Effect of sodium salicylate on oxidative stress and insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that high-dose salicylates improve free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in vitro, but the mechanism remains uncertain. In insulin-resistant rats, we found that the supplementation of sodium salicylate is associated with a reduction of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress. Few studies have investigated the effects of salicylates on oxidative stress levels in insulin-resistant animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of sodium salicylate on insulin sensitivity and to explore the potential mechanism by which it improves hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. METHODS: Intralipid+heparin (IH), saline (SAL), or intralipid+heparin+sodium salicylate (IHS) were separately infused for 7 hours in normal Wistar rats. During the last 2 hours of the infusion, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping was 3 performed with [6-(3)H] glucose tracer. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxygenase method. Plasma insulin and C-peptide were determined by radioimmunoassay. MDA levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity in the liver and skeletal muscle were measured with colorimetric kits. RESULTS: Compared with infusion of SAL, IH infusion increased hepatic glucose production (HGP), and decreased glucose utilization (GU) (P<0.05). The elevation of plasma free fatty acids increased the MDA levels and decreased the GSH-PX activity in the liver and muscle (P<0.01). Sodium salicylate treatment decreased HGP, elevated GU (P<0.05), reduced MDA content by 60% (P<0.01), and increased the GSH-PX activity by 35% (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term elevation of fatty acids induces insulin resistance by enhancing oxidative stress levels in the liver and muscle. The administration of the anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate reduces the degree of oxidative stress, therefore improving hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. IKK-beta and NF-kappa B provide potential pathogenic links to oxidative stress.

Effects of Sodium Salicylate on the Expression of HSP27 Protein during Oxidative Stress in Tissue-cultured Human Lens Epithelial Cells

The effects of sodium salicylate on the expression of heat shock protein 27 （HSP27） during oxidative stress in tissue-cultured human lens epithelial cells were investigated. Cultured human lens epithelial cells （HLB-3） were divided into 3 groups： control group （group A）, oxidation injury group （group B） and sodium salicylate group （group C）. Apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro was induced in the presence of 150 μmol/L H2O2. Cells viability and the expression of HSP27 were analyzed. Viability of the cells was measured by methyl thiazole tetrazolium （MTT） chromatometry. The expression of HSP27 in HLB-3 cells was detected by using immunohistochemistry and image analysis system, Sodium salicylate could induce the expression of HSP27, and the cells viability in group C was significantly higher than in group B （0.2667±0.01414 vs 0.2150±0.01080, P=0.012〈0.05）. The average gray value of HSP27 in group B was less than that in group C （P=0.000〈0.05）. The increased expression of HSP27 by sodium salicylate might play an important role in the protection of hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of human lens epithelial cells, suggesting that sodium salicylate could suppress, at least in part, the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells.

Effects of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway on Heat Shock Protein 27 Expression in Human Lens Epithelial Cells Exposed to Sodium Salicylate in vitro

The roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal pathway in sodium salieylate-induced expression of heat shock protein 27 （HSP27） in human lens epithelial cells （HLECs-B3） in vitro were investigated. HLECs-B3 were incubated in the fresh media containing sodium salicylate at different concentrations for different durations, and allowed to be recovered in fresh medium without sodium salicylate for different durations with or without pretreatment with p38MAPK inhibitor （SB203580）, ERK1/2 inhibitor （PD98059） and JNK/SAPK inhibitor （SP600125）. The expression of P38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK, phosphorylated P38MAPK, phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated JNK/SAPK and HSP27 was detected by Western blot. The expression of HSP27 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. It was found there was only weak expression of HSP27 in normal HLECs. The expression of HSP27 was not detectable in HLECs-B3 that were exposed to sodium salicylate （55 retool/L） for 1-5 h. It was indicated that recovery from sodium salicylate （〉35 mmol/L） significantly increased the synthesis of HSP27. The expression of HSP27 was up-regulated in HLECs-B3 under sodium salicylate recovery for 3 h, reached the peak level for 6 h, and returned to the level of control cells by 24 h. Activation of P38MAPK from sodium salicylate stimulation occurred at 30th rain, and increased significantly at 1st h, then declined and renamed to baseline level at 3rd h under sodium salicylate recovery. Activation of ERK1/2 occurred at 1st h and reached the peak level at 6th h under sodium salicylate recovery. However, JNK/SAPK was inactivated by sodium salicylate. The expression of HSP27 could be down-regulated with the pretreatment of SB203580 and PD98059 jointly. It is concluded that sodium salicylate can induce the expression of HSP27 in HLECs-B3. The effects are mediated, at least in part, through the activation of P38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Determination of Sodium Salicylate in Milk and Milk Power by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the application of high performance liquid chromatography to detect sodium salicylate in different milk powder and milk.[Methods]A high performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC)method was established for determining the sodium salicylate in milk and milk power,with Agilent ZORBAX Eclips XDB C18 column.The recovery and precision of the method were analyzed and discussed.[Results]The experimental conditions were determined as mobile phase:methanol+0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution,flow rate:0.8 ml/min,detection wavelength:300 nm,and column temperature:30℃.The peak area had a good linear relationship with the standard solution in the range of 0.2-10.0 mg/L,and the correlation coefficient(R 2)was greater than 0.999.The standard was added into different matrices at four levels.The average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk powder was 90.5%-101.0%,with RSD less than 5.0%,and the average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk was 90.5%-101.4%,with RSD less than 5.0%.The limit of quantification was 1.25 mg/kg in cow milk and 5.00 mg/kg in milk powder.[Conclusions]The accuracy and precision of sodium salicylate detection in milk powder and milk samples of the experimental method met the requirements.The method is simple,accurate,and reliable,and can meet the needs of actual detection.

Role and Mechanism of Action of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Sodium Molybdate in Improving Cold Tolerance of Bougainvillea glabra

This study was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effects of salicylic acid and sodium molybdate on cold tolerance of an ornamental plant Bougainvillea glabra and to provide a theoretical guidance for landscape maintenance.B.glabra plants were treated with 0.5 mmol/L salicylic acid and 2.0 μmol/L alone or in combination,and then exposed to low temperature stress before physiological indices were measured.The results showed that all salicylic acid and sodium molybdate treatments reduced the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde( MDA) content of B.glabra to varying extents under the stress of low temperature,and more significant effect was achieved by using the two agents in combination.Oxygen free radicals production rate increased with decreasing temperature from 20 to 6 ℃,but declined with temperature decreasing from 3 to-3 ℃.The SOD activity of the control( CK) was significantly lower than that of other treatments at 0 and-3 ℃.The treatments with salicylic acid and sodium molybdate alone and in combination increased POD activity of B.glabra plants,especially at 0 ℃,as the POD activity of treatments T1,T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of CK at 0 ℃.In addition,under low temperature stress,the contents of soluble sugar,starch and proline increased initially and decreased subsequently with temperature decreasing.The soluble sugar content at 3 ℃,starch and proline contents at 0 and-3 ℃ in treatments with salicylic acid and sodium molybdate alone and in combination were significantly higher than those of CK.All above results proved that salicylic acid and sodium molybdate are able to improve cold tolerance of B.glabra,and better effect can be achieved by using them together.

Alleviation of nickel toxicity in finger millet(Eleusine coracana L.)germinating seedlings by exogenous application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide

This study investigated the effect of salicylic acid(SA) and sodium nitroprusside(SNP; NO donor) on nickel(Ni) toxicity in germinating finger millet seedlings. Fourteen-day-old finger millet plants were subjected to 0.5 mmol L^(-1) Ni overload and treated with 0.2 mmol L^(-1)salicylic acid and 0.2 mmol L^(-1)sodium nitroprusside to lessen the toxic effect of Ni.The Ni overload led to high accumulation in the roots of growing plants compared to shoots, causing oxidative stress. It further reduced root and shoot length, dry mass,total chlorophyll, and mineral content. Exogenous addition of either 0.2 mmol L^(-1)SA or0.2 mmol L^(-1)SNP reduced the toxic effect of Ni, and supplementation with both SA and SNP significantly reduced the toxic effect of Ni and increased root and shoot length,chlorophyll content, dry mass, and mineral concentration in Ni-treated plants. The results show that oxidative stress can be triggered in finger millet plants by Ni stress by induction of lipoxygenase activity, increase in levels of proline, O_2^(·-) radical, MDA, and H_2O_2, and reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and APX in shoots and roots. Exogenous application of SA or SNP, specifically the combination of SA + SNP,protects finger millet plants from oxidative stress observed under Ni treatment.

表面活性剂CTAB与NaSal相互作用性质的研究

通过粘度、电导率、表面张力以及紫外吸收光谱等手段,研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)与水杨酸钠(NaSal)之间的相互作用。结果表明,CTAB与NaSal之间有一定的相互作用,从而使体系表现出较强的粘度行为,并导致其混合溶液的最大紫外吸收峰发生了红移,同时NaSal/CTAB溶液的电导率以及表面张力也发生了一定的变化。

基于Raman的复方柳安咖注射液主要成分分析

本文应用拉曼光谱技术对复方柳安咖注射液的主要成分及含量进行了分析。首先测试分析了62个复方柳安咖注射液样品的拉曼光谱,结果表明62个注射液样品的拉曼光谱主要由水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的水溶液拉曼谱带组成;进一步利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了其主要成分的理论拉曼光谱和红外光谱,与实验测定的固体粉末光谱和溶液光谱进行比较分析,进而对复方柳安咖注射液拉曼光谱谱峰的振动模式进行了归属;最后利用水杨酸钠和安替比林浓度梯度溶液拉曼光谱特征峰的峰高和峰面积,分别建立定量分析模型,对62个复方柳安咖注射液样品中主要成分水杨酸钠和安替比林的含量进行预测,并与液相色谱法测试值进行了对比,结果显示预测值与液相色谱法测试值相近,得到了较好的主要成分含量预测结果。研究结果可为复方柳安咖注射液药剂的生产、药品质量的监控、药品光谱分析研究等方面提供参考。

拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法的复方柳安咖注射液成分分析

为了实现复方柳安咖注射液成分的快速检测,利用拉曼光谱的指纹识别性、聚焦式采样方法及水影响较低的特点结合化学计量学方法对复方柳安咖注射液进行了分析。复方柳安咖注射液针剂样品的拉曼光谱显示,复方柳安咖注射液针剂的拉曼光谱主要由水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的水溶液拉曼谱带组成。以水杨酸钠梯度溶液拉曼光谱特征峰812 cm^(-1)和1033 cm^(-1)、安替比林梯度溶液拉曼光谱特征峰724 cm^(-1)和1005 cm^(-1),依据散射光强与相应组分浓度之间的关系,利用光谱特征峰高度、峰面积分别建立定量分析模型;考虑各成分光谱间的相互干扰,也利用水杨酸钠梯度溶液光谱745~920 cm^(-1)、1010~1060 cm^(-1)波段数据和安替比林梯度溶液拉曼光谱700~750 cm^(-1)、950~1020 cm^(-1)波段数据,基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立定量分析模型。两种分析模型对三个不同厂家不同生产批次的31个针剂样品中主要成分水杨酸钠和安替比林的含量进行预测,预测值与液相色谱法测试值相近;预测水杨酸钠和安替比林含量分别为标示量的96.4%~102.3%之间和98.1%~105.8%之间,都符合国家药品标准,与液相色谱测试法的分析结果一致。表明拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法能对复方柳安咖注射液成分进行定量分析,具有准确、方便、快捷的优点。

慢性萎缩性胃炎及癌前病变复合造模法评价

目的 评价复合造模法构建慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis, CAG)及胃癌前病变(precancerous lesions of gastric cancer, PLGC)大鼠模型的可行性。方法 将60只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=10)及模型组(n=50)。对照组正常饲养,模型组用N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)自由饮用+水杨酸钠隔日灌胃+脱氧胆酸钠隔日灌胃+不定期禁食复合造模法构建慢性萎缩性胃炎大鼠模型,造模时间为6个月。于造模第3,4,5,6个月比较模型组与对照组大鼠胃黏膜病理程度,造模后采血,采用ELISA检测血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)及胃泌素17(G-17)。结果 模型组大鼠复合刺激4个月开始出现胃腺体萎缩,5个月出现纤维化,6个月出现胃腺消失及异型增生,1只出现癌变。模型组6只大鼠异常死亡,造模死亡率为12%。与对照组比较,模型组血清PGⅠ升高(P<0.05),PGⅠ与PGⅡ比值(PG R)降低(P<0.05),G-17降低(P<0.05)。结论 采用复合造模法制备大鼠CAG模型成功率高,结果较稳定,但制备时间较长,且由于大鼠个体差异,造模进程难以完全统一,所有大鼠均出现胃黏膜萎缩,部分大鼠出现PLGC特征,个别大鼠出现癌变。

不同保鲜剂处理对鲜切库尔勒香梨品质的影响

为探索不同保鲜剂处理对鲜切库尔勒香梨的保鲜效果,以新疆库尔勒香梨为试材,选用不同保鲜剂(褪黑素、氯化钠、氯化钙、水杨酸)处理,通过测定其理化指标及菌落总数,分析货架期鲜切梨的保鲜效果。结果表明:4种保鲜剂对鲜切梨均具有较好保鲜效果。与对照组相比,4种保鲜剂均能够有效抑制多酚氧化酶活性,减缓鲜切梨褐变,维持鲜切梨可溶性固形物、总酸、总糖、维生素C含量。在所有处理组中,褪黑素处理组和水杨酸处理组可较好地维持鲜切梨的质量和色泽,显著抑制微生物生长,减缓品质下降,能够有效延长鲜切库尔勒香梨的货架期。

外源物质对高粱种子萌发及幼苗形态的影响

为了探究不同外源物质对高粱种子萌发及幼苗形态的影响,本试验以‘红缨子’为材料,采用浸种和水培的方法,探讨不同浓度的硝普钠(SNP)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、水杨酸(SA)和氨基寡糖素(AS)对种子萌发及幼苗株高、根长、基部茎粗、地上部鲜干重、根鲜干重的影响。试验结果表明:(1)0.8 mmol/L SA、0.64 mmol/L AS浸种对种子萌发效果最佳。(2)0.02 mmol/L SNP、0.5 mmol/L GABA、0.2 mmol/L SA、0.64 mmol/L AS浸种显著促进幼苗生长。(3)不同外源物质水培对幼苗的营养器官敏感程度不同,1.5 mmol/L SNP能更好地促进幼苗生长,随着SNP浓度升高,根系长度呈下降趋势;SA水培除了株高,其他形态指标呈显著促进效果,利于培育矮秆壮苗;2.0 mmol/L AS对幼苗根伸长有明显促进作用;2.0~3.0 mmol/L GABA水培不利于幼苗生长。综上所述,不同外源物质通过提高种子萌发和增强幼苗形态指标,解决高粱出苗难和苗羸弱的问题。本研究结果为开发提升高粱种苗质量的种子处理剂产品提供了理论依据。

乙酰水杨酸的制备实验教学改革

以水杨酸钠和乙酰氯为原料合成乙酰水杨酸,反应温和,反应条件易控制。正交实验重点考察了反应物摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间及硫酸的用量等条件对产率的影响。实验表明,乙酰水杨酸合成的最佳实验条件是:乙酰氯和水杨酸钠的摩尔比为3∶1,反应温度80℃,硫酸用量为2 d,反应时间为20 min,在此条件下产率可达75.5%。该实验可为有机化学实验教学改进提供理论数据。

EFFECTS OF SODIUM SALICYLATE ON THE FEBRILE RESPONSE AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CYCLIC AMP IN CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID DURING ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN-INDUCED FEVER IN RABBITS

To further evaluate the causality between endogenous pyrogen (EP)-induced fever andcyclic adenosine- 3’, 5’- monophosphate (cyclic AMP) level. the effects of sodium salicylate(SS) on the febrile response and increased levels of cyclic AMP in both cerebrospinal fluid(c.s.f.) and plasma during EP- induced fever in rabbits were observed. The results suggestthat cyclic AMP is probably involved in the central mediation of EP-induced fever and thatincreased concentration of cyclic AMP in c.s.f. associated with EP- induced fever is not theresult of temperature elevation but appears to be caused by the increased synthesis in the cen-tral nervous system. In addition it is confirmed that blood is impossibly a contributorysource of increased cyclic AMP in c.s.f. during EP fever, and that SS may act subsequentto the increase in cyclic AMP.

水杨酸和硝普钠对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以番茄品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,采用营养液培养法,研究单独和复配施用外源水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对100mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果显示:SA、SNP、SA+SNP处理均能显著提高盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量、幼苗根系活力,并显著降低叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)含量,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,促进幼苗的生长发育,其中SA+SNP复配处理效果最好。研究表明,外源SA和SNP处理均能通过提高番茄幼苗保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,且SA+SNP复配处理在提高番茄幼苗耐盐性方面具有协同增效作用。

阳离子Gemini表面活性剂18-3-18/水杨酸钠胶束体系流变和减阻性能研究

为丰富和发展表面活性剂减阻体系,研究了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂丙撑基双(十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)(18-3-18)与水杨酸钠(NaSal)组成的新型胶束体系的流变和减阻性能。考察了不同浓度胶束体系的流变特性,讨论了该胶束体系的摩擦阻力系数和减阻率随广义雷诺数的变化关系,并比较了在光滑管及粗糙管中该体系的减阻效果。结果表明,18-3-18/NaSal胶束体系具有良好的黏弹性、触变性和剪切变稀性。随胶束体系浓度增大,减阻效果提高。对18-3-18/NaSal(5 mmol L 1/10 mmol L 1)胶束减阻体系,存在临界广义雷诺数,最大减阻率为78.5%;对18-3-18/NaSal(7.5mmol L 1/15 mmol L 1,10 mmol L 1/20 mmol L 1)胶束体系在光滑管中的最大减阻率可分别达到82.3%和81.7%。该胶束体系在光滑管中的减阻效果优于粗糙管中的减阻效果,表明18-3-18/NaSal胶束是一种新型减阻胶束体系。

分光光度法测定甜蜜素

目的:探讨分光光度法测定甜蜜素的方法。方法:将甜蜜素中的氮转化为铵,在碱性条件下与水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠反应生成蓝色物质,用分光光度法测定吸光度进行定量。结果:吸光值与甜蜜素的含量在一定浓度范围内成正比,最大吸收波长为658 nm,甜蜜素在0～16μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律,相对标准偏差2.74%～3.94%,平均回收率为94.12%～96.04%。结论:方法准确可靠、易于掌握,适宜饮料、蜜饯等食品的测定。

双子表面活性剂(C_(14)-2-(14)．2Br^-)水溶液粘度及影响因素研究

合成并表征了阳离子双子表面活性剂N,N′-双(十四烷基二甲基)-1、2-二溴化-乙二铵盐(C_(14)-2-_(14).2Br^-)。用布氏旋转粘度计测定其水溶液粘度,并考察了溶液浓度、温度、pH值以及添加剂(盐、单链表面活性剂、聚合物)加量对C_(14)-2-_(14).2Br^-水溶液粘度的影响。发现C_(14)-2-_(14).2Br^-具有较好的溶液增粘性,但其耐温性较差;提高溶液pH值,添加无机盐和阳离子聚合物均可提高C_(14)-2-_(14).2Br^-溶液的粘度,阳离子聚合物与C_(14)-2-_(14).2Br^-具有良好的协同配伍性;而添加表面活性剂、NaSal均使C_(14)-2-_(14).2Br^-溶液粘度急剧下降,NaSal引起C_(14)-2 -_(14)2Br^-水溶液粘度下降原因有待研究。

分光光度法测定轻质碳酸钙中硝酸根含量

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