Comparative efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus:A real-world experience

BACKGROUND Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2i)are a class of drugs with modest antidiabetic efficacy,weight loss effect,and cardiovascular benefits as proven by multiple randomised controlled trials(RCTs).However,real-world data on the comparative efficacy and safety of individual SGLT-2i medications is sparse.AIM To study the comparative efficacy and safety of SGLT-2i using real-world clinical data.METHODS We evaluated the comparative efficacy data of 3 SGLT-2i drugs(dapagliflozin,canagliflozin,and empagliflozin)used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Data on the reduction of glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),body weight,blood pressure(BP),urine albumin creatinine ratio(ACR),and adverse effects were recorded retrospectively.RESULTS Data from 467 patients with a median age of 64(14.8)years,294(62.96%)males and 375(80.5%)Caucasians were analysed.Median diabetes duration was 16.0(9.0)years,and the duration of SGLT-2i use was 3.6(2.1)years.SGLT-2i molecules used were dapagliflozin 10 mg(n=227;48.6%),canagliflozin 300 mg(n=160;34.3%),and empagliflozin 25 mg(n=80;17.1).Baseline median(interquartile range)HbA1c in mmol/mol were:dapagliflozin-78.0(25.3),canagliflozin-80.0(25.5),and empagliflozin-75.0(23.5)respectively.The respective median HbA1c reduction at 12 months and the latest review(just prior to the study)were:66.5(22.8)&69.0(24.0),67.0(16.3)&66.0(28.0),and 67.0(22.5)&66.5(25.8)respectively(P<0.001 for all comparisons from baseline).Significant improvements in body weight(in kilograms)from baseline to study end were noticed with dapagliflozin-101(29.5)to 92.2(25.6),and canagliflozin 100(28.3)to 95.3(27.5)only.Significant reductions in median systolic and diastolic BP,from 144(21)mmHg to 139(23)mmHg;(P=0.015),and from 82(16)mmHg to 78(19)mmHg;(P<0.001)respectively were also observed.A significant reduction of microalbuminuria was observed with canagliflozin only[ACR 14.6(42.6)at baseline to 8.9(23.7)at the study end;P=0.043].Adverse effects of SGLT-2i were as follows:genital thrush and urinary infection-20(8.8%)&17(7.5%)with dapagliflozin;9(5.6%)&5(3.13%)with canagliflozin;and 4(5%)&4(5%)with empagliflozin.Diabetic ketoacidosis was observed in 4(1.8%)with dapagliflozin and 1(0.63%)with canagliflozin.CONCLUSION Treatment of patients with SGLT-2i is associated with statistically significant reductions in HbA1c,body weight,and better than those reported in RCTs,with low side effect profiles.A review of large-scale real-world data is needed to inform better clinical practice decision making.

Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and heart disease:Current perspectives

Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2i)are antidiabetic medications with remarkable cardiovascular(CV)benefits proven by multiple randomised controlled trials and real-world data.These drugs are also useful in the prevention of CV disease(CVD)in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM).Although DM as such is a huge risk factor for CVD,the CV benefits of SGLT-2i are not just because of antidiabetic effects.These molecules have proven beneficial roles in prevention and management of nondiabetic CVD and renal disease as well.There are various molecular mechanisms for the organ protective effects of SGLT-2i which are still being elucidated.Proper understanding of the role of SGLT-2i in prevention and management of CVD is important not only for the cardiologists but also for other specialists caring for various illnesses which can directly or indirectly impact care of heart diseases.This clinical review compiles the current evidence on the rational use of SGLT-2i in clinical practice.

In Silico Screening of Potential Inhibitors against dPLA2 from Named Chinese Herbs for Identification of Compounds with Antivenom Effects Due to Deinagkistrodon acutus Snake Bites

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the key enzyme to the venom from Deinagkistrodon acutus which is one of the highly venomous snakes in China. In addition to being a catalyst for the hydrolysis of phospholipases A2 from snake venom, its well known that it possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as myotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and hemolytic, anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities. However, snakebites are not efficiently treated by conventional serum therapy. Acute wounds can still cause poisoning and death. In order to find effective inhibitors of Deinagkistrodon venom acid phospholipase A2 (dPLA2), we obtained 385 compounds in 9 Chinese herbs from the TCMSP. These compounds were further performed to virtual screen using in silico tools like ADMET analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. After Pharmacokinetics analysis, we found 7 candidate compounds. Besides, analysis of small molecule interactions with dPLA2 confirmed that the amino acid residues HIS47 and GLY29 are key targets. Because they bind not only to the natural substrate phosphatidylcholine and compounds known for having inhibitory functions, but also for combining with potential antidote molecules in Chinese herbal medicine. This study is the first to report experience with virtual screening for possible inhibitor of dPLA2, such as the interaction spatial structure, binding energy and binding interaction analysis, these experiences not only provide reference for further experimental research, but also have a guideline for the study of drug molecular mechanism of action.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors protect tissues via cellular and mitochondrial pathways:Experimental and clinical evidence

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key driver of cardiovascular disease(CVD)in metabolic syndrome and diabetes.This dysfunction promotes the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS),which cause oxidative stress and inflammation.Angiotensin II,the main mediator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,also contributes to CVD by promoting ROS production.Reduced activity of sirtuins(SIRTs),a family of proteins that regulate cellular metabolism,also worsens oxidative stress.Reduction of energy production by mitochondria is a common feature of all metabolic disorders.High SIRT levels and 5’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling stimulate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 beta,which promotes ketosis.Ketosis,in turn,increases autophagy and mitophagy,processes that clear cells of debris and protect against damage.Sodiumglucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT2i),a class of drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes,have a beneficial effect on these mechanisms.Randomized clinical trials have shown that SGLT2i improves cardiac function and reduces the rate of cardiovascular and renal events.SGLT2i also increase mitochondrial efficiency,reduce oxidative stress and inflammation,and strengthen tissues.These findings suggest that SGLT2i hold great potential for the treatment of CVD.Furthermore,they are proposed as anti-aging drugs;however,rigorous research is needed to validate these preliminary findings.

High-throughput computational screening and in vitro evaluation identifies 5-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)-2-[3-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione(C3),as a novel EGFR—HER2 dual inhibitor in gastric tumors

Gastric cancers are caused primarily due to the activation and amplification of the EGFR or HER2 kinases resulting in cell proliferation,adhesion,angiogenesis,and metastasis.Conventional therapies are ineffective due to the intra-tumoral heterogeneity and concomitant genetic mutations.Hence,dual inhibition strategies are recommended to increase potency and reduce cytotoxicity.In this study,we have conducted computational high-throughput screening of the ChemBridge library followed by in vitro assays and identified novel selective inhibitors that have a dual impediment of EGFR/HER2 kinase activities.Diversity-based High-throughput Virtual Screening(D-HTVS)was used to screen the whole ChemBridge small molecular library against EGFR and HER2.The atomistic molecular dynamic simulation was conducted to understand the dynamics and stability of the protein-ligand complexes.EGFR/HER2 kinase enzymes,KATOIII,and Snu-5 cells were used for in vitro validations.The atomistic Molecular Dynamics simulations followed by solvent-based Gibbs binding free energy calculation of top molecules,identified compound C3(5-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)-2-[3-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione)to have a good affinity for both EGFR and HER2.The predicted compound,C3,was promising with better binding energy,good binding pose,and optimum interactions with the EGFR and HER2 residues.C3 inhibited EGFR and HER2 kinases with IC50 values of 37.24 and 45.83 nM,respectively.The GI50 values of C3 to inhibit KATOIII and Snu-5 cells were 84.76 and 48.26 nM,respectively.Based on these findings,we conclude that the identified compound C3 showed a conceivable dual inhibitory activity on EGFR/HER2 kinase,and therefore can be considered as a plausible lead-like molecule for treating gastric cancers with minimal side effects,though testing in higher models with pharmacokinetic approach is required.

Long noncoding RNAs HAND2-AS1 ultrasound microbubbles suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the miR-873-5p/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 axis

BACKGROUND Increasing data indicated that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)were directly or indirectly involved in the occurrence and development of tumors,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Recent studies had found that the expression of lncRNA HAND2-AS1 was downregulated in HCC tissues,but its role in HCC progression is unclear.Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction mediated gene transfection is a new method to overexpress genes.AIM To study the role of ultrasound microbubbles(UTMBs)mediated HAND2-AS1 in the progression of HCC,in order to provide a new reference for the treatment of HCC.METHODS In vitro,we transfected HAND2-AS1 siRNA into HepG2 cells by UTMBs,and detected cell proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)by cell counting kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,Transwell invasion assay and Western blotting,respectively.In addition,we transfected miR-837-5p mimic into UTMBs treated cells and observed the changes of cell behavior.Next,the UTMBs treated HepG2 cells were transfected together with miR-837-5p mimic and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2(TIMP2)overexpression vector,and we detected cell proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and EMT.In vivo,we established a mouse model of subcutaneous transplantation of HepG2 cells and observed the effect of HAND2-AS1 silencing on tumor formation ability.RESULTS We found that UTMBs carrying HAND2-AS1 restricted cell proliferation,invasion,and EMT,encouraged apoptosis,and HAND2-AS1 silencing eliminated the effect of UTMBs.Additionally,miR-873-5p targets the gene HAND2-AS1,which also targets the 3’UTR of TIMP2.And miR-873-5p mimic counteracted the impact of HAND2-AS1.Further,miR-873-5p mimic solely or in combination with pcDNA-TIMP2 had been transformed into HepG2 cells exposed to UTMBs.We discovered that TIMP2 reversed the effect of miR-873-5p mimic caused by the blocked signalling cascade for matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)2/MMP9.In vivo results showed that HAND2-AS1 silencing significantly inhibited tumor formation in mice.CONCLUSION LncRNA HAND2-AS1 promotes TIMP2 expression by targeting miR-873-5p to inhibit HepG2 cell growth and delay HCC progression.

dbSCI:A manually curated database of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is the pathogen of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)global pandemic.Here,by centralizing published cell-based experiments,clinical trials,and virtual drug screening data from the NCBI PubMed database,we developed a database of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for COVID-19,dbSCI,which includes 234 SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors collected from publications based on cell-based experiments,81 drugs of COVID-19 in clinical trials and 1305 potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors from bioinformatics analyses.dbSCI provides four major functions:(1)search the drug target or its inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2,(2)browse target/inhibitor information collected from cell experiments,clinical trials,and virtual drug screenings,(3)download,and(4)submit data.Each entry in dbSCI contains 18 types of information,including inhibitor/drug name,targeting protein,mechanism of inhibition,experimental technique,experimental sample type,and reference information.In summary,dbSCI provides a relatively comprehensive,credible repository for inhibitors/drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and their potential targeting mechanisms and it will be valuable for further studies to control COVID-19.

Saudi Consensus on the Usage of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on the Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases

According to recent epidemiological data, chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) affect approximately 10% of the global population. Like many countries, CKD is a significant public health issue in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of CKD in Saudi Arabia is estimated to be around 4.5% of the adult population, with a higher prevalence in older age groups. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a class of oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to their glucose-lowering effects, SGLT2i have been shown to have beneficial effects on kidney function in patients with or without T2DM. Therefore, a Saudi task force gathered to develop an explicit, evidence-based consensus on SGLT2i use in CKD Saudi patients. A panel of 14 experts made up a task force. An initial concept proposal was obtained. The proposal was divided into several topics discussed on 24 May 2023. A literature review was carried out. The literature search was completed on 3rd June 2023. A drafted report was distributed to the entire panel. Approval of the recommendations required consensus, defined as a majority approval (i.e. above 75%). The recommendations were revised to accommodate any differences of opinion until a consensus was reached. Recommendations were finally formulated on 21st June 2023. Subsequently, the panel reviewed and discussed the supporting rationale of the revised recommendations. This article presents these practical recommendations.

Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors induced euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis:A meta summary of case reports

BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT2i)are commonly prescribed to manage patients with diabetes mellitus.These agents may rarely lead to the development of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis(EDKA),which may complicate the disease course of these patients.AIM To analyze the demographic profile,predisposing factors,symptomology,clinical interventions and outcomes of patients presenting with EDKA secondary to SGLT2i use by reviewing the published case reports and series.METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed,Science Direct,Google Scholar and Reference Citation Analysis databases using the terms“canagliflozin”OR“empagliflozin”OR“dapagliflozin”OR“SGLT2 inhibitors”OR“Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2”AND“euglycemia”OR“euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis”OR“metabolic acidosis”.The inclusion criteria were:(1)Case reports or case series with individual patient details;and(2)Reported EDKA secondary to SGLT2i.Furthermore,the data were filtered from the literature published in the English language and on adults(>18 years).We excluded:(1)Conference abstracts;and(2)Case reports or series which did not have individual biochemical data.All the case reports and case series were evaluated.The data extracted included patient demographics,clinical symptomatology,clinical interventions,intensive care unit course,need for organ support and outcomes.RESULTS Overall,108 case reports and 17 cases series with 169 unique patients that met all the inclusion criteria were included.The majority of patients were females(54.4%,n=92),and the commonly reported symptoms were gastrointestinal(nausea/vomiting 65.1%,abdominal pain 37.3%)and respiratory(breathlessness 30.8%).One hundred and forty-nine(88.2%)patients had underlying type II diabetes,and the most commonly involved SGLT-2 inhibitor reported was empagliflozin(46.8%).A triggering factor was reported in most patients(78.7%),the commonest being acute severe infection(37.9%),which included patients with sepsis,coronavirus disease 2019,other viral illnesses,and acute pancreatitis.61.5%were reported to require intensive unit care,but only a minority of patients required organ support in the form of invasive mechanical ventilation(13%),vasopressors(6.5%)or renal replacement therapy(5.9%).The overall mortality rate was only 2.4%.CONCLUSION Patients on SGLT2i may rarely develop EDKA,especially in the presence of certain predisposing factors,including severe acute infections and following major surgery.The signs and symptoms of EDKA may be similar to that of DKA but with normal blood sugar levels,which may make the diagnosis challenging.Outcomes of EDKA are good if recognized early and corrective actions are taken.Hence,physicians managing such patients must be aware of this potential complication and must educate their patients accordingly to ensure early diagnosis and management.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive breast cancer

The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.

Heterogeneity in cardiorenal protection by Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure across the ejection fraction strata:Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Gliflozins or Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2i)are relatively novel antidiabetic medications that have recently been shown to represent favorable effects on patients’cardiorenal outcomes.However,there is shortage of data on potential disparities in this therapeutic effect across different patient subpopulations.AIM To investigate differential effects of SGLT2i on the cardiorenal outcomes of heart failure patients across left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)levels.METHODS Literature was searched systematically for the large randomized double-blind controlled trials with long enough follow up periods reporting cardiovascular and renal outcomes in their patients regarding heart failure status and LVEF levels.Data were then meta-analyzed after stratification of the pooled data across the LVEF strata and New York Heart Associations(NYHA)classifications for heart failure using Stata software version 17.0.RESULTS The literature search returned 13 Large clinical trials and 13 post hoc analysis reports.Meta-analysis of the effects of gliflozins on the primary composite outcome showed no significant difference in efficacy across the heart failure subtypes,but higher efficacy were detected in patient groups at lower NYHA classifications(I2=46%,P=0.02).Meta-analyses across the LVEF stratums revealed that a baseline LVEF lower than 30%was associated with enhanced improvement in the primary composite outcome compared to patients with higher LVEF levels at the borderline statistical significance(HR:0.70,95%CI:0.60 to 0.79 vs 0.81,95%CI:0.75 to 0.87;respectively,P=0.06).Composite renal outcome was improved significantly higher in patients with no heart failure than in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)(HR:0.60,95%CI:0.49 to 0.72 vs 0.94,95%CI:0.74 to 1.13;P=0.04).Acute renal injury occurred significantly less frequently in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction who received gliflozins than in HFpEF(HR:0.67,95%CI:51 to 0.82 vs 0.94,95%CI:0.82 to 1.06;P=0.01).Volume depletion was consistently increased in response to SGLT2i in all the subgroups.CONCLUSION Heart failure patients with lower LVEF and lower NYHA sub-classifications were found to be generally more likely to benefit from therapy with gliflozins.Further research are required to identify patient subgroups representing the highest benefits or adverse events in response to SGLT2i.

钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂对急性心肌梗死合并2型糖尿病患者临床指标及预后的影响

目的观察钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT-2i)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者临床指标及预后的影响。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2022年6月于安徽医科大学第二附属医院胸痛中心就诊后确诊AMI合并T2DM患者180例,根据入院后降糖方案分为对照组(79例,给予磺脲类、α-糖苷酶抑制剂、二甲双胍等药物)和观察组(101例,给予达格列净或恩格列净)。患者出院后定期随访,比较2组患者临床指标及主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生情况。结果所有患者随访6~12个月,结果显示观察组白细胞计数小于对照组[(7.4±1.6)×10^(9)/L比(8.7±1.6)×10^(9)/L],左心室舒张末期内径改善优于对照组[(-0.527±1.462)mm比(1.359±2.111)mm](均P<0.05)。观察组MACE发生率低于对照组[5.4%(2/37)比25.0%(8/32)],差异有统计学意义(P=0.020)。结论SGLT-2i较其他降糖药物12个月内能改善AMI合并T2DM患者的心脏功能及预后,且能减轻该类患者的全身炎症反应。

20例钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂致福涅尔坏疽病例及文献分析

目的探讨钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT-2i)致福涅尔坏疽(FG)的发生特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法采用计算机检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方、维普数据库自建库起至2023年6月有关SGLT-2i致FG的病例报道,并对相关数据进行统计和分析。结果共纳入20篇文献,涉及20例患者。其中,男14例(70.00%),女6例(30.00%);年龄(56.0±11.5)岁;12例(60.00%)描述为肥胖,其中5例为极重度肥胖(体质量指数不低于40 kg/m^(2))。FG发生中位时间为425 d,FG发生时糖化血红蛋白(HbA_(1C))平均值为9.2%。SGLT-2i致FG相关性为很可能的有8例,可能的有12例。20例患者经停药、及时清创引流及给予抗菌药物治疗后转归均良好。结论临床使用SGLT-2i时需注意识别其致FG的危险因素,一旦生殖器或会阴区域出现可疑的肿胀、疼痛等不适,需立即就医,并给予积极治疗。

PGE_(2)在环氧合酶-2抑制剂保护脓毒症肠屏障功能中的作用

目的探讨PGE_(2)在环氧合酶-2抑制剂保护脓毒症肠屏障功能中的作用及机制。方法按随机数字表法将大鼠分为六组,假手术组、帕瑞昔布钠对照组、脓毒症组、帕瑞昔布钠治疗组、COX-2抑制剂组和帕瑞昔布钠-COX-2抑制剂组,每组8只。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制备脓毒症模型,ELISA检测大鼠血清和肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6水平和抗炎细胞因子IL-10水平,蛋白质免疫印迹试验(Western Blot)检测前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))、前列腺素合酶-1(mPGES-1)和前列腺素受体EP4的蛋白表达,于假手术或CLP术后24 h取四组大鼠肠组织,RT-PCR法检测PGE_(2)、mPGES-1、EP4的mRNA表达水平。结果与假手术组比较,脓毒症大鼠血清和肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10增加(P<0.05),帕瑞昔布钠治疗后能够降低TNF-α、IL-6水平(P<0.05),IL-10水平增加(P<0.05);术后24 h时脓毒症组大鼠肠组织PGE_(2)、mPGES-1、EP4和EP2 mRNA表达水平比假手术组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与脓毒症组比较,帕瑞昔布钠治疗脓毒症大鼠后,肠组织PGE_(2)、mPGES-1、EP4的mRNA水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大鼠肠组织前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))、前列腺素合酶-1(mPGES-1)和前列腺素受体EP4的蛋白表达水平比假手术组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),帕瑞昔布钠治疗后,肠组织前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))、前列腺素合酶-1(mPGES-1)和前列腺素受体EP4的蛋白表达水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后24h时,与假手术组比较,脓毒症组、帕瑞昔布钠治疗组、COX-2抑制剂组及帕瑞昔布钠-COX-2抑制剂组肠组织TNF-α、IL-10和IL-6的水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与脓毒症组比较,帕瑞昔布钠治疗组、COX-2抑制剂组及帕瑞昔布钠-COX-2抑制剂组肠组织TNF-α、IL-6的水平明显降低,IL-10的水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与帕瑞昔布钠治疗组比较,COX-2抑制剂组及帕瑞昔布钠-COX-2抑制剂组肠组织TNF-α、IL-6的水平降低,IL-10的水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论帕瑞昔布钠可通过抑制炎症反应来减轻脓毒症时肠屏障功能的损伤,其机制可能通过COX-2-mPGES-1-PGE_(2)-EP4通路发挥抗炎的作用。

上皮细胞转化序列2通过调控p33生长抑制因子1表达影响食管鳞状细胞癌细胞的体外转移活性

目的探讨上皮细胞转化序列2(ECT2)与p33生长抑制因子1(p33ING1)的表达水平对食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)细胞转移活性的影响。方法采用免疫组织化学法和免疫印迹法检测食管鳞癌组织和癌旁组织中ECT2和p33ING1的表达情况。将人食管鳞癌细胞系KYSE140细胞分为4组:空白组、阴性对照组(pcDNA 3.1 NC)组、过表达组(pcDNA 3.1 ECT2)和抑制表达组(si ECT2)。采用MTT法和细胞集落形成实验研究细胞的增殖和生长能力,Transwell实验和划痕实验研究细胞的侵袭和迁移能力,并用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率和细胞周期,Western blotting检测ECT2对p33ING1蛋白的影响。结果在食管鳞癌组织中ECT2表达增加,p33ING1表达降低。过表达ECT2能够显著增加KYSE140细胞的生长、集落形成、迁移以及侵袭能力,并能降低KYSE140细胞的凋亡率和p33ING1的表达;此外,抑制ECT2表达后能够逆转上述变化。结论ECT2高表达能够促进食管鳞癌KYSE140细胞的生长、转移,并抑制其凋亡,其机制可能与ECT2能够抑制p33ING1表达相关。

基于WHO/HAI标准调查法的湖北省SGLT-2抑制剂类药物可及性研究

目的了解湖北省钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂的可及性现状,为药品临床使用和政策制定提供参考依据。方法依据世界卫生组织/健康行动国际组织(WHO/HAI)的标准调查法,调查湖北省医疗机构SGLT-2抑制剂的可及性,采取关键人物访谈法分析影响SGLT-2抑制剂可获得性及可负担性的关键因素。结果2018—2023年期间湖北省医疗机构SGLT-2抑制剂的配备数量和可获得性呈递增趋势,三级医院普遍高于二级医院。其中达格列净可获得性最好,由2018年可获得性差(<25%)增加为2023年的可获得性好(>75%),其次为恩格列净,其他药物可获得性相对较差。影响可获得性因素主要为药品价格、药品是否纳入医保和药品是否集采等。从药品可负担性出发,此类药物总体较差(药物30 d治疗费用均大于最低日薪1倍),卡格列净、艾托格列净和恩格列净部分仿制药国内价格低于国际参考价,影响可负担性因素主要为医保覆盖情况及报销比例、药品价格和患者及家庭收入等。结论SGLT-2抑制剂在湖北省内的药品价格、可获得性及可负担性均有待进一步改善。随着这类药物治疗地位提升及临床需求增加,期望相关部门可从集采、医保、基本药物及药品研发生产等政策方面促进调整。

Cr_(3)C_(2)对激光熔覆原位生成WC增强颗粒粒度及涂层性能的影响

为了研究 Cr_(3)C_(2)对原位生成WC增强相粒度的抑制作用及对涂层性能的影响,在H13钢表面制备了 Cr_(3)C_(2)含量为0、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%的WC增强镍基涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析涂层的显微组织,比较WC粒度变化情况以及涂层不同形态区域的元素分布;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层的物相组成;采用显微硬度计分析涂层的硬度值;采用摩擦磨损试验机对涂层的摩擦磨损性能进行测试。结果表明: Cr_(3)C_(2)能够显著抑制WC颗粒的长大,但存在一个最佳值, Cr_(3)C_(2)抑制WC晶粒生长的主要原因是 Cr_(3)C_(2)能够降低WC在粘结相的溶解度。随着 Cr_(3)C_(2)的加入,涂层中含铬物质增多,涂层显微硬度也随之增大,当 Cr_(3)C_(2)含量为2%时涂层显微硬度最大。添加 Cr_(3)C_(2)抑制剂的涂层摩擦磨损性能也更优,磨损机理主要为粘着磨损。

选择性COX-2抑制剂引起心血管风险的研究进展

非甾体抗炎药(non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)是一种有效的、广泛使用的抗炎镇痛药物,其对环氧合酶(cyclo-oxygenase,COX)亚型(COX-1、COX-2)的抑制作用将引起不同的反应,选择性COX-2抑制剂将显著增加不良心血管事件的风险,随着此类药物使用的增加和临床循证证据的积累,其带来的心血管风险引起了越来越多学者的关注。笔者通过归纳分析最新发表文献对选择性COX-2抑制剂引起心血管风险的研究进行综述,以期辅助临床合理用药,减少不良反应,提高用药安全性。

二肽基肽酶4抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者肌酐水平影响的Meta分析

[目的]探讨二肽基肽酶4抑制剂(DPP-4i)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清肌酐(Cr)的影响。[方法]系统检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library和Web of Science数据库,纳入DPP-4i治疗T2DM患者调节Cr的随机对照试验(RCT)。采用固定效应或随机效应模型进行数据拟合,采用I^(2)指数定量评价异质性,使用标准方法进行敏感性分析和发表偏倚检验。[结果]经系统检索数据库,纳入12项RCT,共计2276名受试者。由于潜在异质性的原因,故采用随机效应模型进行数据拟合,DPP-4i治疗可轻度提高T2DM患者的Cr水平(WMD:0.15 mg/L,95%CI:0.03~0.27,I^(2)=18%,P=0.02),结果具有统计学差异。根据敏感性测试,Meta分析其结果较为可靠。同时进行Begg’s与Egger’s检验,未见发表偏倚。[结论]T2DM患者应用DPP-4i进行降糖治疗,可能会出现血Cr水平轻度升高。未来还需开展更大样本量的多中心研究,以进一步探讨DPP-4i治疗引起Cr水平改变的临床意义。

达格列净对2型糖尿病非增殖期视网膜病变的影响

目的:探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病非增殖期视网膜病变(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)的影响。方法:选取2021年10月—2023年6月湖南师范大学附属湘东医院收治的88例2型糖尿病NPDR患者。随机将其分为观察组及对照组,各44例。两组均给予常规降糖治疗,观察组加用达格列净治疗。比较两组治疗前后血糖指标及相关指标。分析血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)与血糖波动指标的相关性。结果:治疗后,两组空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h postprandial blood glucose,2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血糖水平标准差(standard deviation of blood glucose,SDBG)、餐后血糖波动幅度(postprandial glucose excursion,PPGE)、最大血糖波动幅度(large amplitude glycemic excursion,LAGE)均下降,观察组SDBG、PPGE、LAGE均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组VEGF、黄斑中心凹厚度均下降,最佳矫正视力(best-corrected visual acuity,BCVA)升高,观察组VEGF、黄斑中心凹厚度均低于对照组,BCVA高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示:VEGF与SDBG、PPGE、LAGE均呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:达格列净能够改善血糖波动,降低VEGF水平,对2型糖尿病NPDR有保护作用。