Multivariate Approach to Characterizing Soil Quality of Gabonese’s Ferralitic Soils

Assessing soil quality is essential for crop management and soil temporal changes. The present study aims to evaluate soil quality in the Ferralitic soils context countrywide. This assessment was done using multivariate soil quality indice (SQI) models, such as additive quality index (AQI), weighted quality indexes (WQIadd and WQIcom) and Nemoro quality index (NQI), applied to two approaches of indicator selection: total data set (TDS) and minimum data set (MDS). Physical and chemical soil indicators were extracted from the ORSTOM’s reports resulting from a sampling campaign in different provinces of Gabon. The TDS approach shows soil quality status according to eleven soil indicators extracted from the analysis of 1,059 samples from arable soil layer (0 - 30 cm depth). The results indicated that 87% of all provinces presented a very low soil quality (Q5) whatever the model. Among soil indicators, exchangeable K+ and Mg2+, bulk density and C/N ratio were retained in MDS, using principal component analysis (PCA). In the MDS approach, 50 to 63% of provinces had low soil quality grades with AQI, WQIadd and NQI, whereas the total was observed with WQIcom. Only 25% of provinces had medium soil quality grades with AQI and NQI models, while 12.5% (NQI) and 25% (AQI) presented high quality grades. Robust statistical analyses confirmed the accuracy and validation (0.80 r P ≤ 0.016) of AQI, WQIadd and NQI into the TDS and MDS approaches. The same sensitivity index value (1.53) was obtained with AQI and WQIadd. However, WQIadd was chosen as the best SQI model, according to its high linear regression value (R2 = 0.82) between TDS and MDS. This study has important implications in decision-making on monitoring, evaluation and sustainable management of Gabonese soils in a pedoclimatic context unfavorable to plant growth.

Overview on current criteria for heavy metals and its hint for the revision of soil environmental quality standards in China

Following rapid social and economic development over the past several decades, soil pollution by heavy metals(HMs) has been both serious and widespread in China. The Soil Environmental Quality Standards(SEQSs) in China(GB 15618-1995) have been introduced to encourage and enforce sustainable soil HM management. However, in recent years, HM contents in soils have frequently been found to exceed their associated standard values, while the crops growing on them might still meet regulatory standards, and vice versa. There is thus growing awareness that GB 15618-1995 does not effectively regulate current soil HM pollution, as it has encountered bottlenecks, and disappointing outcomes caused by poor execution along with deficiencies and gaps in the policies. However, due to the deficiency of scientific research about relationships between soil HM concentrations and their ecological or human health effects, the development of SEQSs in China is still greatly restricted. This paper discusses international SEQSs of HMs as well their development in China over time, then examines current Chinese SEQSs to demonstrate their potential regulatory deficiencies by referring to international SEQSs. The corresponding legislative policies are described, and scientific information or responses are outlined for maintaining soil environmental quality. China’s experience has shown that policy and science can be linked to work in tandem to better understand and manage soil quality issues.

Cross-Reference Benchmarks for Translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy

Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility < 60%, which could be used as cross-reference benchmarks until new and better results were available. For these soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.

Development of an Ontology-Based Knowledge Network by Interconnecting Soil/Water Concepts/Properties, Derived from Standards Methods and Published Scientific References Outlining Infiltration/Percolation Process of Contaminated Water

The present work deals with the development of an Ontology-Based Knowledge Network of soil/water physicochemical & biological properties (soil/water concepts), derived from ASTM Standard Methods (ASTMi,n) and relevant scientific/applicable references (published papers—PPi,n) to fill up/bridge the gap of the information science between cited Standards and infiltration discipline conceptual vocabulary providing accordingly a dedicated/internal Knowledge Base (KB). This attempt constitutes an innovative approach, since it is based on externalizing domain knowledge in the form of Ontology-Based Knowledge Networks, incorporating standardized methodology in soil engineering. The ontology soil/water concepts (semantics) of the developed network correspond to soil/water physicochemical & biological properties, classified in seven different generations that are distinguished/located in infiltration/percolation process of contaminated water through soil porous media. The interconnections with arcs between corresponding concepts/properties among the consecutive generations are defined by the relationship of dependent and independent variables. All these interconnections are documented according to the below three ways: 1) dependent and independent variables interconnected by using the logical operator “depends on” quoting existent explicit functions and equations;2) dependent and independent variables interconnected by using the logical operator “depends on” quoting produced implicit functions, according to Rayleigh’s method of indices;3) dependent and independent variables interconnected by using the logical operator “related to” based on a logical dependence among the examined nodes-concepts-variables. The aforementioned approach provides significant advantages to semantic web developers and web users by means of prompt knowledge navigation, tracking, retrieval and usage.

Review and Reflection on the Development Process of Soil Environmental Quality Standards in China

In this paper,the development process of the construction of soil environmental quality standards in China is reviewed,and the construction situation of soil environmental quality standards in typical developed countries is introduced.According to characteristics of soil environment and practice of soil environment management in China,the relevant suggestions are discussed,thereby further perfecting construction work of soil environmental quality standards in China.

Influence of Chicken Manure Amendment on the Thermal Properties of Selected Benchmark Soils in Zambia

Influence of Chicken Manure amendment on the thermal properties of selected Benchmark soils in Zambia was investigated in the laboratory under soil column experiments. Five benchmark soils were exerted to four chicken manure amendment rates of 0% (control), 2%, 4% and 6% on a weight basis. Soil temperature profiles were monitored in soil columns exerted to artificial heat source and generated data was used to compute the thermal properties of the soils. The effect of manure application on the soil thermal properties was strongly related to soil type and application rate. Significant differences (p ?3·c?1 (Mushemi series) to 8.62 MJ·m?3·c?1 (Makeni series) and attributed to differences in soil characteristics. Thermal diffusivity varied from 0.028 m2·s?1 (Makeni series) to 0.069 m2·s?1 (Mushemi series) a reverse trend to thermal conductivity. A similar trend was observed with damping depth however thermal conductivity was not significantly different among the benchmark soils. The studied soils showed significant differences (p λ), thermal diffusivity (Dh) and damping depth (d) decreased while volumetric heat capacity (Cv) increased with increased chicken manure addition. The differences in these thermal properties were attributed to differences in soil properties. These results suggest that chicken manure application can be an important intervention in regulation of the thermal properties of the soil and consequently the thermal regime of the soil.

Interstate Comparison of Soil Remediation Standards among Six Mid-Atlantic States, USA

To address and help mitigate potential public health and ecological impacts associated with contaminated soil, most state environmental agencies have promulgated cleanup standards or action level criteria that are based broadly on US Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment methodologies. These standards or criteria often are assembled into easy-to-use look-up tables that allow responsible parties (RPs) to determine quickly the extent of remediation that could be required simply by comparing site investigation data to the listed cleanup goal or standard. This paper compares and contrasts soil remediation standards and criteria for 20 common soil pollutants taken from state environmental agency look-up tables for five Middle Atlantic States: New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. We examine the differences between numeric remedial goals for these pollutants and propose a relative rank for each state based on the overall degree of soil cleanup standard or criterion stringency. In order to identify and rank the stringency of the residential cleanup goals or standards published by the six Mid-Atlantic States, a three-step process was used that included compiling in one data set, the numerical (mg/kg), residential or unrestricted use look-up values published by state for each of the 20 contaminants;organizing and grouping those values in numerical sequence into one of three categories ranging from lowest (Most Restrictive) to highest (Least Restrictive);and then ranking each state by the number of first place finishes in each stringency category: Most Restrictive, Moderately Restrictive, and Least Restrictive. The socioeconomic consequences of these ranks were examined relative to their effects on gross state product, unemployment, and health.

Comparison of Vs and SPT Soil Liquefaction Assessments of NCEER: Including Hypothesis Testing

Soil liquefaction is one of the complex research topics in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Especially after the 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japan) induced many soil liquefaction incidents, a variety of soil liquefaction studies were conducted and reported, including the liquefaction potential assessment methods utilizing the shear wave velocity (Vs) or SPT-N profiles (SPT: standard penetration test). This study used the Vs and SPT methods recommended by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) to examine which is more conservative according to the assessment results on 41 liquefiable soil layers at sites in two major cities in Taiwan. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to make the analysis more quantitative and objective. Based on three sets of hypothesis tests, it shows that the hypothesis—the SPT method is more conservative than the Vs method—was not rejected on a 5% level of significance.

土壤环境基准的科学问题与研究方法:以Cd为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制定的科学依据和基础。环境基准是土壤环境保护研究的前沿领域,涉及土壤环境化学、环境毒理学、生物学和风险评估等多学科交叉与基础性科学问题,了解和解决其所涉及的这些科学问题,是土壤环境基准研究的前提。本文针对土壤环境基准研究中影响重金属毒性阈值的非生物因子、生物因子、剂量效应关系测定中等几个关键科学问题进行了阐述,包括土壤老化因子与淋洗因子的矫正,低剂量刺激效应拟合及毒性数据归一化方法等,最后以农田土壤Cd为例,推导出不同性质土壤中Cd环境基准(HC_(5))及其与土壤性质的连续性分布曲线方程(LogHC_(5)=0.132pH+0.083OC+0.008CEC-1.448),以期为农田土壤环境指标基准的研究提供参考与借鉴。

新时代黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架研究

为了贯彻落实《黄河保护法》,推动黄河流域水土保持各项工作规范化、标准化,满足黄河流域水土保持事业高质量发展的现实需要,根据《黄河保护法》有关规定,结合新时代黄河流域水土保持工作目标和特点,在全面分析水土保持标准体系建立的背景、意义及必要性的基础上,全面梳理现行的水土保持国家标准体系,广泛征集有关省(区)业务人员和专家的意见、建议,组织专家开展专题研究,提出了包括基础类、规划设计类、治理类、淤地坝类、监测类、监管类、信息化类、试验示范类等8类73项标准(其中沿用原有标准48项、建议新增标准25项)的黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架。

对标国际高标准经贸规则的发力重点

对标国际高标准经贸规则,是稳步扩大制度型开放,推进高水平开放的重要举措。需要在全面把握其规则要求实质的基础上采取积极的对标态度,力争达标或原则上基本达标,重点要在国有企业、政府采购协定以及市场竞争政策方面的改革进行对标。国有企业改革方面,要以推进现代企业制度建设、完善公司法人治理结构,完善国有企业分类、实行不同的监管模式等为改革重点;政府采购协定方面,应对《招标投标法》和《政府采购法》等有关法律法规进行必要的修订,积极参考GPA及CPTPP政府采购章节的有关规则做相应整合、修改和完善;市场竞争政策方面,加快建设全国统一大市场,打破国内不同省市、不同市场存在的壁垒和障碍,建立公平法治统一的营商环境。

浅析我国土壤污染团体标准发展现状及建议

土壤是人类社会生产活动的重要物质基础,是难以再生、不可缺少的自然资源。我国土壤污染问题比较严峻,为保护土壤资源和人类健康,采取有效的土壤污染防治措施至关重要。目前,根据全国标准信息公共服务平台和全国团体标准信息平台数据分析结果可知,我国发布有关土壤污染团体标准的社会团体数量共113个,发布团体标准数量为330项,仅低于地方标准数量。为了更好推动土壤污染相关团体标准的发展,本文结合团体标准发展现状和存在的问题,提出有关发展土壤污染领域团体标准的建议和对策。

我国农用地土壤重金属污染防治标准体系现状及展望

标准体系建设是实施土壤污染防治与农产品安全保障的重要保障.该文系统分析了我国农用地土壤环境质量管理发展历程,总结了土壤重金属污染控制标准体系的最新进展.在总结发达国家与国际组织关于农用地土壤重金属污染控制标准建设经验的基础上,分析我国标准体系当前所面临的问题及挑战,并提出本土化规划发展与完善建议,以期为我国农用地土壤重金属污染防范及风险阻控提供经验借鉴.该文将我国标准的建设历程大致总结为初识探索、质量管理、污染控制与风险管控4个阶段,初步形成了以法律、法规与国家政策为指导,国家、行业、地方与团体标准为基本框架,污染防治与农产品安全保障为总体原则的多维度、层次化、全链条污染防控标准体系.针对现行标准体系有待完善的内容,未来可通过应用导向与前瞻引领的顶层设计,强化农用地土壤重金属污染防治标准体系建设的科学规划和整体布局,满足适合我国不同阶段的农用地土壤环境管理需求,为深入打好净土保卫战提供理论基础和标准支撑.

活性炭-土-膨润土复合材料阻隔性能研究

以粉质粘土(SC)作为母土,通过柔性壁渗透试验和静平衡吸附试验分别研究了不同配比的土-膨润土(SB)及活性炭-土-膨润土(ASB)在不同渗滤液工况下的渗透性能及吸附性能。结果表明,将Pb(NO3)2溶液作为渗液,单元体渗透性能随Pb2+浓度增大而逐渐增强,且渗液浓度相同时SB渗透系数随膨润土掺量增加呈大幅降低后趋于平稳趋势。膨润土和活性炭的掺入可有效增强材料的吸附性能,随渗液浓度的增加,SC、SB及ASB对Pb2+的吸附容量变大,且ASB较SC及SB吸附容量差值逐渐变大。综合防渗及地下水质量标准提出了满足修复重金属污染场地阻隔材料的基准配比,研究结果可为重金属污染场地的修复与治理提供参考。

黄土标贯击数与物理力学参数相关性及微观机制分析

为了补充西安市黄土塬区利用标贯击数预测土的物理力学参数的方法,以西安市长安区黄土塬地基土为例,通过现场标贯试验和室内土工试验,对地基土的标贯击数值与物理力学参数进行了一元和多元相关性分析,给出了拟合关系式及其相关系数;并利用电镜扫描及PCAS图像处理技术,从黄土微观结构角度对研究结果做了进一步分析。结果表明:黄土塬地基土的含水率、干密度、孔隙比、液限、黏聚力、内摩擦角、压缩系数均与标贯击数N有很好的线性相关性,地基土的湿陷系数与标贯击数N的线性相关性良好,可用N值对地基土的物理力学参数进行预测。研究成果可为西安黄土塬区岩土工程勘察提供参考。

基于Benchmark的白车身材料解析规范与替代方法研究

竞品材料解析是整车逆向设计的关键,是分析行业技术现状、掌握技术发展趋势的重要手段,对整车用材策略分析和轻量化优化设计具有重要指导意义。我国整车企业竞品材料解析技术和体系建设仍然存在着规范不完善、研究广度不足、缺乏大数据对比分析等问题,本文通过构建行业竞品材料解析规范,深入研究竞品材料逆向解析技术,基于AMASS构建竞品材料替代系统工具,切实解决竞品材料分析行业共性问题,促进汽车行业正向开发技术进步。

2022年江西省干旱时空演变特征研究

2022年江西省遭遇了罕见的特大干旱,对社会经济、生产生活带来一定影响,基于标准化降水指数(Standardized Precipitation Index,SPI)和土壤相对湿度指数(Relative soil moisture,Rsm)对2022年江西省干旱时空演变特征进行分析研究。将气象干旱发展划分为4个阶段并识别其时空变化特征,利用相关性分析农业干旱与气象干旱之间的时间响应,揭示不同土壤深度的干旱变化过程。研究结果表明:(1)2022年江西省干旱主要发生在7—12月,气象干旱发展过程可划分为干旱露头期、暴发期、持续期、缓解期;(2)2022年江西省农业干旱发生时间比气象干旱晚1个月,降水对研究区Rsm的影响要明显大于气温且20cm的Rsm与SPI-1指标相关性最大;(3)水利工程在抗旱期间发挥了重要作用,江西省粮食生产“十年丰”实现大旱之年无大灾。

基于国产软硬件数据库基准测试标准化研究

为推动数据库高质量、国际化发展,本文通过分析国内外数据库检测相关技术标准现状,在剖析国外公认基准模型原理的基础上,结合国内国产软硬件情况,阐述研制基于国产基础软硬件的数据库性能检测标准的思路,对建立国内统一的数据库评价机制与标准化探索方向提出建议。

海上风电场防腐蚀标准对比分析与适用性研究

针对海上风电场防腐蚀的问题,通过收集行业内现有的标准规范,结合我国海洋环境特点,对相关标准进行对比和适用性分析,总结出较适用的海上风电场防腐蚀标准,并从以下几个方面进行了探讨:(1)当前主流的防腐蚀技术及其应用情况,包括金属表面处理、防腐涂料等;(2)海上风电场运行环境沿海区域与远洋区域特点以及两者在防腐蚀技术上的差异化需求,提出适用于不同地域的防腐蚀标准;(3)防腐蚀材料选取原则及其性能评价指标,包括单一材料及复合材料的防腐蚀性能考核方法等;(4)对于远洋风电场,还需加强防腐蚀材料的性能评价及标准制定和更新等研究。本研究对促进我国海上风电场的可持续发展和提高防腐蚀保护技术水平具有重要意义。

我国土壤调理剂标准体系现状研究

本文通过综述土壤调理剂标准制定现状,分析标准体系框架、标准分布、指导内容,提出现行土壤调理剂标准在系统性、协调性、适用性方面有待进一步完善,未来可从健全土壤调理剂基础类型、完善应用效果评估、重视检测新技术应用等方面开展深入研究,切实为标准制定和优化体系提供有效支撑。