A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chloride...A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.展开更多
The influence of sodium silicate on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tec...The influence of sodium silicate on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the AA7075-T6 surface. Silicate can significantly reduce corrosion deterioration and the inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration of Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>. The corrosion inhibition mechanism involves the formation of a protective film over the alloy surface by adsorption of aluminosilicate anions from solution, as has also been suggested by others in literature.展开更多
The double salt of glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride(glucosamine-SP) is an important pharmaceuticals ingredient for healing osteoarthritis. However, the study about its industrial production is rarely documented, le...The double salt of glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride(glucosamine-SP) is an important pharmaceuticals ingredient for healing osteoarthritis. However, the study about its industrial production is rarely documented, let alone the optimization over the whole process to produce glucosamine-SP using glucosamine hydrochloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate as synthetic raw materials. In order to improve the production efficiency, this study screened the process parameters based on the concept of quality by design(QbD), optimized 13 operational parameters related to reaction and separation in the process, and finally proposed the mixed dropping process. The reaction conditions for the preparation of glucosamineSP were found as follows: the molar ratio of anhydrous sodium sulfate to glucosamine hydrochloride is 0.42, the mass ratio of water to glucosamine hydrochloride is is 2.0, the reaction temperature is 50 ℃ and the reaction time is 1 h. Through step-by-step scaling up following QbD, the mixed dropping process was successfully applied to achieve a trial production of 200 kg products satisfying national quality standards.In all, the results of this study have high technical value and guiding significance for the industrial mass production of glucosamine-SP.展开更多
The research work was based on the study of the corrosion behaviour of the welded and un-welded medium carbon steel in sodium chloride solutions.The Sodium chloride solutions used are 1ml,2ml,3ml and 4ml for both weld...The research work was based on the study of the corrosion behaviour of the welded and un-welded medium carbon steel in sodium chloride solutions.The Sodium chloride solutions used are 1ml,2ml,3ml and 4ml for both welded and un-welded medium carbon steel in NaCl.The experiments were conducted in two ways,the weight loss analyses of measurements and using the electrochemical analyzer workstation to determine the potential dynamic of the samples.The samples for the weight loss measurements were prepared from rolled products obtained at the foundry shop.Two medium carbon steel materials were sourced with different chemical compositions as sample A and B.The materials were prepared to accommodate the experiments for the determination of welded and un-welded medium carbon steel.A total of sixty-eight(68)samples were produced,prepared and used for the weight loss measurements/analyses the experiments.Thirty-four of the samples each were prepared for both the welded and un-welded experiments.All the samples were produced and prepared through the use of various machining processes with the use of a lathe machine for planning,milling.Thirty-four(34)of the sample preparation were further welded in readiness of the experiments.Sixty-eight breakers were sourced for and used.Ten(10)other samples were used for the determination with the use of the electrochemical analyzer.The chemical compositions of the medium carbon steel were determined with the use of SPECTRO Analytical Instruments.A metallurgical inverted optical microscope was used to determine the microstructures of the materials.The Scanning Electron Microscopy with EDS was used to determine the morphologies of the materials.The thirty-four of the samples were welded this process was performed to determine the effects of welding on the material surrounding the weldments.These materials were made into sizes with the use of power hacksaw(i.e.2cm by 2cm).Other materials were prepared to 1cm x 1cm thickness from the same materials.The Tafel plot experiments and that of the open Circuit Potential Time(OCPT)were carried out with the use of Electrochemical Analyzer/Workstation.The Medium carbon steel materials were exposed for fifty-four(54)days,with an interval of 3days.The corrosion rates analyses were determined and the graphs of the corrosion rates(mm/yr.)and other parameters were used plotted against No of days exposed.展开更多
Flow-induced corrosion consists electrochemical and mechanical components. The present paper has to assessed the role of chloride ion and dissolved oxygen in the electrochemical component of flow induced corrosion for...Flow-induced corrosion consists electrochemical and mechanical components. The present paper has to assessed the role of chloride ion and dissolved oxygen in the electrochemical component of flow induced corrosion for AA5083-H321 aluminum-magnesium alloy which is extensively used in the construction of high-speed boats, submarines, hovercrafts, and desalination systems, in NaCI solutions. Electrochemical tests were carried out at flow velocities of 0, :2, 5, 7 and 10 m/s, in aerated and deaerated NaCI solutions with different sodium chloride concentrations. The results showed that the high rate of oxygen reduction under hydrodynamic conditions causes an increase in the density of pits on the surface. The increase of chloride ions concentration under flow conditions accelerates the rate of anodic reactions, but have no influence on the cathodic reactions. Thus, in the current work, it was found that under flow conditions, due to the elimination of corrosion products inside the pits, corrosion resistance of the alloy is increased.展开更多
The effect of sodium chloride(NaCl)curing salt content on protein oxidation,lipid oxidation and lipolysis of Chinese dry sausage was investigated.Two groups Chinese dry sausages with 2%and 4%(m/m)salt content were stu...The effect of sodium chloride(NaCl)curing salt content on protein oxidation,lipid oxidation and lipolysis of Chinese dry sausage was investigated.Two groups Chinese dry sausages with 2%and 4%(m/m)salt content were studied.The degree of protein oxidation increased during the processes in two groups sausages,while the content of phospholipids decreased,neutral lipids and free fatty acids increased.The degree of protein oxidation,lipid oxidation and lipolysis in 4%NaCl content group was higher than those in 2%NaCl content group,while 4%NaCl content group has higher lipase activity.In conclusion,4%NaCl may facilitate the protein oxidation,lipid hydrolysis and oxidation in Chinese dry sausage,and the protein oxidation had strong correlation with lipid oxidation and lipolysis.The results could provide a basis for improving the technology of industrial production.展开更多
The corrosion behaviors of ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in sodium chloride solution were studied by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The morphology of corrosion products was observed using scanning e...The corrosion behaviors of ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in sodium chloride solution were studied by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The morphology of corrosion products was observed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the composition was analyzed using an energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results showed that the corrosion came from pitting corrosion and the rust layer was composed of outer rust layer γ-FeOOH and inner rust layer Fe_2O_3 with a little β-FeOOH. The correlation between corrosion rate and test time accorded with exponential rule. The corrosion current measured by polarization methods was higher than that calculated by weight loss method after a long-time immersion, the main reason was that,β-FeOOH and γ-Fe_2O_3 transformed by γ-FeOOH led to overestimating corrosion rate. The processes of corrosion prophase were obtained from XRD and EIS results. The corrosion product, Fe(OH)_2 formed at the initial stage stayed at a non-steady state and then consequently transferred to γ-FeOOH, γ-Fe_2O_3 or β-FeOOH.展开更多
A simple and convenient procedure for the preparation of amines from aldehydes and ketones with sodium borohydride activated by silica chloride as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions is described.A variety of ali...A simple and convenient procedure for the preparation of amines from aldehydes and ketones with sodium borohydride activated by silica chloride as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions is described.A variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes,ketones and amines when mixed with NaBH;/silica chloride at room temperature,afforded excellent yield of the corresponding amines.展开更多
The corrosion fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) was studied at different cyclic stress levels in 3.5%NaCl (mass fraction, so as the follows) solution (pH=7) at 50 degreesC. The results showed that DSS w...The corrosion fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) was studied at different cyclic stress levels in 3.5%NaCl (mass fraction, so as the follows) solution (pH=7) at 50 degreesC. The results showed that DSS was susceptible to pitting corrosion and corrosion fatigue. Both intergranluar corrosion cracking and transgranlular corrosion cracking initiated at the bottom of pitting holes. Furthermore, the corrosion fatigue properties of DSS in 3.5%NaCl solution may be relatived to complex electrochemical and mechanical coupling effects between the three phases (austenite, ferrite and martensite), where martensite and ferrite were anodic in the corrosion cell and could be prone to cracking under certain condition.展开更多
Meltability is one of the most important properties of Mozzarella cheese, as it is generally used in pizza and other foods. Mozzarella was prepared by no salted and immature production technology, and the effect of di...Meltability is one of the most important properties of Mozzarella cheese, as it is generally used in pizza and other foods. Mozzarella was prepared by no salted and immature production technology, and the effect of different addition amounts of salt on the meltability of mozzarella cheese was measured by Schreiber method and small amplitude oscillatory shear analysis(SAOSA) method. The results showed that different adding amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese, and 2% NaCl addition was the best condition. The results measured by the methods of Schreiber and SAOSA were basically same: adding different amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the hardness and elasticity of mozzarella cheese, but no significant influence on the sticky. It was a good microscopic structure arrangement of Mozzarella cheese with 2% NaCl addition. Scanning electron micrographs showed that a space grid structure formed by casein had changed, and formed many uniform molecular holes. The results indicated that different addition amounts of salt had influence on meltability of no salted immature Mozzarella cheese, and this technology could be drastically shorten the processing time.展开更多
Electrochemical deposition and nucleation of aluminum on tungsten electrode from AlCl3-NaCl melts were studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiomet...Electrochemical deposition and nucleation of aluminum on tungsten electrode from AlCl3-NaCl melts were studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry analyses showed that Al (Ⅲ) was reduced at 200℃ in two consecutive steps in an electrolyte of molten AlCl3-NaCl system with a composition 52:48 molar ratio. The current-time characteristics of nucleation aluminum on tungsten showed a strong dependence on overpotentials. Chronoamperometry showed that the deposition process of aluminum on tungsten was controlled by an instantaneous nucleation with a hemispherical diffusion-controlled growth mechanism. The results could lead to a better understanding of the AlCl3-NaCl melt system that has technological importance in electrodeposition of metals as well as in rechargeable batteries.展开更多
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a salt-tolerant yeast species capable of removing cadmium(Cd) pollutant from aqueous solution. Presently, the physiological characteristics of Z. rouxii under the stress of sodium chloride(...Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a salt-tolerant yeast species capable of removing cadmium(Cd) pollutant from aqueous solution. Presently, the physiological characteristics of Z. rouxii under the stress of sodium chloride(NaCl) and Cd are poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of NaCl and Cd on the growth, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii after stress treatment for 24 h. Results showed that NaCl or Cd alone negatively affected the growth of Z. rouxii, but the growth-inhibiting effect of Cd on Z. rouxii was reduced in the presence of NaCl. Flow cytometry assay showed that under Cd stress, NaCl significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and cell death of Z. rouxii compared with those in the absence of NaCl. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and peroxidase(POD) of Z. rouxii were significantly enhanced by 2%–6% NaCl, which likely contributed to the high salt tolerance of Z. rouxii. The POD activity was inhibited by 20 mg L-1Cd while the SOD and CAT activities were enhanced by 8 mg L-1 Cd and inhibited by 20 mg L-1 or 50 mg L-1 Cd. The inhibitory effect of high-level Cd on the antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii was counteracted by the combined use of NaCl, especially at 6%. This probably accounted for the decrease in Cd-induced ROS production and cell death of Z. rouxii after incubation with NaCl and Cd. Our work provided physiological clues as to the use of Z. rouxii as a biosorbent for Cd removal from seawater and liquid highly salty food.展开更多
Two modified electrodes (Pb/PbO2 and C/PbO2) were prepared by electrodepositing a lead oxide layer on lead and carbon sub- strates. These modified electrodes were used as anodes for the generation of sodium hypochlo...Two modified electrodes (Pb/PbO2 and C/PbO2) were prepared by electrodepositing a lead oxide layer on lead and carbon sub- strates. These modified electrodes were used as anodes for the generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOC1) from sodium chloride solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process of NaOC1 generation, including current density, pH values, con- ductive electrolytes, and electrolysis time, were studied and optimized. By comparison the C/PbO2 electrode shows a higher efficiency than the Pb/PbO2 electrode for the generation of NaOC1.展开更多
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chlorid...Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the speciifc sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression in-creased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These ifndings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 1.展开更多
The sodium chloride methanol solution process is conducted on the conventional poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(61)BM) polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. The de...The sodium chloride methanol solution process is conducted on the conventional poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(61)BM) polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. The device exhibits a power conversion efficiency of up to 3.36%, 18% higher than that of the device without the solution process. The measurements of the active layer by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), atomic force microscopy(AFM), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS) indicate a slight phase separation in the vertical direction and a sodium chloride distributed island-like interface between the active layer and the cathode. The capacitance–voltage(C–V) and impedance spectroscopy measurements prove that the sodium chloride methanol process can reduce the electron injection barrier and improve the interfacial contact of polymer solar cells. Therefore, this one-step solution process not only optimizes the phase separation in the active layers but also forms a cathode buffer layer, which can enhance the generation, transport, and collection of photogenerated charge carriers in the device simultaneously. This work indicates that the inexpensive and non-toxic sodium chloride methanol solution process is an efficient one-step method for the low cost manufacturing of polymer solar cells.展开更多
The effect of different amounts of salt(NaCl)on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese was measured by Schreiber method and small amplitude oscillatory shear analysis(SAOSA)method.The results showed that different a...The effect of different amounts of salt(NaCl)on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese was measured by Schreiber method and small amplitude oscillatory shear analysis(SAOSA)method.The results showed that different addition amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese,and2%NaCl addition was the best condition for cheese melting.The results measured by Schreiber method and SAOSA method were basically the same.Adding different amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the hardness and elasticity of Mozzarella cheese but no significant influence on the stickiness.The microscopic structure of Mozzarella cheese with 2%NaCl addition was arranged orderly.Scanning electron micrographs showed the space grid structure formed by casein had changed and formed many uniform molecular holes.展开更多
Supercapacitor is a new type of energy storage device,which has the advantages of high-power property and long cycle life.In this study,three-dimensional graphene(3 D-GN)with oxygen doping and porous structure was pre...Supercapacitor is a new type of energy storage device,which has the advantages of high-power property and long cycle life.In this study,three-dimensional graphene(3 D-GN)with oxygen doping and porous structure was prepared from graphene oxide(GO)by an inexpensive sodium chloride(NaCl)template,as a promising electrode material for the supercapacitor.The structure,morphology,specific surface area,pore size,of the sample were characterized by XRD,SEM,TEM and BET techniques.The electrochemical performances of the sample were tested by CV and CDC techniques.The 3 D-GE product is a threedimensional nano material with hierarchical porous structures,its specific surface area is much larger than that of routine stacked graphene(GN),and it contains a large number of mesoporous and macropores,a small amount of micropores.The capacitance characteristics of the 3 D-GN electrode material are excellent,showing high specific capacitance(173.5 F·g^(-1)at 1 A·g^(-1)),good rate performance(109.2 F·g^(-1)at 8 A·g^(-1))and long cycle life(88%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 8 A·g^(-1))展开更多
Vibrio parahaemolyticus organisms cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. These bacteria are natural inhabitants of both marine and estuarine ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of a non...Vibrio parahaemolyticus organisms cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. These bacteria are natural inhabitants of both marine and estuarine ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of a non-selective enrichment of sediment samples with sodium chloride prior to selective enrichment with alkaline peptone water for a better recovery of V. parahaemolyticus. Sediment samples were collected with or without 1% NaCl from the river Buriganga, located besides Dhaka city and about 400 km away from the Bay of Bengal, and from the estuary of the river Karnaphuli which flows into the Bay of Bengal. Very small number of V. parahaemolyticus (<30 MPN/g) were detected in the sediments of both river and estuary, where NaCl was not added. On the other hand, the number of V. parahaemolyticus increased to more than 40 times (1500 MPN/g) in the river and 32 times (960 MPN/g) in the estuary where NaCl were added. River sediment sample contained the serotype O9:K41 of V. parahaemolyticus and the estuarine sample contained O3:K41 and O3:KUT Our results suggest that a pre-enrichment of environmental samples with 1% NaCl helps V. parahaemolyticus to survive for at least 7 days until they are enriched with alkaline peptone water, for better recovery.展开更多
文摘A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.
文摘The influence of sodium silicate on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the AA7075-T6 surface. Silicate can significantly reduce corrosion deterioration and the inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration of Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>. The corrosion inhibition mechanism involves the formation of a protective film over the alloy surface by adsorption of aluminosilicate anions from solution, as has also been suggested by others in literature.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of Xiamen, China (No. 3502Z20173018)。
文摘The double salt of glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride(glucosamine-SP) is an important pharmaceuticals ingredient for healing osteoarthritis. However, the study about its industrial production is rarely documented, let alone the optimization over the whole process to produce glucosamine-SP using glucosamine hydrochloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate as synthetic raw materials. In order to improve the production efficiency, this study screened the process parameters based on the concept of quality by design(QbD), optimized 13 operational parameters related to reaction and separation in the process, and finally proposed the mixed dropping process. The reaction conditions for the preparation of glucosamineSP were found as follows: the molar ratio of anhydrous sodium sulfate to glucosamine hydrochloride is 0.42, the mass ratio of water to glucosamine hydrochloride is is 2.0, the reaction temperature is 50 ℃ and the reaction time is 1 h. Through step-by-step scaling up following QbD, the mixed dropping process was successfully applied to achieve a trial production of 200 kg products satisfying national quality standards.In all, the results of this study have high technical value and guiding significance for the industrial mass production of glucosamine-SP.
文摘The research work was based on the study of the corrosion behaviour of the welded and un-welded medium carbon steel in sodium chloride solutions.The Sodium chloride solutions used are 1ml,2ml,3ml and 4ml for both welded and un-welded medium carbon steel in NaCl.The experiments were conducted in two ways,the weight loss analyses of measurements and using the electrochemical analyzer workstation to determine the potential dynamic of the samples.The samples for the weight loss measurements were prepared from rolled products obtained at the foundry shop.Two medium carbon steel materials were sourced with different chemical compositions as sample A and B.The materials were prepared to accommodate the experiments for the determination of welded and un-welded medium carbon steel.A total of sixty-eight(68)samples were produced,prepared and used for the weight loss measurements/analyses the experiments.Thirty-four of the samples each were prepared for both the welded and un-welded experiments.All the samples were produced and prepared through the use of various machining processes with the use of a lathe machine for planning,milling.Thirty-four(34)of the sample preparation were further welded in readiness of the experiments.Sixty-eight breakers were sourced for and used.Ten(10)other samples were used for the determination with the use of the electrochemical analyzer.The chemical compositions of the medium carbon steel were determined with the use of SPECTRO Analytical Instruments.A metallurgical inverted optical microscope was used to determine the microstructures of the materials.The Scanning Electron Microscopy with EDS was used to determine the morphologies of the materials.The thirty-four of the samples were welded this process was performed to determine the effects of welding on the material surrounding the weldments.These materials were made into sizes with the use of power hacksaw(i.e.2cm by 2cm).Other materials were prepared to 1cm x 1cm thickness from the same materials.The Tafel plot experiments and that of the open Circuit Potential Time(OCPT)were carried out with the use of Electrochemical Analyzer/Workstation.The Medium carbon steel materials were exposed for fifty-four(54)days,with an interval of 3days.The corrosion rates analyses were determined and the graphs of the corrosion rates(mm/yr.)and other parameters were used plotted against No of days exposed.
文摘Flow-induced corrosion consists electrochemical and mechanical components. The present paper has to assessed the role of chloride ion and dissolved oxygen in the electrochemical component of flow induced corrosion for AA5083-H321 aluminum-magnesium alloy which is extensively used in the construction of high-speed boats, submarines, hovercrafts, and desalination systems, in NaCI solutions. Electrochemical tests were carried out at flow velocities of 0, :2, 5, 7 and 10 m/s, in aerated and deaerated NaCI solutions with different sodium chloride concentrations. The results showed that the high rate of oxygen reduction under hydrodynamic conditions causes an increase in the density of pits on the surface. The increase of chloride ions concentration under flow conditions accelerates the rate of anodic reactions, but have no influence on the cathodic reactions. Thus, in the current work, it was found that under flow conditions, due to the elimination of corrosion products inside the pits, corrosion resistance of the alloy is increased.
基金This study was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(grant No.2017YFD0400105)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(grant No.6192009)Fengtai science and technology new star(grant No.KJXX201902).
文摘The effect of sodium chloride(NaCl)curing salt content on protein oxidation,lipid oxidation and lipolysis of Chinese dry sausage was investigated.Two groups Chinese dry sausages with 2%and 4%(m/m)salt content were studied.The degree of protein oxidation increased during the processes in two groups sausages,while the content of phospholipids decreased,neutral lipids and free fatty acids increased.The degree of protein oxidation,lipid oxidation and lipolysis in 4%NaCl content group was higher than those in 2%NaCl content group,while 4%NaCl content group has higher lipase activity.In conclusion,4%NaCl may facilitate the protein oxidation,lipid hydrolysis and oxidation in Chinese dry sausage,and the protein oxidation had strong correlation with lipid oxidation and lipolysis.The results could provide a basis for improving the technology of industrial production.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51171011)
文摘The corrosion behaviors of ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in sodium chloride solution were studied by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The morphology of corrosion products was observed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the composition was analyzed using an energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results showed that the corrosion came from pitting corrosion and the rust layer was composed of outer rust layer γ-FeOOH and inner rust layer Fe_2O_3 with a little β-FeOOH. The correlation between corrosion rate and test time accorded with exponential rule. The corrosion current measured by polarization methods was higher than that calculated by weight loss method after a long-time immersion, the main reason was that,β-FeOOH and γ-Fe_2O_3 transformed by γ-FeOOH led to overestimating corrosion rate. The processes of corrosion prophase were obtained from XRD and EIS results. The corrosion product, Fe(OH)_2 formed at the initial stage stayed at a non-steady state and then consequently transferred to γ-FeOOH, γ-Fe_2O_3 or β-FeOOH.
基金support of this work from the Research Council of Mazandaran University gratefully acknowledged.
文摘A simple and convenient procedure for the preparation of amines from aldehydes and ketones with sodium borohydride activated by silica chloride as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions is described.A variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes,ketones and amines when mixed with NaBH;/silica chloride at room temperature,afforded excellent yield of the corresponding amines.
文摘The corrosion fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) was studied at different cyclic stress levels in 3.5%NaCl (mass fraction, so as the follows) solution (pH=7) at 50 degreesC. The results showed that DSS was susceptible to pitting corrosion and corrosion fatigue. Both intergranluar corrosion cracking and transgranlular corrosion cracking initiated at the bottom of pitting holes. Furthermore, the corrosion fatigue properties of DSS in 3.5%NaCl solution may be relatived to complex electrochemical and mechanical coupling effects between the three phases (austenite, ferrite and martensite), where martensite and ferrite were anodic in the corrosion cell and could be prone to cracking under certain condition.
基金Supported by 12th Five-year Plan of National Ministry of Science and Technology(2011BAD09B02)National Ministry of Science and Technology(2009GJB20010)
文摘Meltability is one of the most important properties of Mozzarella cheese, as it is generally used in pizza and other foods. Mozzarella was prepared by no salted and immature production technology, and the effect of different addition amounts of salt on the meltability of mozzarella cheese was measured by Schreiber method and small amplitude oscillatory shear analysis(SAOSA) method. The results showed that different adding amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese, and 2% NaCl addition was the best condition. The results measured by the methods of Schreiber and SAOSA were basically same: adding different amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the hardness and elasticity of mozzarella cheese, but no significant influence on the sticky. It was a good microscopic structure arrangement of Mozzarella cheese with 2% NaCl addition. Scanning electron micrographs showed that a space grid structure formed by casein had changed, and formed many uniform molecular holes. The results indicated that different addition amounts of salt had influence on meltability of no salted immature Mozzarella cheese, and this technology could be drastically shorten the processing time.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2007CB210305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50674031).
文摘Electrochemical deposition and nucleation of aluminum on tungsten electrode from AlCl3-NaCl melts were studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry analyses showed that Al (Ⅲ) was reduced at 200℃ in two consecutive steps in an electrolyte of molten AlCl3-NaCl system with a composition 52:48 molar ratio. The current-time characteristics of nucleation aluminum on tungsten showed a strong dependence on overpotentials. Chronoamperometry showed that the deposition process of aluminum on tungsten was controlled by an instantaneous nucleation with a hemispherical diffusion-controlled growth mechanism. The results could lead to a better understanding of the AlCl3-NaCl melt system that has technological importance in electrodeposition of metals as well as in rechargeable batteries.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31101330 and 30972289)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province in China (Grant No. ZR2010CM043)+1 种基金the International Joint Research Program (Grant No. 2010DFA31330)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. IRT1188)
文摘Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a salt-tolerant yeast species capable of removing cadmium(Cd) pollutant from aqueous solution. Presently, the physiological characteristics of Z. rouxii under the stress of sodium chloride(NaCl) and Cd are poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of NaCl and Cd on the growth, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii after stress treatment for 24 h. Results showed that NaCl or Cd alone negatively affected the growth of Z. rouxii, but the growth-inhibiting effect of Cd on Z. rouxii was reduced in the presence of NaCl. Flow cytometry assay showed that under Cd stress, NaCl significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and cell death of Z. rouxii compared with those in the absence of NaCl. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and peroxidase(POD) of Z. rouxii were significantly enhanced by 2%–6% NaCl, which likely contributed to the high salt tolerance of Z. rouxii. The POD activity was inhibited by 20 mg L-1Cd while the SOD and CAT activities were enhanced by 8 mg L-1 Cd and inhibited by 20 mg L-1 or 50 mg L-1 Cd. The inhibitory effect of high-level Cd on the antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii was counteracted by the combined use of NaCl, especially at 6%. This probably accounted for the decrease in Cd-induced ROS production and cell death of Z. rouxii after incubation with NaCl and Cd. Our work provided physiological clues as to the use of Z. rouxii as a biosorbent for Cd removal from seawater and liquid highly salty food.
文摘Two modified electrodes (Pb/PbO2 and C/PbO2) were prepared by electrodepositing a lead oxide layer on lead and carbon sub- strates. These modified electrodes were used as anodes for the generation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOC1) from sodium chloride solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process of NaOC1 generation, including current density, pH values, con- ductive electrolytes, and electrolysis time, were studied and optimized. By comparison the C/PbO2 electrode shows a higher efficiency than the Pb/PbO2 electrode for the generation of NaOC1.
基金supported by a grant from Guangzhou Medical University,No.2008C24
文摘Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the speciifc sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression in-creased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These ifndings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 1.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2014JBZ009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61274063,61377028,61475014,and 61475017)
文摘The sodium chloride methanol solution process is conducted on the conventional poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(61)BM) polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. The device exhibits a power conversion efficiency of up to 3.36%, 18% higher than that of the device without the solution process. The measurements of the active layer by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), atomic force microscopy(AFM), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS) indicate a slight phase separation in the vertical direction and a sodium chloride distributed island-like interface between the active layer and the cathode. The capacitance–voltage(C–V) and impedance spectroscopy measurements prove that the sodium chloride methanol process can reduce the electron injection barrier and improve the interfacial contact of polymer solar cells. Therefore, this one-step solution process not only optimizes the phase separation in the active layers but also forms a cathode buffer layer, which can enhance the generation, transport, and collection of photogenerated charge carriers in the device simultaneously. This work indicates that the inexpensive and non-toxic sodium chloride methanol solution process is an efficient one-step method for the low cost manufacturing of polymer solar cells.
基金Supported by"Twelfth Five-Year"National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2011BAD09B02)Fund from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2009GJB20010)
文摘The effect of different amounts of salt(NaCl)on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese was measured by Schreiber method and small amplitude oscillatory shear analysis(SAOSA)method.The results showed that different addition amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese,and2%NaCl addition was the best condition for cheese melting.The results measured by Schreiber method and SAOSA method were basically the same.Adding different amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the hardness and elasticity of Mozzarella cheese but no significant influence on the stickiness.The microscopic structure of Mozzarella cheese with 2%NaCl addition was arranged orderly.Scanning electron micrographs showed the space grid structure formed by casein had changed and formed many uniform molecular holes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078071,51762006 and 51864007)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2020A1515010344)+4 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong Province College Students(733316)Guangxi Key Research and Development Program of Science and Technology(GUIKE AB17195065and AB17129011)Guangxi Technology Base and Talent Subject(GUIKE AD18126001 and GUIKE AD17195084)Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2019)the program for Innovative Research Team of Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology。
文摘Supercapacitor is a new type of energy storage device,which has the advantages of high-power property and long cycle life.In this study,three-dimensional graphene(3 D-GN)with oxygen doping and porous structure was prepared from graphene oxide(GO)by an inexpensive sodium chloride(NaCl)template,as a promising electrode material for the supercapacitor.The structure,morphology,specific surface area,pore size,of the sample were characterized by XRD,SEM,TEM and BET techniques.The electrochemical performances of the sample were tested by CV and CDC techniques.The 3 D-GE product is a threedimensional nano material with hierarchical porous structures,its specific surface area is much larger than that of routine stacked graphene(GN),and it contains a large number of mesoporous and macropores,a small amount of micropores.The capacitance characteristics of the 3 D-GN electrode material are excellent,showing high specific capacitance(173.5 F·g^(-1)at 1 A·g^(-1)),good rate performance(109.2 F·g^(-1)at 8 A·g^(-1))and long cycle life(88%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 8 A·g^(-1))
文摘Vibrio parahaemolyticus organisms cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. These bacteria are natural inhabitants of both marine and estuarine ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of a non-selective enrichment of sediment samples with sodium chloride prior to selective enrichment with alkaline peptone water for a better recovery of V. parahaemolyticus. Sediment samples were collected with or without 1% NaCl from the river Buriganga, located besides Dhaka city and about 400 km away from the Bay of Bengal, and from the estuary of the river Karnaphuli which flows into the Bay of Bengal. Very small number of V. parahaemolyticus (<30 MPN/g) were detected in the sediments of both river and estuary, where NaCl was not added. On the other hand, the number of V. parahaemolyticus increased to more than 40 times (1500 MPN/g) in the river and 32 times (960 MPN/g) in the estuary where NaCl were added. River sediment sample contained the serotype O9:K41 of V. parahaemolyticus and the estuarine sample contained O3:K41 and O3:KUT Our results suggest that a pre-enrichment of environmental samples with 1% NaCl helps V. parahaemolyticus to survive for at least 7 days until they are enriched with alkaline peptone water, for better recovery.