile （PAN） with sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated tamarind kernel powder （Na-PCMTKP, DS ^-= 0.15） was synthesized by using ceric ammonium nitrate （CAN） as a redox initiator in an aqueous medium. The optimum reaction conditions for affording maximum percentage of grafting were established by successively varying reaction conditions such as concentrations of nitric acid, CAN, monomer （AN） as well as reaction time, temperature and amount of substrate. The influence of these reaction conditions on the grafting yields was discussed. The kinetic scheme of free radical graft copolymerization was proposed and the experimental results were found to agree very well with the proposed kinetic scheme. The graft copolymer （Na-PCMTKP-g-PAN, percentage of grafting G = 413.76% and percentage of grafting efficiency GE = 96.48%） sample synthesized under the established optimized reaction conditions was hydrolyzed by 0.7 mol-L l NaOH solution at 90-95 ℃ to yield the superabsorbent hydrogel, H-Na-PCMTKP-g-PAN. The swelling behavior of the hydrogel was studied by carrying out its absorbency measurements in low conductivity water, 0.15 mol·L^-1 salt （NaCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3） solutions and simulated urine （SU） solution at different timings. FTIR, TGA and SEM techniques were used to characterize the products.

Dietary dimethylglycine sodium salt supplementation alleviates redox status imbalance and intestinal dysfunction in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth restriction

There are few studies on the mechanism of redox status imbalance and intestinal dysfunction in intrauterine growth restricted(IUGR)newborn piglets.Here,we investigated the mechanism of jejunum dysfunction in weaned piglets with IUGR and the mechanism through which dimethylglycine sodium salt(DMG-Na)supplementation improving the imbalance of their redox status.In this work,a total of 10 normal birth weight(NBW)newborn piglets and 20 IUGR newborn piglets were obtained.After weaning at 21 d,they were assigned to 3 groups(n=10/group):NBW weaned piglets fed standard basal diets(NBWC);one IUGR weaned piglets fed standard basal diets(IUGRC);another IUGR weaned piglets from the same litter fed standard basal diets plus 0.1%DMG-Na(IUGRD).The piglets in these 3 groups were sacrificed at 49 d of age,and the blood and jejunum samples were collected immediately.The growth performance values in the IUGRC group were lower(P<0.05)than those in the NBWC group.Jejunum histomorphological parameters,inflammatory cytokines,and digestive enzyme activity as well as serum immunoglobulin were lower(P<0.05)in the IUGRC group than those in the NBWC group.Compared with these in the NBWC group,the redox status of serum,jejunum,and mitochondria and the expression levels of jejunum redox status-related,cell adhesion-related,and mitochondrial function-related genes and proteins were suppressed in the IUGRC group(P<0.05).However,compared with those in the IUGRC group,the growth performance values,jejunum histomorphological parameters,inflammatory cytokines,digestive enzyme activity,serum immunoglobulin,redox status of serum,jejunum,and mitochondria,and the expression levels of jejunum redox status-related,cell adhesion-related,and mitochondrial function-related genes and proteins were improved(P<0.05)in the IUGRD group.In conclusion,dietary DMG-Na supplementation alleviates redox status imbalance and intestinal dysfunction in IUGR weaned piglets mainly by activating the sirtuin 1(SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptorgcoactivator-1a(PGC1a)pathway,thereby improving their unfavorable body state.

Treatment of immune dysfunction in intrauterine growth restriction piglets via supplementation with dimethylglycine sodium salt during the suckling period

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of small intestinal immune dysfunction in intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)newborn piglets and relieve this dysfunction via dimethylglycine sodium salt(DMG-Na)supplementation during the suckling period.Thirty sows(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire])were selected,and 1 male newborn piglet with normal birth weight(NBW)and 1 male newborn piglet with IUGR were obtained from each sow.Among them,10 NBW and 10 IUGR newborns were euthanized without suckling.The other 20 NBW newborns were allocated to the group named NCON,which means NBW newborns fed a basic milk diet(BMD)(n=10),and the group named ND,which means NBW newborns fed BMD supplemented with 0.1%DMG-Na(n=10);the other 20 IUGR newborns were assigned to the group named ICON,which means IUGR newborns fed BMD(n=10),and the group named ID,which means IUGR newborns fed BMD supplemented with 0.1%DMG-Na(n=10).The newborns were fed BMD from 7 to 21 d of age and euthanized at 21 d of age to collect serum and small intestinal samples.The growth performance,small intestinal histological morphology and sub-organelle ultrastructure,serum immunoglobulin,small intestinal digestive enzyme activity,inflammatory cytokine level,and jejunum mRNA and protein expression of the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein(NOD)/nuclear factor-k B(NF-k B)network deteriorated in the ICON group compared to that in the NCON group.The small intestinal histological morphology and suborganelle ultrastructure,serum immunoglobulin,small intestinal digestive enzyme activity,and inflammatory cytokine level improved(P<0.05)in the ID group compared to those in the ICON group.The jejunum mRNA and protein expression of the TLR4/NOD/NF-k B network improved(P<0.05)in the ID group compared to that in the ICON group.In conclusion,the activity of the TLR4/NOD/NF-k B pathway was inhibited in the IUGR newborns,which in turn led to their jejunum immune dysfunction and reduced their performance.By ingesting DMG-Na,the IUGR newborns activated the TLR4/NOD/NF-k B pathway,thereby improving their unfavorable body state during the suckling period.

Photo-induced Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Grafted Sodium Salt of Partially Carboxymethylated Guar Gum

Photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate（MMA） onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated guar gum（Na-PCMGG, DS = 0.291） was carried out in an aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate（CAN） as photoinitiator to synthesize a novel graft copolymer, Na-PCMGG-g-PMMA, which may find its potential application as a metal adsorbent. The influences of synthesis variables such as concentrations of photoinitiator（CAN）, nitric acid and monomer（MMA） as well as reaction time, temperature and amount of substrate on the grafting yields were studied and the reaction conditions for optimum photo-grafting were evaluated. At optimum concentration, the maximum values of the grafting yields achieved were G = 271.61% and GE = 63.89%. The experimental results were found to be in very good agreement with the proposed kinetic scheme. The photo-graft copolymerization of MMA onto Na-PCMGG（ DS = 0.291） was also carried out in the presence and absence of ultraviolet radiation for studying the efficiency of the photoinitiator. The influence of carboxymethyl groups introduced onto the guar gum molecules with regard to its behavior towards ultra-violet radiation induced grafting with MMA was also investigated. Photo-grafting process was confirmed and the products were characterized with the help of the spectroscopic（1H-NMR and FTIR） and SEM techniques.

Analysis of the relationship between 24-hour sodium and blood pressure and the dietary status based on mobile phone APP in the high-risk population of hypertension in Haikou

Objective:To understand the dietary intake of high-risk population with hypertension in Haikou,and to analyze the relationship between dietary intake and blood pressure,especially the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure,so as to provide a scientific basis for salt reduction.Methods:A multi-stage cluster sampling 2021 was used from July to December to collect 3-4 cscs from each of the four districts in Haikou.A total of 15 cscs were collected,295 permanent residents aged 55-74 were recruited from 15 community service centers,with 20 eligible subjects from each community.The subjects underwent general physical examination,laboratory tests,and a dietary survey using the self-developed Android phone APP“Nutrition Assistant”(registration number:2021SR1547832).SPSS 21.0 was used 2 for t test,x^(2) test and multiple Regression analysis.Result:In Haikou,69.4%of the subjects had energy intake above energy requirement,and 44.8%had fat intake above the acceptable range of macronutrients.There were only differences in energy,carbohydrate,vitamin B 6 and sodium intake(t=-2.174,-1.990,2.333,-5.442,P=0.031,0.048,0.021,<0.001,respectively).There were significant differences in BMI,family history of chronic diseases,systolic blood 2 pressure and diastolic blood pressure(f value or x^(2) value were 4.260,19.045,139.916,36.864,P value were 0.015,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,respectively).Multiple Regression analysis analysis showed that 24h sodium excretion was significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure(t=12.964,P<0.001),systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 0.135 mmhg and 0.068 mmhg,respectively.Conclusion:The dietary intake of the middle-aged and elderly people at high risk of hypertension in the Haikou community was unbalanced,and the intake of sodium salt was strongly correlated with blood pressure,it is necessary to continue to promote salt reduction as one of the key ways to prevent and control hypertension.

Polyacrylic acid sodium salt film entrapped Ag-nanocubes as molecule traps for SERS detection

提高表面的拉曼光谱学(重量的单位) 是为踪迹化学药品的一种快分析技术；然而，吸附 analytes 要求活跃重量的单位底层，因此为底层与需要的亲密关系限制目标种类到那些。这里我们现在的联网的 polyacrylic 酸钠盐(PAAS ) 电影骗诱 Ag-nanocubes (作为 Ag-nanocubes@PAAS 表示了) 作为为有或没有高亲密关系的 analytes 的有效重量的单位底层。一次 analyte 水的答案在干燥 Ag-nanocubes@PAAS 底层上被扔，嗜酒的 PAAS 变得肿强迫 Ag-nanocubes 松开，当时在在 Ag-nanocubes 之中的空隙弥漫的 analytes。当弄干时， PAAS 缩小并且拉 Ag-nanocubes 回到他们的以前的聚集的状态，当 PAAS 网络为重量的单位察觉在在 Ag-nanocubes 之间的小差距耽搁 analytes 时。没有强壮的亲密关系，策略为 Ag 为不仅 singleanalytes 而且 multi-analytes 被证明有效，在环境在能吸附、非能吸附的污染物质的基于重量的单位的同时的 multi-analyte 察觉显示出它的潜力。

Precise carbon structure control by salt template for high performance sodium-ion storage

Carbon materials are considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),but the well-ordered graphitic structure limits the intercalation of sodium ions.Besides,the sluggish intercalation kinetics of sodium ions impedes the rate performance.Thus,the precise structure control of carbon materials is important to improve the battery performance.Herein,a 3D porous hard-soft composite carbon(3DHSC)was prepared using the NaCl as the template and phenolic resin and pitch as carbon precursors.The NaCl template restrains the growth of the graphite crystallite during the carbonization process,resulting in small graphitic domains with expanded interlayer spacing which is favorable for the sodium storage.Moreover,the Na Cl templates help to create abundant mesopores and macropores for fast sodium ion diffusion.The porous structure and the graphite crystalline structure can be precisely controlled by simply adjusting the mass ratio of Na Cl,and thus,the suitable structure can be prepared to reach high capacity and rate performance while keeping a relatively high Coulombic efficiency.Typically,a high reversible capacity(215 mA h g^(-1)at 0.05 A g^(-1)),an excellent rate capability(97 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)),and a high initial Coulombic efficiency(60%)are achieved.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Effect of Salt on the Compromise of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micelle Solutions

The presence of salt has a profound effect on the size,shape and structure of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)micelles.There have been a great number of experiments on SDS micelles in the presence and absence of salt to study this complex problem.Unfortunately,it is not clear yet how electrolyte ions influence the structure of micelles.By describing the compromise between dominant mechanisms,a simplified atomic model of SDS in presence of salt has been developed and the molecular dynamics(MD)simulations of two series of systems with different concentrations of salt and charges of ion have been performed.Polydispersity of micelle size is founded at relatively high concentration of SDS and low charge of cation.Although the counter-ion pairs with head groups are formed,the transition of micelle shape is not observed because the charge of cation is not enough to neutralize the polar of micelle surface.

Rapid Microwave-promoted Base-free Suzuki Coupling Reaction of Sodium Tetraphenylborate with Hypervalent Iodonium Salts in Water

The palladium chloride-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction of sodium tetraphenylborate with hypervalent iodonium salts was achieved under microwave irradiation in water without base in excellent yield. A convenient and rapid method for formation of carbon-carbon bonds was afforded.

The Synthesis of Dialdehyde from Sodium Hydrogen Telluride with 1,1',3,3'-Tetramethyl-2,2'-bis-benzimidazolium Salt

The reaction of bis-benzimidazolium salts with sodium hydrogen telluride is reported, and a new synthetic method for dialdehydes is provided.

Salt/Sodium Intake Estimation in Children and Adolescents of Costa Rica

The objectives of this study were to estimate sodium intake and to identify the main dietary sources of this nutrient in young people. Cross-sectional study performed in 2685 students from 64 schools and high-schools of Costa Rica. A food frequency survey was applied to study the food and beverage intake habits of the participants. The average daily sodium intake for children and adolescents 7 to 18 years of age was 3214 mg. Around 97% of the students had sodium intakes > 2300 mg per day with significant differences by age subgroup, sex and nutritional status due to excess body weight (p < 0.001). The average sodium density of the diet was 1698 mg sodium/1000kcal, and the average addition of salt to the food was 445 mg of sodium (1.1 grams of salt). Including the amount added to the served food, the average sodium intake for children and adolescents from 7 to 18 years of age increased to 3434 mg and the overall average sodium density increased to 1821 mg of sodium/1000kcal, maintaining significant differences by age subgroups (p < 0.001). These results justify carrying out social marketing campaigns that include educational processes with sense and meaning for children, adolescents and families, in such a way that these groups of the population become motivated to modify gradually their eating habits, such as reducing the use of sauces, seasonings and salt in food preparation and at the table. If the habit of adding salt to the served food is gradually reduced or avoided, the children and adolescents in Costa Rica could decrease the intake of salt per day from 1 to 2 grams. This decrease could be even more effective if youngsters additionally would remove the intake of sauces, contributing in this way to achieve the maximum salt intake recommendation (5 g per day).

Measurement of the Effects of Nutritional Education for Reducing Sodium Intakes and Increasing Potassium Intakes

Background: The Togolese population, like those around the world, frequently consumes foods high in salt/sodium and low in potassium, thus exposing them to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nutritional intervention can help reverse this consumption pattern and reduce related CVD morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention on the consumption frequencies of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental before- and-after study, conducted from 08 January to 16 April 2023. It involved 200 adults aged 25 - 64 years, randomly selected from two areas: an intervention area and a non-intervention area. Data were collected in two phases at 3-month intervals in both groups. The intervention consisted of nutrition education (awareness raising and cooking demonstrations) on reducing salt/sodium intake and increasing potassium-rich food intake. The kobocollect electronic questionnaire was administered to the respondents to collect data on the frequency of consumption of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Results: The median age of the respondents was 33 years old (30;38) and 56% of the participants were women, 44% and 69% respectively in the control and intervention groups. Most participants lived in rural areas (51%), 52.4% and 49.5% in the control and intervention groups respectively. Overall, 4% (p individuals reduced their frequency of adding salt at mealtime from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 5.6% in the intervention group and 1.7% in the control group. The proportion of individuals who consumed meals with green leafy vegetable sauces was reduced from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 7.5% (p < 0.022), or 1% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group. Education level (0.23 [0.10 - 0.50];p - 6.35];p < 0.0006) were associated with reduced salt addition at meals. The same trend was observed for increased consumption of green leafy vegetable sauces (0.95 [0.03 - 0.99];p male (2 [1.08 - 1.84];p Conclusion: This study was able to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention for adequate sodium and potassium intakes on changing favourable dietary behaviour through a quasi-experimental study. The results show that the continuation of the intervention will contribute to the adoption of favourable behaviours for the reduction of dietary sodium intakes and the optimisation of potassium intakes.