Two selective stability-indicating HPLC methods are described for determination of rabeprazole sodium （RZ）-mosapride citrate （MR） and RZ-itopride hydrochloride （IO） mixturcs in the presence of their ICH-stress f...Two selective stability-indicating HPLC methods are described for determination of rabeprazole sodium （RZ）-mosapride citrate （MR） and RZ-itopride hydrochloride （IO） mixturcs in the presence of their ICH-stress formed degradation products. Separations were achieved on X-Bridge CI 8 column using two mobile phases： the first for RZ-MR mixture consisted of acetonitrile： 0.（125 M KH,PO4 solution： TEA （30：69：1 v/v; pH 7.0）; the second for RZ-IO mixture was at ratio of 25：74：1 Iv/v： pH 9.25J. The detection wavelength was 283 nm. The two methods were validated and wdidation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. Peak purity testing using contrast angle theory, relative absorbance and log A versus the wavelengths plots were presented. The % recoveries of the intact drugs were between 99.1% and 102.2% with RSD% values less than 1.6%. Application of the proposed HPLC methods indicated that the methods could be adopted to follow the stability of their formulations.展开更多
Absorption of SO2 from a SO2/air mixture with sodium citrate buffer solution was investigated using a rotating packed bed(RPB) in laboratory scale.The effects of operating parameters,such as the rotation speed of RPB,...Absorption of SO2 from a SO2/air mixture with sodium citrate buffer solution was investigated using a rotating packed bed(RPB) in laboratory scale.The effects of operating parameters,such as the rotation speed of RPB,liquid-gas ratio,inlet gas flow rate,inlet concentration of SO2 in flue gas,sodium citrate buffer concentration and initial pH of absorption solution,on the SO2 concentration in the absorption solution or removal efficiency of SO2 were examined.Incremental rate of sulfate radical ions in the absorption solution was also examined.Experimental results indicate that the efficiency of this regenerative process will be improved by using RPB under appropriate operating conditions,and the generation of SO2-4 will be restrained in the process in RPB.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of magnesium citrate and a single dose of oral sodium phosphate(45 mL) solution for morning colonoscopy bowel preparation. METHODS:A total of 159 patients were randomly a...AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of magnesium citrate and a single dose of oral sodium phosphate(45 mL) solution for morning colonoscopy bowel preparation. METHODS:A total of 159 patients were randomly assigned to receive two split doses of 90 mg of sodium phosphate(GroupⅠ,n=79) or magnesium citrate(250 mL,the day before the procedure) followed by 45 mL of sodium phosphate(the day of procedure,GroupⅡ,n= 80) .The quality of bowel cleansing and the acceptability of each regimen were compared,including the satisfaction,taste,willing to repeat and adverse effects of each regimen. RESULTS:The quality of bowel cleansing of GroupⅡ was as good as that of GroupⅠ(An Aronchick scale score of good or excellent:70.9%vs 81.0%,respectively,P=0.34;the Ottawa system score:4.4±2.6 vs 3.8 ±3.0,respectively,P=0.76) .There was no statisticallysignificant difference between both groups with regard to acceptability,including the satisfaction,taste and willingness to repeat the regimen.A significantly greater number of older patients(over 65 years old) in Group Ⅱgraded the overall satisfaction as satisfactory(48.1% vs 78.1%,respectively;GroupⅠvs GroupⅡ,P=0.01) . There were no significant adverse reactions. CONCLUSION:Magnesium citrate and a single dose of sodium phosphate was as effective and tolerable as the conventional sodium phosphate regimen and is a satisfactory option.展开更多
BACKGROUND Research data from patient reports indicate that the least bearable part of colonoscopy is the administration of laxatives for bowel preparation.AIM To observe the intestinal cleansing efficacy and safety o...BACKGROUND Research data from patient reports indicate that the least bearable part of colonoscopy is the administration of laxatives for bowel preparation.AIM To observe the intestinal cleansing efficacy and safety of sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate and to discuss the patients’experiences due to the procedure.METHODS Subjects hospitalized in the International Medical Center Ward of Peking University International Hospital,Beijing,China,from April 29 to October 29,2020,for whom the colonoscopy was planned,were enrolled.Bowel preparation was performed using sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate.The effect of bowel cleansing was evaluated according to the Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale,defecation conditions and adverse reactions were recorded,and the comfort level and subjective satisfaction concerning medication were evaluated by the visual analogue scale/score(VAS).RESULTS The bowel preparation procedure was planned for all patients enrolled,which included 42 males and 22 females.The results showed an average liquid rehydration volume of 3000 mL,an average onset of action for the first dose at 89.04 min,an average number of bowel movements of 4.3 following the first dose,an average onset of action for the second dose at 38.90 min and an average number of bowel movements of 5.0 after the second dose.The total average Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale score was 3.6,with 93.55%of bowel preparations in the“qualified”and 67.74%in the“excellent”grade.The average VAS score of effect on sleep was 0,and the average VAS score of perianal pain was also 0.The average VAS score for ease of taking and taste perception of the bowel cleanser was 10.Side effects included mild to moderate nausea(15.63%),mild vomiting(4.69%),mild to moderate abdominal pain(7.81%),mild to moderate abdominal distension(20.31%),mild palpitation(7.81%)and mild dizziness(4.69%).CONCLUSION Sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate is effective and safe for bowel preparation before colonoscopy with high subjective patient acceptance,thus improving overall patient compliance.展开更多
There were several techniques determined for the analysis of citrate and citric acid mixtures in the pharmaceutical dosage forms. Titration methods, photometric and ion chromatographic methods were used for their dete...There were several techniques determined for the analysis of citrate and citric acid mixtures in the pharmaceutical dosage forms. Titration methods, photometric and ion chromatographic methods were used for their determination. These methods will restrict too many factors where the accurate quantification of citrate and citric acid is extremely challenging. Citric acid is the natural flavor used as a preservative for many pharmaceutical applications. Deformulation techniques used for the manufacturing of generic drugs require authentic data for their regulatory submissions. Simple accurate and reproducible validated method developed for the determination of citric acid and sodium citrate by titration followed by HPLC analysis. Free citric acid was determined by the titration method and total citric acid was determined by HPLC analysis. After subtracting the free citric acid from total citric acid content, citric acid present in the sodium citrate content was determined. Sodium citrate content was determined by applying sodium correction factor to the subtracted value of the citric acid. The results met all the validation parameters and the method was successfully measured the amount of citric acid and sodium citrate in the marketed ophthalmic/oral solutions.展开更多
Oral purgatives such as sodium phosphate and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (Picolax) combinations are commonly used as a preparation step for colonoscopies in Ireland. These substances can occasionally cause si...Oral purgatives such as sodium phosphate and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (Picolax) combinations are commonly used as a preparation step for colonoscopies in Ireland. These substances can occasionally cause significant electrolyte disturbances including hyponatraemia. Although this is a rare complication of undergoing a colonoscopy, if not treated promptly and appropriately, these electrolyte abnormalities can be associated with life threatening complications. We report cases of symptomatic hyponatraemia in three women aged 65-75 years, following ingestion of Picolax in preparation for a colonoscopy. All three patients had documented previously normal electrolytes and all three required hospital admission for management of their electrolyte disturbance. However, the clinical presentations were variable and depended upon the severity of the hyponatraemia. Patient 1 presented with nausea and vomiting 7 hours post Picolax ingestion. Plasma sodium was 124 mmol/l. She was diagnosed with mild symptomatic hyponatraemia, and treated with anti-emetics and slow intravenous infusion of 0.9% Saline. Patient 2 developed acute confusion 8 hours following ingestion of Picolax. Plasma sodium was 120 mmol/l and she was clinically dehydrated. She was also treated with intravenous 0.9% Saline. Patient 3 presented with seizures and reduced GCS, 48 hours post Picolax ingestion. Plasma sodium was 111 mmol/l. As she had severe life threatening hyponatraemia with seizures, she was treated with boluses of 3% hypertonic saline. It is recommended that cleansing agents should be used with caution in the elderly, patients with a low seizure threshold, patients with renal impairment, liver cirrhosis, heart failure, and patients on diuretics. These patients should have plasma sodium monitored pre- and post-colonoscopy to ensure early detection of hyponatraemia if present, and to initiate prompt and appropriate management to prevent the serious complications associated with hyponatraemia.展开更多
This paper investigates the effect of using sodium citrate（NaC6H5O6·2H2O）as sole carbon source for nitrate removal from drinking water.With sodium citrate as sole carbon source, batch experiments have been cond...This paper investigates the effect of using sodium citrate（NaC6H5O6·2H2O）as sole carbon source for nitrate removal from drinking water.With sodium citrate as sole carbon source, batch experiments have been conducted to study the law of denitrification influenced by pH, C/N and temperature. Results show that a denitrification rate reaching 1.32 g NO-3-N /（g Biomass·d） was obtained when pH was at 7.5,C/N at 1.7（atom ratio）, and temperature from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃. The results also show that denitrification rate with sodium citrate as carbon source approaches to that with methanol as carbon source.展开更多
Objective:To observe the effect of sodium citrate plasma (scP) on the growth and function of hepatocytes. Methods: HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes were cultured. The viability, cell cycle and apoptosis, the leaka...Objective:To observe the effect of sodium citrate plasma (scP) on the growth and function of hepatocytes. Methods: HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes were cultured. The viability, cell cycle and apoptosis, the leakage of LDH, AFP, total protein, glutathione and the changes on morphology of hepatocytes exposured to scP were investigated. Results: (1)Cultured in 10%, 30%, 50%, 100% scP for 24 h, the viability of HepG2 cells was inhibited (F = 40. 108, P = 0. 001). After 48 h, nearly all cells died except 10% scP group. (2)Exposured to scP for 24 h,the percentage of S phase of the cell cycle was significantly increased and apoptosis was also significantly increased compared to control cultures. (3) The leakages of LDH were increased in the HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes following exposure to scP for 5 h. (4) The synthesis of AFP in fetus and porcine hepatocytes were inhibited in medium containing 10% scP for 3 d(t values were 8. 1902, 5. 1034 separately, P<0. 01). Exposure of HepG2 cells to scP within 24 h resulted in a decrease in the total protein synthesis and a increase in the GSH content. (5)Most of HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes died in all except 10% scP groups after 24 h exposed to scP. Conclusion:scP can damage hepatocytes, which results from citric acid and sodium citrate contained in the fluid of blood maintenance.展开更多
Hydroxyapatite(HA)nanoparticles impart outstanding mechanical properties to organicinorganic nanocomposites in bone.Inspired by the composite structure of HA nanoparticles and collagen in bone,a high performance HA/ge...Hydroxyapatite(HA)nanoparticles impart outstanding mechanical properties to organicinorganic nanocomposites in bone.Inspired by the composite structure of HA nanoparticles and collagen in bone,a high performance HA/gelatin nanocomposite was first developed.The nanocomposites have much better mechanical properties(elongation at break 29.9%,tensile strength 90.7 MPa,Young’s modulus 5.24 GPa)than pure gelatin films(elongation at break 9.3%,tensile strength 90.8 MPa,Young’s modulus 2.5 GPa).In addition,the composite films keep a high transmittance in visible wavelength range from 0%to 60%of the HA solid content.These differences in properties are attributed to the homogeneous distribution of HA nanoparticles in the gelatin polymer matrix and the strong interaction between the particle surfaces and the gelatin molecules.This protocol should be promising for HA-based nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties for biomedical applications.展开更多
Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis.However,the action of citrate in regulating nutrient metabolism in fish remains p...Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis.However,the action of citrate in regulating nutrient metabolism in fish remains poorly understood.Here,we investigated the effects of dietary sodium citrate on growth performance and systematic energy metabolism in juvenile Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).A total of 270Nile tilapia(2.81±0.01 g)were randomly divided into three groups(3 replicates per group,30 fish per replicate)and fed with control diet(35%protein and 6%lipid),2%and 4%sodium citrate diets,respectively,for 8 weeks.The results showed that sodium citrate exhibited no effect on growth performance(P>0.05).The whole-body crude protein,serum triglyceride and hepatic glycogen contents were significantly increased in the 4%sodium citrate group(P<0.05),but not in the 2%sodium citrate group(P>0.05).The 4%sodium citrate treatment significantly increased the serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of feeding trial and also in the glucose tolerance test(P<0.05).The 4%sodium citrate significantly enhanced the hepatic phosphofructokinase activity and inhibited the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 and phosphor-pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha proteins(P<0.05).Additionally,the 4%sodium citrate significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and acetyl-Co A levels,while the expressions of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a protein were significantly down-regulated by the 4%sodium citrate(P<0.05).Besides,the 4%sodium citrate induced crude protein deposition in muscle by activating m TOR signaling and inhibiting AMPK signaling(P<0.05).Furthermore,the 4%sodium citrate significantly suppressed serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities,along with the lowered expression of pro-inflammatory genes,such as nfκb,tnfa and il8(P<0.05).Although the 4%sodium citrate significantly increased phosphor-nuclear factor-k B p65 protein expression(P<0.05),no significant tissue damage or inflammation occurred.Taken together,dietary supplementation of sodium citrate could exhibit a double-edged effect in Nile tilapia,with the positive aspect in promoting nutrient deposition and the negative aspect in causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.展开更多
文摘Two selective stability-indicating HPLC methods are described for determination of rabeprazole sodium （RZ）-mosapride citrate （MR） and RZ-itopride hydrochloride （IO） mixturcs in the presence of their ICH-stress formed degradation products. Separations were achieved on X-Bridge CI 8 column using two mobile phases： the first for RZ-MR mixture consisted of acetonitrile： 0.（125 M KH,PO4 solution： TEA （30：69：1 v/v; pH 7.0）; the second for RZ-IO mixture was at ratio of 25：74：1 Iv/v： pH 9.25J. The detection wavelength was 283 nm. The two methods were validated and wdidation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. Peak purity testing using contrast angle theory, relative absorbance and log A versus the wavelengths plots were presented. The % recoveries of the intact drugs were between 99.1% and 102.2% with RSD% values less than 1.6%. Application of the proposed HPLC methods indicated that the methods could be adopted to follow the stability of their formulations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20572128）
文摘Absorption of SO2 from a SO2/air mixture with sodium citrate buffer solution was investigated using a rotating packed bed(RPB) in laboratory scale.The effects of operating parameters,such as the rotation speed of RPB,liquid-gas ratio,inlet gas flow rate,inlet concentration of SO2 in flue gas,sodium citrate buffer concentration and initial pH of absorption solution,on the SO2 concentration in the absorption solution or removal efficiency of SO2 were examined.Incremental rate of sulfate radical ions in the absorption solution was also examined.Experimental results indicate that the efficiency of this regenerative process will be improved by using RPB under appropriate operating conditions,and the generation of SO2-4 will be restrained in the process in RPB.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of magnesium citrate and a single dose of oral sodium phosphate(45 mL) solution for morning colonoscopy bowel preparation. METHODS:A total of 159 patients were randomly assigned to receive two split doses of 90 mg of sodium phosphate(GroupⅠ,n=79) or magnesium citrate(250 mL,the day before the procedure) followed by 45 mL of sodium phosphate(the day of procedure,GroupⅡ,n= 80) .The quality of bowel cleansing and the acceptability of each regimen were compared,including the satisfaction,taste,willing to repeat and adverse effects of each regimen. RESULTS:The quality of bowel cleansing of GroupⅡ was as good as that of GroupⅠ(An Aronchick scale score of good or excellent:70.9%vs 81.0%,respectively,P=0.34;the Ottawa system score:4.4±2.6 vs 3.8 ±3.0,respectively,P=0.76) .There was no statisticallysignificant difference between both groups with regard to acceptability,including the satisfaction,taste and willingness to repeat the regimen.A significantly greater number of older patients(over 65 years old) in Group Ⅱgraded the overall satisfaction as satisfactory(48.1% vs 78.1%,respectively;GroupⅠvs GroupⅡ,P=0.01) . There were no significant adverse reactions. CONCLUSION:Magnesium citrate and a single dose of sodium phosphate was as effective and tolerable as the conventional sodium phosphate regimen and is a satisfactory option.
基金Beijing Science and Technology Program,China,Early Endoscopic Diagnosis for Colorectal Cancer—The Guidance Study,No.D17110002617002.
文摘BACKGROUND Research data from patient reports indicate that the least bearable part of colonoscopy is the administration of laxatives for bowel preparation.AIM To observe the intestinal cleansing efficacy and safety of sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate and to discuss the patients’experiences due to the procedure.METHODS Subjects hospitalized in the International Medical Center Ward of Peking University International Hospital,Beijing,China,from April 29 to October 29,2020,for whom the colonoscopy was planned,were enrolled.Bowel preparation was performed using sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate.The effect of bowel cleansing was evaluated according to the Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale,defecation conditions and adverse reactions were recorded,and the comfort level and subjective satisfaction concerning medication were evaluated by the visual analogue scale/score(VAS).RESULTS The bowel preparation procedure was planned for all patients enrolled,which included 42 males and 22 females.The results showed an average liquid rehydration volume of 3000 mL,an average onset of action for the first dose at 89.04 min,an average number of bowel movements of 4.3 following the first dose,an average onset of action for the second dose at 38.90 min and an average number of bowel movements of 5.0 after the second dose.The total average Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale score was 3.6,with 93.55%of bowel preparations in the“qualified”and 67.74%in the“excellent”grade.The average VAS score of effect on sleep was 0,and the average VAS score of perianal pain was also 0.The average VAS score for ease of taking and taste perception of the bowel cleanser was 10.Side effects included mild to moderate nausea(15.63%),mild vomiting(4.69%),mild to moderate abdominal pain(7.81%),mild to moderate abdominal distension(20.31%),mild palpitation(7.81%)and mild dizziness(4.69%).CONCLUSION Sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate is effective and safe for bowel preparation before colonoscopy with high subjective patient acceptance,thus improving overall patient compliance.
文摘There were several techniques determined for the analysis of citrate and citric acid mixtures in the pharmaceutical dosage forms. Titration methods, photometric and ion chromatographic methods were used for their determination. These methods will restrict too many factors where the accurate quantification of citrate and citric acid is extremely challenging. Citric acid is the natural flavor used as a preservative for many pharmaceutical applications. Deformulation techniques used for the manufacturing of generic drugs require authentic data for their regulatory submissions. Simple accurate and reproducible validated method developed for the determination of citric acid and sodium citrate by titration followed by HPLC analysis. Free citric acid was determined by the titration method and total citric acid was determined by HPLC analysis. After subtracting the free citric acid from total citric acid content, citric acid present in the sodium citrate content was determined. Sodium citrate content was determined by applying sodium correction factor to the subtracted value of the citric acid. The results met all the validation parameters and the method was successfully measured the amount of citric acid and sodium citrate in the marketed ophthalmic/oral solutions.
文摘Oral purgatives such as sodium phosphate and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (Picolax) combinations are commonly used as a preparation step for colonoscopies in Ireland. These substances can occasionally cause significant electrolyte disturbances including hyponatraemia. Although this is a rare complication of undergoing a colonoscopy, if not treated promptly and appropriately, these electrolyte abnormalities can be associated with life threatening complications. We report cases of symptomatic hyponatraemia in three women aged 65-75 years, following ingestion of Picolax in preparation for a colonoscopy. All three patients had documented previously normal electrolytes and all three required hospital admission for management of their electrolyte disturbance. However, the clinical presentations were variable and depended upon the severity of the hyponatraemia. Patient 1 presented with nausea and vomiting 7 hours post Picolax ingestion. Plasma sodium was 124 mmol/l. She was diagnosed with mild symptomatic hyponatraemia, and treated with anti-emetics and slow intravenous infusion of 0.9% Saline. Patient 2 developed acute confusion 8 hours following ingestion of Picolax. Plasma sodium was 120 mmol/l and she was clinically dehydrated. She was also treated with intravenous 0.9% Saline. Patient 3 presented with seizures and reduced GCS, 48 hours post Picolax ingestion. Plasma sodium was 111 mmol/l. As she had severe life threatening hyponatraemia with seizures, she was treated with boluses of 3% hypertonic saline. It is recommended that cleansing agents should be used with caution in the elderly, patients with a low seizure threshold, patients with renal impairment, liver cirrhosis, heart failure, and patients on diuretics. These patients should have plasma sodium monitored pre- and post-colonoscopy to ensure early detection of hyponatraemia if present, and to initiate prompt and appropriate management to prevent the serious complications associated with hyponatraemia.
文摘This paper investigates the effect of using sodium citrate（NaC6H5O6·2H2O）as sole carbon source for nitrate removal from drinking water.With sodium citrate as sole carbon source, batch experiments have been conducted to study the law of denitrification influenced by pH, C/N and temperature. Results show that a denitrification rate reaching 1.32 g NO-3-N /（g Biomass·d） was obtained when pH was at 7.5,C/N at 1.7（atom ratio）, and temperature from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃. The results also show that denitrification rate with sodium citrate as carbon source approaches to that with methanol as carbon source.
基金Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 30470458)
文摘Objective:To observe the effect of sodium citrate plasma (scP) on the growth and function of hepatocytes. Methods: HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes were cultured. The viability, cell cycle and apoptosis, the leakage of LDH, AFP, total protein, glutathione and the changes on morphology of hepatocytes exposured to scP were investigated. Results: (1)Cultured in 10%, 30%, 50%, 100% scP for 24 h, the viability of HepG2 cells was inhibited (F = 40. 108, P = 0. 001). After 48 h, nearly all cells died except 10% scP group. (2)Exposured to scP for 24 h,the percentage of S phase of the cell cycle was significantly increased and apoptosis was also significantly increased compared to control cultures. (3) The leakages of LDH were increased in the HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes following exposure to scP for 5 h. (4) The synthesis of AFP in fetus and porcine hepatocytes were inhibited in medium containing 10% scP for 3 d(t values were 8. 1902, 5. 1034 separately, P<0. 01). Exposure of HepG2 cells to scP within 24 h resulted in a decrease in the total protein synthesis and a increase in the GSH content. (5)Most of HepG2, fetus and porcine hepatocytes died in all except 10% scP groups after 24 h exposed to scP. Conclusion:scP can damage hepatocytes, which results from citric acid and sodium citrate contained in the fluid of blood maintenance.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2018CFB710)the Opening Fund of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry(No.202107B07)Hubei University of Technology。
文摘Hydroxyapatite(HA)nanoparticles impart outstanding mechanical properties to organicinorganic nanocomposites in bone.Inspired by the composite structure of HA nanoparticles and collagen in bone,a high performance HA/gelatin nanocomposite was first developed.The nanocomposites have much better mechanical properties(elongation at break 29.9%,tensile strength 90.7 MPa,Young’s modulus 5.24 GPa)than pure gelatin films(elongation at break 9.3%,tensile strength 90.8 MPa,Young’s modulus 2.5 GPa).In addition,the composite films keep a high transmittance in visible wavelength range from 0%to 60%of the HA solid content.These differences in properties are attributed to the homogeneous distribution of HA nanoparticles in the gelatin polymer matrix and the strong interaction between the particle surfaces and the gelatin molecules.This protocol should be promising for HA-based nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties for biomedical applications.
基金support provided by National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2018YFD0900400)。
文摘Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis.However,the action of citrate in regulating nutrient metabolism in fish remains poorly understood.Here,we investigated the effects of dietary sodium citrate on growth performance and systematic energy metabolism in juvenile Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).A total of 270Nile tilapia(2.81±0.01 g)were randomly divided into three groups(3 replicates per group,30 fish per replicate)and fed with control diet(35%protein and 6%lipid),2%and 4%sodium citrate diets,respectively,for 8 weeks.The results showed that sodium citrate exhibited no effect on growth performance(P>0.05).The whole-body crude protein,serum triglyceride and hepatic glycogen contents were significantly increased in the 4%sodium citrate group(P<0.05),but not in the 2%sodium citrate group(P>0.05).The 4%sodium citrate treatment significantly increased the serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of feeding trial and also in the glucose tolerance test(P<0.05).The 4%sodium citrate significantly enhanced the hepatic phosphofructokinase activity and inhibited the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 and phosphor-pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha proteins(P<0.05).Additionally,the 4%sodium citrate significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and acetyl-Co A levels,while the expressions of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a protein were significantly down-regulated by the 4%sodium citrate(P<0.05).Besides,the 4%sodium citrate induced crude protein deposition in muscle by activating m TOR signaling and inhibiting AMPK signaling(P<0.05).Furthermore,the 4%sodium citrate significantly suppressed serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities,along with the lowered expression of pro-inflammatory genes,such as nfκb,tnfa and il8(P<0.05).Although the 4%sodium citrate significantly increased phosphor-nuclear factor-k B p65 protein expression(P<0.05),no significant tissue damage or inflammation occurred.Taken together,dietary supplementation of sodium citrate could exhibit a double-edged effect in Nile tilapia,with the positive aspect in promoting nutrient deposition and the negative aspect in causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
