Overview on current criteria for heavy metals and its hint for the revision of soil environmental quality standards in China

Following rapid social and economic development over the past several decades, soil pollution by heavy metals(HMs) has been both serious and widespread in China. The Soil Environmental Quality Standards(SEQSs) in China(GB 15618-1995) have been introduced to encourage and enforce sustainable soil HM management. However, in recent years, HM contents in soils have frequently been found to exceed their associated standard values, while the crops growing on them might still meet regulatory standards, and vice versa. There is thus growing awareness that GB 15618-1995 does not effectively regulate current soil HM pollution, as it has encountered bottlenecks, and disappointing outcomes caused by poor execution along with deficiencies and gaps in the policies. However, due to the deficiency of scientific research about relationships between soil HM concentrations and their ecological or human health effects, the development of SEQSs in China is still greatly restricted. This paper discusses international SEQSs of HMs as well their development in China over time, then examines current Chinese SEQSs to demonstrate their potential regulatory deficiencies by referring to international SEQSs. The corresponding legislative policies are described, and scientific information or responses are outlined for maintaining soil environmental quality. China’s experience has shown that policy and science can be linked to work in tandem to better understand and manage soil quality issues.

Cross-Reference Benchmarks for Translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy

Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility < 60%, which could be used as cross-reference benchmarks until new and better results were available. For these soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.

Development of an Ontology-Based Knowledge Network by Interconnecting Soil/Water Concepts/Properties, Derived from Standards Methods and Published Scientific References Outlining Infiltration/Percolation Process of Contaminated Water

The present work deals with the development of an Ontology-Based Knowledge Network of soil/water physicochemical & biological properties (soil/water concepts), derived from ASTM Standard Methods (ASTMi,n) and relevant scientific/applicable references (published papers—PPi,n) to fill up/bridge the gap of the information science between cited Standards and infiltration discipline conceptual vocabulary providing accordingly a dedicated/internal Knowledge Base (KB). This attempt constitutes an innovative approach, since it is based on externalizing domain knowledge in the form of Ontology-Based Knowledge Networks, incorporating standardized methodology in soil engineering. The ontology soil/water concepts (semantics) of the developed network correspond to soil/water physicochemical & biological properties, classified in seven different generations that are distinguished/located in infiltration/percolation process of contaminated water through soil porous media. The interconnections with arcs between corresponding concepts/properties among the consecutive generations are defined by the relationship of dependent and independent variables. All these interconnections are documented according to the below three ways: 1) dependent and independent variables interconnected by using the logical operator “depends on” quoting existent explicit functions and equations;2) dependent and independent variables interconnected by using the logical operator “depends on” quoting produced implicit functions, according to Rayleigh’s method of indices;3) dependent and independent variables interconnected by using the logical operator “related to” based on a logical dependence among the examined nodes-concepts-variables. The aforementioned approach provides significant advantages to semantic web developers and web users by means of prompt knowledge navigation, tracking, retrieval and usage.

Review and Reflection on the Development Process of Soil Environmental Quality Standards in China

In this paper,the development process of the construction of soil environmental quality standards in China is reviewed,and the construction situation of soil environmental quality standards in typical developed countries is introduced.According to characteristics of soil environment and practice of soil environment management in China,the relevant suggestions are discussed,thereby further perfecting construction work of soil environmental quality standards in China.

Influence of Chicken Manure Amendment on the Thermal Properties of Selected Benchmark Soils in Zambia

Influence of Chicken Manure amendment on the thermal properties of selected Benchmark soils in Zambia was investigated in the laboratory under soil column experiments. Five benchmark soils were exerted to four chicken manure amendment rates of 0% (control), 2%, 4% and 6% on a weight basis. Soil temperature profiles were monitored in soil columns exerted to artificial heat source and generated data was used to compute the thermal properties of the soils. The effect of manure application on the soil thermal properties was strongly related to soil type and application rate. Significant differences (p ?3·c?1 (Mushemi series) to 8.62 MJ·m?3·c?1 (Makeni series) and attributed to differences in soil characteristics. Thermal diffusivity varied from 0.028 m2·s?1 (Makeni series) to 0.069 m2·s?1 (Mushemi series) a reverse trend to thermal conductivity. A similar trend was observed with damping depth however thermal conductivity was not significantly different among the benchmark soils. The studied soils showed significant differences (p λ), thermal diffusivity (Dh) and damping depth (d) decreased while volumetric heat capacity (Cv) increased with increased chicken manure addition. The differences in these thermal properties were attributed to differences in soil properties. These results suggest that chicken manure application can be an important intervention in regulation of the thermal properties of the soil and consequently the thermal regime of the soil.

Interstate Comparison of Soil Remediation Standards among Six Mid-Atlantic States, USA

To address and help mitigate potential public health and ecological impacts associated with contaminated soil, most state environmental agencies have promulgated cleanup standards or action level criteria that are based broadly on US Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment methodologies. These standards or criteria often are assembled into easy-to-use look-up tables that allow responsible parties (RPs) to determine quickly the extent of remediation that could be required simply by comparing site investigation data to the listed cleanup goal or standard. This paper compares and contrasts soil remediation standards and criteria for 20 common soil pollutants taken from state environmental agency look-up tables for five Middle Atlantic States: New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. We examine the differences between numeric remedial goals for these pollutants and propose a relative rank for each state based on the overall degree of soil cleanup standard or criterion stringency. In order to identify and rank the stringency of the residential cleanup goals or standards published by the six Mid-Atlantic States, a three-step process was used that included compiling in one data set, the numerical (mg/kg), residential or unrestricted use look-up values published by state for each of the 20 contaminants;organizing and grouping those values in numerical sequence into one of three categories ranging from lowest (Most Restrictive) to highest (Least Restrictive);and then ranking each state by the number of first place finishes in each stringency category: Most Restrictive, Moderately Restrictive, and Least Restrictive. The socioeconomic consequences of these ranks were examined relative to their effects on gross state product, unemployment, and health.

Multivariate Approach to Characterizing Soil Quality of Gabonese’s Ferralitic Soils

Assessing soil quality is essential for crop management and soil temporal changes. The present study aims to evaluate soil quality in the Ferralitic soils context countrywide. This assessment was done using multivariate soil quality indice (SQI) models, such as additive quality index (AQI), weighted quality indexes (WQIadd and WQIcom) and Nemoro quality index (NQI), applied to two approaches of indicator selection: total data set (TDS) and minimum data set (MDS). Physical and chemical soil indicators were extracted from the ORSTOM’s reports resulting from a sampling campaign in different provinces of Gabon. The TDS approach shows soil quality status according to eleven soil indicators extracted from the analysis of 1,059 samples from arable soil layer (0 - 30 cm depth). The results indicated that 87% of all provinces presented a very low soil quality (Q5) whatever the model. Among soil indicators, exchangeable K+ and Mg2+, bulk density and C/N ratio were retained in MDS, using principal component analysis (PCA). In the MDS approach, 50 to 63% of provinces had low soil quality grades with AQI, WQIadd and NQI, whereas the total was observed with WQIcom. Only 25% of provinces had medium soil quality grades with AQI and NQI models, while 12.5% (NQI) and 25% (AQI) presented high quality grades. Robust statistical analyses confirmed the accuracy and validation (0.80 r P ≤ 0.016) of AQI, WQIadd and NQI into the TDS and MDS approaches. The same sensitivity index value (1.53) was obtained with AQI and WQIadd. However, WQIadd was chosen as the best SQI model, according to its high linear regression value (R2 = 0.82) between TDS and MDS. This study has important implications in decision-making on monitoring, evaluation and sustainable management of Gabonese soils in a pedoclimatic context unfavorable to plant growth.

Residue Dynamics of Mancozeb in Capsicum annuum Linn and Soil

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the residue dynamics of mancozeb in Capsicum annuum Linn and soil. [ Method ] Field spraying test and indoor analysis were carried out in three places of Changsha, Guangzhou and Beijing City during 2008 -2009 to study the digestion dynamics and the final residue of man- cozeb in C. annuum and soil, and gas chromatography was used for quantitative analysis. [ Result]The average recovery rates of mancozeb in C. annuum and soil were 86.59%-93.03% and 92.57%-95.14%, respectively. Mancozeb had rapid digestion in C. annuum and soft with the half-life of 2.29 -4.65 and 4.01 - 4.65 d, respectively. When metalaxyl-M,mancozeb water dispersible granule was sprayed in C. annuum according to the recommend dose （ spraying for no more than three times with the spraying interval of 5 d）, the final residue of maneozeb in C. annuum collected in the third day after the last spraying was less than 2 mg/kg.

基于Benchmark的白车身材料解析规范与替代方法研究

竞品材料解析是整车逆向设计的关键,是分析行业技术现状、掌握技术发展趋势的重要手段,对整车用材策略分析和轻量化优化设计具有重要指导意义。我国整车企业竞品材料解析技术和体系建设仍然存在着规范不完善、研究广度不足、缺乏大数据对比分析等问题,本文通过构建行业竞品材料解析规范,深入研究竞品材料逆向解析技术,基于AMASS构建竞品材料替代系统工具,切实解决竞品材料分析行业共性问题,促进汽车行业正向开发技术进步。

Study on the proposed environmental guidelines for Cd, Hg, Pb and As in soil of China

This paper deals with the soil-environmental standard. According to the current situation of researching on the soil-environmental quality guideline at home and abroad, and on the basis of the foundations and principles of enacting the soil-environmental standard, the soil environment quality guideline values of Hg, Cd, Pb and As were suggested.

Black Soils Classification by Ground Spectral Process and Analysis

1 Introduction Black soils are a soil type with good properties and high fertility,which is very suitable for plant growth(Liu et al.,2015).Black soil resources are widely distributed in North America,Eurasia,and South America,and cover about 916million ha around the world,35 million ha of this in northeast China(Liu et al.,2012).

THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF TRADITIONAL ADOBE MASONRY COMPONENTS: AN EXPERIMENTAL-ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL BRICKS AND MUD MORTAR

Adobe is an ancient building technology made of sun dried bricks joined together by mud mortar. This paper deals with the physical and mechanical characterization of three different typologies of adobe bricks and one typology of mud mortar produced in Europe. They differed in terms of internal soil element proportions and amount of organic content. Physical tests consisted of granulometry, moisture content and density tests. The mechanical characterization consisted of uniaxial compressive tests and three point bending tests. Tests were performed according to modern material standards. The main mechanical properties both in tension and compression were determined at different curing conditions. The outcome provided in this study offers a general overview on the assessment of the mechanical performance of adobe in relation to the properties and interactions of its soil constituents. In fact, the comparison between components with the same soil mineralogical family and production process made it possible to assess both at a qualitative and quantitative level the effect of the physical properties of the mixture (such as fiber and clay percentages or moisture content) on the mechanical parameters of the resulting bricks and mortar. This paper proposes new predictive formulations of the most relevant material parameters in strength and deformation, such as compressive strength, deformation at peak stress and ultimate displacement for both adobe bricks and mortar. They quantify the influence that water content, clay percentage and fiber reinforcement produce on the mechanical performance of the tested adobe components. This was made possible by means of multivariate statistical analyses on the mechanical parameters derived from all the tested samples.

Soil Properties for Earthen Building Construction in Najran City,Saudi Arabia

:Earth is the most common and important building material used in the construction industry,since it is found in almost every country in the world.Modern earthen construction is alive and well,and is spread over an enormous geographical area.This technique utilizes various earthen materials and numerous methods,and features many benefits for both construction in general and buildings in particular.Najran,a city located in the south of Saudi Arabia,is distinguished by its heritage of earthen architecture,which displays many advantages and a marvelous variety of types and exterior designs.Many weaknesses of the material,however,along with a lack of knowledge and rapid development have caused the uplifting and destruction of many of Najran’s mud and heritage buildings during the last few generations.Not all soil types are suitable for every building need.Soil specification is thus very important in order to ensure that the materials used in construction meet all requirements.The main goal of this study was to invistegate the suitability of local soils for the earthen building construction.Thus,available local materials of common quality were taken from local sites in Najran.Laboratory experimentation and testing was then performed to determine the properties of those materials.The results showed that local soil properties are suitable for using in the earthen block construction since they satisified the specifications.The results were then recorded for use in further studies,as well as to explore heritage building and rehabilitation,and to improve modern earthen building materials and techniques.

Study on the Correlation between 137Cs Loss and Soil Erosion in Central Highlands of Vietnam

Isotope of 137Cs appeared in the environment by nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere in the 1950s and 1960s. When the 137Cs deposited to the ground, they were absorbed strongly and quickly by exchanging positions with other elements, and it had no ability to decompose in most of the environments. Redistribution of this isotope after settled down into the soil mainly occurs due to redistribution of soil surface. Research on the correlation between 137Cs loss and soil erosion was done in 2009, at 24 sites, on basaltic soil with slopes of 20%-25%. Statistical analysis by linear regression of experimental data according to equation ofy = a × xb got coefficients of a and b. They are 20.123 and 1.0967, respectively. The correlation ofy = 20.123 × x1.0967 was tested with error of 7.3%-35.8% between the actual soil loss and calculating. This correlation was applied to evaluate soil erosion rates in two catchments of Buon Yong and Ea Kao belonging to Dak Lak province, thereby giving soil erosion rates ranging from 3.44 t-ha-1 to 26.38 t-ha-1, depending on the conditions of sloping land and cover crops.

Comparison of Vs and SPT Soil Liquefaction Assessments of NCEER: Including Hypothesis Testing

Soil liquefaction is one of the complex research topics in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Especially after the 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japan) induced many soil liquefaction incidents, a variety of soil liquefaction studies were conducted and reported, including the liquefaction potential assessment methods utilizing the shear wave velocity (Vs) or SPT-N profiles (SPT: standard penetration test). This study used the Vs and SPT methods recommended by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) to examine which is more conservative according to the assessment results on 41 liquefiable soil layers at sites in two major cities in Taiwan. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to make the analysis more quantitative and objective. Based on three sets of hypothesis tests, it shows that the hypothesis—the SPT method is more conservative than the Vs method—was not rejected on a 5% level of significance.

土壤环境基准的科学问题与研究方法:以Cd为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制定的科学依据和基础。环境基准是土壤环境保护研究的前沿领域,涉及土壤环境化学、环境毒理学、生物学和风险评估等多学科交叉与基础性科学问题,了解和解决其所涉及的这些科学问题,是土壤环境基准研究的前提。本文针对土壤环境基准研究中影响重金属毒性阈值的非生物因子、生物因子、剂量效应关系测定中等几个关键科学问题进行了阐述,包括土壤老化因子与淋洗因子的矫正,低剂量刺激效应拟合及毒性数据归一化方法等,最后以农田土壤Cd为例,推导出不同性质土壤中Cd环境基准(HC_(5))及其与土壤性质的连续性分布曲线方程(LogHC_(5)=0.132pH+0.083OC+0.008CEC-1.448),以期为农田土壤环境指标基准的研究提供参考与借鉴。

新时代黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架研究

为了贯彻落实《黄河保护法》,推动黄河流域水土保持各项工作规范化、标准化,满足黄河流域水土保持事业高质量发展的现实需要,根据《黄河保护法》有关规定,结合新时代黄河流域水土保持工作目标和特点,在全面分析水土保持标准体系建立的背景、意义及必要性的基础上,全面梳理现行的水土保持国家标准体系,广泛征集有关省(区)业务人员和专家的意见、建议,组织专家开展专题研究,提出了包括基础类、规划设计类、治理类、淤地坝类、监测类、监管类、信息化类、试验示范类等8类73项标准(其中沿用原有标准48项、建议新增标准25项)的黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架。

对标国际高标准经贸规则的发力重点

对标国际高标准经贸规则,是稳步扩大制度型开放,推进高水平开放的重要举措。需要在全面把握其规则要求实质的基础上采取积极的对标态度,力争达标或原则上基本达标,重点要在国有企业、政府采购协定以及市场竞争政策方面的改革进行对标。国有企业改革方面,要以推进现代企业制度建设、完善公司法人治理结构,完善国有企业分类、实行不同的监管模式等为改革重点;政府采购协定方面,应对《招标投标法》和《政府采购法》等有关法律法规进行必要的修订,积极参考GPA及CPTPP政府采购章节的有关规则做相应整合、修改和完善;市场竞争政策方面,加快建设全国统一大市场,打破国内不同省市、不同市场存在的壁垒和障碍,建立公平法治统一的营商环境。

成南高速公路软土地基高路堤拓宽工程差异沉降及控制标准研究

依托成南高速扩容工程,基于有限元方法,深入研究软土区高填路基拓宽工程差异沉降变化规律及其影响因素,提出适用于成南高速软土区高填拼接路基的差异沉降控制标准.研究表明,施工期在旧路基面会产生向两侧的水平变形和较大的不均匀沉降,极易导致旧路面中心附近产生纵向裂缝;运营期,不同运营时段路基表面累积沉降半幅区呈“勺”状分布,沉降最大值出现在路基拼接处附近,此处的底基层更容易出现拉裂破坏,运营期拼接附近成为路面裂缝的多发区域;填土高度、软基厚度、软土性质对路基面差异沉降影响均非常显著,而新路基模量对差异沉降的影响并不明显;综合考虑路面材料的极限拉应力和疲劳效应组合,对差异沉降控制标准进行了4级分级,以指导工程设计.

土炒当归、油当归和当归炭的质量标准研究

目的:建立土炒当归、油当归和当归炭的质量标准。方法:参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》当归项下的技术要求,通过对甘肃产10批土炒当归、8批油当归和11批当归炭的性状比较,描述土炒当归、油当归和当归炭的性状特征,建立土炒当归、油当归和当归炭的粉末显微鉴别和薄层鉴别方法,并测定水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、醇溶性浸出物和阿魏酸含量。结果:土炒当归、油当归和当归炭的性状特征基本相同,呈圆形、类圆形或不规则的条形薄片,但各具不同的颜色和细微特征;土炒当归和油当归均具有当归对照药材的粉末显微特征;土炒当归、油当归和当归炭均具有当归对照药材的薄层色谱行为,土炒当归、油当归中检出阿魏酸和藁本内酯。10批土炒当归中阿魏酸平均含量为0.067%,8批油当归中阿魏酸平均含量为0.062%。结论:研究所测得的各项指标,可为当归炮制品的地方标准制订提供依据。