A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The...A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The turtles (initial mean body weight, (115.52 ± 1.05) g) were fed with three experimental diets, in which 0%, 4.72% and 9.44% BFM protein was replaced by 0%, 3% and 6% FSBM, respectively. Results showed that the feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of turtles fed with the diet containing 3% FSBM were not significantly different from the control group (0% FSBM) (P > 0.05). However, FR, SGR and FER of turtles fed with the diet containing 6% FSBM were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamicpyruvic transaminase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the uric acid concentration in turtles fed with the diet containing 3% or 6% FSBM was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The results suggested that FSBM could replace 4.72% BFM protein in turtle diets without exerting adverse effects on turtle growth, feed utilization and measured immune parameters.展开更多
Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainabi...Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainability development. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, digestive enzymes and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway of juvenile P. sinensis (4.56 ± 0.09 g). SPC was applied to replace FM protein at 0%, 15%, 30% and 60% (designated as T0, T15, T30 and T60, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization except of the turtles fed with T60 diet, of which showed poorer daily weight gain and feed conversion rate. The pepsin/trypsin and Na+-K+ ATP-ase activities decreased dramatically when SPC level increased, and lipase activities in liver and intestinal tract also showed decline tendency. However, amylase activities were unaffected. No significant differences were observed in TOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 genes mRNA expression level of TOR signaling pathway among the treatments. However, the relative phosphorylated level of these proteins decreased significantly when SPC level increased. The present study indicated that high SPC substitution level would suppress digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway proteins phosphorylated level and eventually result in growth reduction of P. sinensis.展开更多
The effects of ration level and feeding frequency on digestibility in juvenile soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, were investigated. Four ration levels 1.5%, 2.5%, 4.0% and satiation （6.0% BW/d） were used. Ap...The effects of ration level and feeding frequency on digestibility in juvenile soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, were investigated. Four ration levels 1.5%, 2.5%, 4.0% and satiation （6.0% BW/d） were used. Apparent digestibility （AD） of dry matter （DMAD）, protein （PAD） and protein real digestibility （PRD） were significantly affected by ration level, but not by feeding frequency when the ration level was similar. However, the feeding frequency affected the AD, DMAD, PAD and PRD significantly when the turtles were fed to satiation. The relationship between fecal protein content （Y） and protein intake （At） can be expressed as a quadric equation： Y=-0.1742＋0.1476X-0.0003X^2 （r^2=0.876, n=27, F=93.92, P〈0.01）.展开更多
通过点种法初筛和牛津杯法复筛,从中华鳖肠道筛选到1株对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A.sobria)以及豚鼠气单胞菌(A.caviae)具有拮抗作用的益生菌株Dec-43。对该菌株进行形态、生理生化特征分析,结果与《常见细...通过点种法初筛和牛津杯法复筛,从中华鳖肠道筛选到1株对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A.sobria)以及豚鼠气单胞菌(A.caviae)具有拮抗作用的益生菌株Dec-43。对该菌株进行形态、生理生化特征分析,结果与《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》中屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的生理生化特征一致。提取细菌基因组DNA,通过16S r RNA基因通用引物进行PCR扩增,从该菌株的16S r RNA基因中克隆到了一个长度1448 bp的片段,经测序和序列比对,该片段与Genbank中屎肠球菌的序列相似性达99%,因此,该菌株确定为屎肠球菌。通过单因素试验确定了该菌株的最佳生长温度、盐度、初始p H、接种量等参数分别为:36℃、盐度0.6%、培养基初始p H 7、接种量10%;通过正交试验,确定了该菌株培养基中碳源(葡萄糖)、氮源(蛋白胨)最适含量分别为15和10 g/L。研究发现了一株中华鳖肠道潜在益生菌,并研究了其生长特性,为中华鳖养殖行业益生菌的应用提供了基础。展开更多
Ultrastructure of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middl...Ultrastructure of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middle piece, principal piece and end piece, similar in morphology to that of the turtles, Chrysemys picta and Chimemys reevesii. However, several structures are unique. In the head, acrosomal complex covers the anterior protrusion of the nucleus, where there is a narrow lucent space between the subacrosomal cone and the outer acrosomal cap. 3-5 intranuclear tubules go through the anterior tow-thirds of the nucleus and their central cores extend towards the perforatorial rods. The connecting piece is located in the concave implantation fossa in the caudal end of the nucleus. The mitochondrial sheath in the middle piece is composed of concentric mitochondria arranged in 7-8 circles each of which contains 5 mitochondria. Concentric layers in the mitochondrion are double-membranes and they are cristae mitochondriales actually. The concentric cristae mitochondriales and lots of glycogens show the relationship to the vitality maintaining during long-time storage of the spermatozoon in the turtle. The structural modal of proximal centriole is 9×3+0, in which the typical nine triplet microtubules arrange in a pinwheel fashion and are surrounded by a dense material. By comparison, the structural modal of distal centriole is 9×3+2, and the central microtubules and outer triplet microtubules are embed in dense fibers respectively. The distal centriole stands vertically to the proximal one. There is a wedge-shaped annulus around the end of the mitochondriall sheath. The axonemal complex of the principal piece is surrounded by several layers of circumferential fibers, which obviously produces a fibrous sheath reducing backward gradually in thickness. In the axonemal complex that posses a structural model of 9×2+2, there are two thick fibers corresponding to No.3 and No.8 doublet microtubules respectively, which merge with the fibrous sheath. On the transection of principal piece, two dynein arms attached to A microtubule of the doublet which connected with the central microtubules through an obvious radial spoke. Two central microtubules are linked by a bridging substance. The end piece only contains an axonemal complex surrounded by cell membrane, the microtubules in which are dispersed gradually. The structural characteristics above were different evidently from other class animals or other order animals of the reptile.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Project of Hangzhou Producing, Study and Researching Cooperation of China (Grant No. 20092632E27)
文摘A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The turtles (initial mean body weight, (115.52 ± 1.05) g) were fed with three experimental diets, in which 0%, 4.72% and 9.44% BFM protein was replaced by 0%, 3% and 6% FSBM, respectively. Results showed that the feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of turtles fed with the diet containing 3% FSBM were not significantly different from the control group (0% FSBM) (P > 0.05). However, FR, SGR and FER of turtles fed with the diet containing 6% FSBM were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamicpyruvic transaminase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the uric acid concentration in turtles fed with the diet containing 3% or 6% FSBM was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The results suggested that FSBM could replace 4.72% BFM protein in turtle diets without exerting adverse effects on turtle growth, feed utilization and measured immune parameters.
文摘Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainability development. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, digestive enzymes and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway of juvenile P. sinensis (4.56 ± 0.09 g). SPC was applied to replace FM protein at 0%, 15%, 30% and 60% (designated as T0, T15, T30 and T60, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization except of the turtles fed with T60 diet, of which showed poorer daily weight gain and feed conversion rate. The pepsin/trypsin and Na+-K+ ATP-ase activities decreased dramatically when SPC level increased, and lipase activities in liver and intestinal tract also showed decline tendency. However, amylase activities were unaffected. No significant differences were observed in TOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 genes mRNA expression level of TOR signaling pathway among the treatments. However, the relative phosphorylated level of these proteins decreased significantly when SPC level increased. The present study indicated that high SPC substitution level would suppress digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway proteins phosphorylated level and eventually result in growth reduction of P. sinensis.
基金Project supported by the Scientific and Research Bureau of Shenzhen, China
文摘The effects of ration level and feeding frequency on digestibility in juvenile soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, were investigated. Four ration levels 1.5%, 2.5%, 4.0% and satiation （6.0% BW/d） were used. Apparent digestibility （AD） of dry matter （DMAD）, protein （PAD） and protein real digestibility （PRD） were significantly affected by ration level, but not by feeding frequency when the ration level was similar. However, the feeding frequency affected the AD, DMAD, PAD and PRD significantly when the turtles were fed to satiation. The relationship between fecal protein content （Y） and protein intake （At） can be expressed as a quadric equation： Y=-0.1742＋0.1476X-0.0003X^2 （r^2=0.876, n=27, F=93.92, P〈0.01）.
文摘通过点种法初筛和牛津杯法复筛,从中华鳖肠道筛选到1株对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A.sobria)以及豚鼠气单胞菌(A.caviae)具有拮抗作用的益生菌株Dec-43。对该菌株进行形态、生理生化特征分析,结果与《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》中屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的生理生化特征一致。提取细菌基因组DNA,通过16S r RNA基因通用引物进行PCR扩增,从该菌株的16S r RNA基因中克隆到了一个长度1448 bp的片段,经测序和序列比对,该片段与Genbank中屎肠球菌的序列相似性达99%,因此,该菌株确定为屎肠球菌。通过单因素试验确定了该菌株的最佳生长温度、盐度、初始p H、接种量等参数分别为:36℃、盐度0.6%、培养基初始p H 7、接种量10%;通过正交试验,确定了该菌株培养基中碳源(葡萄糖)、氮源(蛋白胨)最适含量分别为15和10 g/L。研究发现了一株中华鳖肠道潜在益生菌,并研究了其生长特性,为中华鳖养殖行业益生菌的应用提供了基础。
文摘Ultrastructure of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middle piece, principal piece and end piece, similar in morphology to that of the turtles, Chrysemys picta and Chimemys reevesii. However, several structures are unique. In the head, acrosomal complex covers the anterior protrusion of the nucleus, where there is a narrow lucent space between the subacrosomal cone and the outer acrosomal cap. 3-5 intranuclear tubules go through the anterior tow-thirds of the nucleus and their central cores extend towards the perforatorial rods. The connecting piece is located in the concave implantation fossa in the caudal end of the nucleus. The mitochondrial sheath in the middle piece is composed of concentric mitochondria arranged in 7-8 circles each of which contains 5 mitochondria. Concentric layers in the mitochondrion are double-membranes and they are cristae mitochondriales actually. The concentric cristae mitochondriales and lots of glycogens show the relationship to the vitality maintaining during long-time storage of the spermatozoon in the turtle. The structural modal of proximal centriole is 9×3+0, in which the typical nine triplet microtubules arrange in a pinwheel fashion and are surrounded by a dense material. By comparison, the structural modal of distal centriole is 9×3+2, and the central microtubules and outer triplet microtubules are embed in dense fibers respectively. The distal centriole stands vertically to the proximal one. There is a wedge-shaped annulus around the end of the mitochondriall sheath. The axonemal complex of the principal piece is surrounded by several layers of circumferential fibers, which obviously produces a fibrous sheath reducing backward gradually in thickness. In the axonemal complex that posses a structural model of 9×2+2, there are two thick fibers corresponding to No.3 and No.8 doublet microtubules respectively, which merge with the fibrous sheath. On the transection of principal piece, two dynein arms attached to A microtubule of the doublet which connected with the central microtubules through an obvious radial spoke. Two central microtubules are linked by a bridging substance. The end piece only contains an axonemal complex surrounded by cell membrane, the microtubules in which are dispersed gradually. The structural characteristics above were different evidently from other class animals or other order animals of the reptile.
