Relationship between spatio-temporal evolution of soil pH and geological environment/surface cover in the eastern Nenjiang River Basin of Northeast China during the past 30 years

To illuminate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and geochemical driving mechanism of soil pH in the Nenjiang River Basin,the National Multi-objective Regional Geochemical Survey data of topsoil,the Second National Soil Survey data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)were analyzed.The areas of neutral and alkaline soil decreased by 21100 km^(2)and 30500 km^(2),respectively,while that of strongly alkaline,extremely alkaline,and strongly acidic soil increased by 19600 km^(2),18200 km^(2),and 15500 km^(2),respectively,during the past 30 years.NDVI decreased with the increase of soil pH when soil pH>8.0,and it was reversed when soil pH<5.0.There were significant differences in soil pH with various surface cover types,which showed an ascending order:Arbor<reed<maize<rice<high and medium-covered meadow<low-covered meadow<Puccinellia.The weathering products of minerals rich in K_(2)O,Na_(2)O,CaO,and MgO entered into the low plain and were enriched in different parts by water transportation and lake deposition,while Fe and Al remained in the low hilly areas,which was the geochemical driving mechanism.The results of this study will provide scientific basis for making scientific and rational decisions on soil acidification and salinization.

Effects of Straw and Biochar Returned to the Soil on Soil Physical Properties and pH Value in Cold Rice Region

[Objectives]In order to explore the feasibility of using straw and biochar returned to the soil to improve soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice regions of China.[Methods]the effects of straw directly returned to the soil and charred straw(biochar)returned to the soil on soil bulk density,porosity,temperature and pH value of cold paddy soil were studied in this paper.[Results]The results showed that compared with conventional production,straw(6 t/ha),a small amount of biochar(2 t/ha)and a large amount of biochar(40 t/ha)returned to the soil reduced paddy soil bulk density at different growth stages by 6.02%-11.86%,2.69%-6.67%and 8.58%-11.32%,respectively,increased total porosity by 7.41%-14.93%,3.19%-8.38%and 9.81%-14.27%,respectively,and increased aeration porosity by 22.28%-192.11%,17.80%-92.11%and 52.44%-157.11%,respectively.Straw and a small amount of biochar returned to the soil had no significant effect on soil temperature and pH value of paddy field,but a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature by 5.13%-8.79%and pH value by 3.15%-5.96%in the later stage of rice growth.[Conclusions]The straw and biochar returned to the soil could reduce soil bulk density,increase total porosity and aeration porosity,and only a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature and pH value.

Soil pH Dynamics and Nitrogen Transformations Under Long-Term Chemical Fertilization in Four Typical Chinese Croplands

Long-term fertilization experiment provides the platform for understanding the proton budgets in nitrogen transformations of agricultural ecosystems. We analyzed the historical （1990-2005） observations on four agricultural long-term experiments in China （Changping, Chongqing, Gongzhuling and Qiyang） under four different fertilizations, i.e., no-fertilizer （control）, sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer （FN）, sole chemical phosphorous and potassium fertilizers （FPK） and chemical nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers （FNPK）. The significant decline in topsoil pH was caused not only by chemical N fertilization （0.29 and 0.89？pH at Gongzhuling and Qiyang, respectively） but also by chemical PK fertilization （0.59？pH at Gongzhuling）. The enhancement of available nutrients in the topsoil due to long-term direct nutrients supply with chemical fertilizers was in the descending order of available P （168-599%）〉available K （16-189%）〉available N （9-33%）. The relative rate of soil pH decline was lower under long-term judicious chemical fertilization （-0.036-0.034 ？pH yr-1） than that under long-term sole N or PK fertilization （0.016-0.086 ？pH yr-1）. Long-term judicious chemical fertilization with N, P and K elements decreases the nutritional limitation to normal crop growth, under which more N output was distributed in biomass removal rather than the loss via nitrate leaching. We concluded that the N distribution percentage of nitrate leaching to biomass removal might be a suitable indicator to the sensitivity of agricultural ecosystems to acid inputs.

A novel strategy for quantitative analysis of soil pH via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy coupled with random forest

pH is one of the significant properties of soil,and is closely related to the decomposition of soil organic matter,anion-cation balance,growth of plants and many other soil processes.In the present work,laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) technique coupled with random forest(RF) was proposed to quantify the pH of soil.First,LIBS spectra of soil was collected,and some common elements in soil were identified based on the National Institute of Science and Technology database.Then,in order to obtain a better predictive result,the influence of different input variables(full spectrum,different spectral ranges,the intensity of characteristic bands and characteristic lines) on the predictive performance of RF calibration model was explored with the evaluation indicators of root mean square error(RMSE) and coefficient of determination(R2),the characteristic bands of four elements(AI,Ca,Mg and Si) were determined as the optimal input variables.Finally,the predictive performance of RF calibration model was compared with partial least squares calibration model with the optimal input variables and model parameters,and RF calibration model showed a better predictive performance,and the four evaluation indicators of R_p^2,RMSEP,mean absolute error and mean relative error were 0.9687,0.1285,0.1114 and 0.0136,respectively.It indicates that LIBS technique coupled with RF algorithm is an effective method for pH determination of soil.

Effect of Long-term Drip Fertigation on Root Growth of Lychee and Soil pH

Through field experiment,we explore the impact of long-term drip fertigation on growth and distribution of lychee root and changes of soil pH in different layers of soil in lychee garden.The results show that drip fertigation can significantly promote the growth of lychee roots,and increase the contact area of root and soil;if it experiences six years of drip fertigation successively,the dry weight of root,root length and surface area of root in soil in drip fertigation area,will be 2.29 times,2.17 times and 2.25 times that in non-drip fertigation area,respectively.The lychee root is mainly distributed in 0-40 cm layer of soil,but there is conspicuous difference between drip fertigation area and non-drip fertigation area in terms of root distribution in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layer of soil.Drip fertigation is more favorable for the root to go deep inside the soil.Under long-term drip fertigation,the soil acidification in lychee garden is prominent,and in comparison with non-drip fertigation area,there is the greatest decline in soil pH in 10-20 cm layer of soil in drip fertigation area,reaching 1.47 units.

Threshold of Soil pH for Occurrence of Tobacco Bacterial Wilt in Henan Province

[Objective]The paper was to study the relationship between spatial distribution characteristics of soil p H and bacterial wilt in tobacco-growing area in Henan Province.[Method]The 21 tobacco-growing fields infected by bacterial wilt and 91 tobacco-growing fields with no cases were selected from Henan Province,and the pH of fields was determined.[Result]Bacterial wilt mainly occurred in the tobacco-growing fields in Luoshan,Pingqiao,Queshan,Biyang,Suiping,and Xiping,and the soil pH mainly ranged from 5.5 to 6.5(accounted for 84.75%of total surveyed tobacco fields);bacterial wilt had not been found in tobacco-growing fields in Tanghe,Zhengyang,Shangcai,Sheqi,Wuyang and Chenqu,and the soil pH mainly ranged from 6.5 to 7.0(accounted for 81.25%of total surveyed tobacco fields).There were significant differences in soil pH between the fields with and without bacterial wilt,and soil pH 6.5 could be regarded as the threshold for the occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt in Henan Province.There was extremely significantly positive linear correlation between soil p H and latitude(y=0.7375 x-17.799,R2=0.386,P<0.01).The geographical boundary of soil pH 6.5 was roughly 33°N,and bacterial wilt was less likely to occur in the north tobacco-growing areas of the boundary.[Conclusion]The study will provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of tobacco bacterial wilt in Henan.

两种调理剂对水稻土pH值和重金属吸收的影响

探明两种调理剂对近中性水稻土pH值、重金属有效性和水稻吸收的影响,及其与土壤性质的关系,为调理剂的科学开发及合理施用提供科学依据。选取水淬高炉渣源调理剂(T1)及其腐殖质改性调理剂(T2),分别设置2个施用量梯度(T1L、T1H和T2L、T2H),通过盆栽试验分析了两种调理剂及不同用量对土壤pH值、有效硅、镉、锌、铜含量,以及水稻籽粒和秸秆镉、锌、铜含量的影响。与对照(CK)相比,2个施用T1调理剂处理土壤pH值分别升高0.64和1.02,2个施用T2调理剂处理pH值分别升高0.27和0.56(P<0.05),土壤pH值随调理剂施用量的增加而增加。T1L和T1H处理土壤有效硅含量与CK相比分别提高5和22倍(P<0.05),且显著高于施用T2调理剂处理。与CK相比,T1H处理土壤有效镉、锌、铜含量分别降低37.21%、45.57%和95.30%(P<0.05);T2L和T2H处理土壤有效锌含量分别降低31.55%和30.67%,有效铜含量分别降低6.53%和19.32%(P<0.05)。与CK相比,T1L和T1H水稻籽粒锌含量分别降低23.44%和18.12%(P<0.05);施用T2调理剂后,籽粒和秸秆锌、铜含量无显著变化。土壤pH值、有效硅含量与土壤有效镉、锌、铜含量呈显著或极显著负相关,土壤有效硅含量与籽粒、秸秆镉含量呈显著负相关。研究表明,在近中性水稻土上施用富含硅的强碱性调理剂,既有利于提高土壤p H值和有效硅含量,又可有效降低土壤重金属有效性及其水稻吸收量。

转基因抗虫耐除草剂大豆JD321对根际土壤含水量和pH值的影响

为了评价转基因抗虫耐除草剂大豆JD321对土壤生态系统的影响,该实验研究了其对土壤主要理化性质的影响。在大豆苗期、花期、鼓粒期和成熟期,分析了转基因大豆JD321对根际土壤含水量和pH值的影响。与其对应的非转基因大豆相比,转基因大豆JD321的根际土壤含水量和pH值没有明显变化,除草剂处理转基因大豆也没有对土壤含水量和pH值产生明显影响,但土壤含水量和pH值在不同生育期间存在明显差异。研究结果为转基因大豆JD321的环境安全性提供了新的支撑。

秸秆还田对苏打盐碱土pH、电导率及玉米生长的影响

通过田间试验,分析玉米秸秆不同还田方式对苏打盐碱土pH、电导率及玉米生长的影响。结果表明,在作物整个生长阶段内,处理HCS与FCS中0~20 cm土壤pH均低于CK,但30~50 cm略高于CK;处理HCS与FCS中各层土壤EC均低于CK;相比CK,处理HCS与FCS玉米株高、茎粗、穗位高、穗长、穗粗均增加;二者产量分别比CK高6.70%和18.25%。综上,秸秆还田可有效减轻苏打盐碱土的碱害和盐害,促进玉米生长,提高产量,玉米秸秆还田量为1.2 t/hm^(2)的作用效果优于还田量为0.6 t/hm^(2)。

湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值空间变异特征、成因及养分有效性

[目的]研究湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值的空间变异特征、影响因素及主要养分的有效性,为减缓柑橘园土壤酸化,提升土壤肥力提供科学依据。[方法]本研究以湖南省38个柑橘重点县的15722个柑橘园土壤为对象,利用地统计学、相关性分析、结构方程模型等方法,探究了湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值的空间变异特征,分析了土壤pH值对地理、气候、土壤性质等因子的响应,并研究了土壤pH值对土壤氮、磷、钾有效性的影响。[结果]湖南省柑橘园土壤pH值范围为3.00~8.50,均值为5.58,变异系数为18.06%,空间变异为中等程度。最适合柑橘生长的弱酸性土壤面积占44.35%,而酸性、强酸性、中性和碱性土壤分别占48.92%、1.69%、4.95%和0.08%。通过Pearson相关性分析发现,土壤pH值与降水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与速效钾含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与气温、碱解氮和有效磷含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。结构方程模型模拟结果表明,土壤类型与成土母质是解释土壤pH值空间变异的主导因子。除少量强碱性土壤中碱解氮和有效磷含量处于较低水平外,柑橘园土壤各酸度等级土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量皆处于适宜水平。[结论]由于特有的土壤类型和成土母质,湖南省柑橘园超过一半(50.61%)的土壤处于过酸状态(酸性和强酸性)。湖南省柑橘园土壤速效氮、磷、钾养分含量基本处于适宜水平,因此,应重视改善土壤酸性。

基于Meta分析研究毛竹入侵致土壤pH提升及养分和微生物群落结构的变化

诸多研究发现毛竹入侵周围林分提高土壤pH,但未见统计性描述报道。为此,本研究将通过大数据分析证实此现象的普遍性以及探究伴随的土壤养分和微生物变化。本研究收录包含毛竹入侵有关土壤pH变化的42篇文献总计101组数据,采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis)进行深入探讨。在研究土壤养分变化时,本文还结合了团队采集的12个毛竹入侵带的样地数据总计92个样品18组数据进行分析。结果表明,在所有的数据组中,84.9%的土壤在经过毛竹入侵后其pH有不同幅度的提升,说明毛竹入侵周围林分普遍提高土壤pH;土壤pH增加幅度随入侵阶段、毛竹纯林时间增加而增加,随土层深度增加而降低;入侵针叶林致土壤pH增加的幅度高于阔叶林。入侵的毛竹纯林与原生林相比,总体上显著降低(P<0.05)了土壤全氮(–15.9%)、硝态氮(–21.7%)、全碳(–2.0%),却增加(P<0.05)了土壤有效磷(+54.9%)、铵态氮(+14.7%)和碱解氮(+8.2%)。对27篇包含微生物数据的文献进行整合分析,结果表明毛竹入侵改变了微生物群落结构,增加(P<0.05)了放线菌门相对丰度(+25.86%),而降低(P<0.05)了酸杆菌门(–15.49%)、浮霉菌门(–26.66%)、拟杆菌门(–22.58%)的相对丰度。本研究通过Meta分析证明毛竹入侵周围林分提高土壤pH为普遍自然现象,结合土壤硝态氮和铵态氮指标的变化推测了导致土壤pH提升的可能机制,毛竹入侵提高了土壤细菌和真菌多样性,表明入侵对土壤微生物具有正反馈效应。

土壤改良剂施用量对锥栗园土壤pH和养分含量的影响

为探究土壤改良剂施用量对锥栗果园酸性土壤环境的改良效果和对土壤养分含量的影响,以福建省建瓯市某锥栗园为研究对象,设置施入土壤改良剂0(CK)、373.13(A)、746.27(B)、1119.40(C)和1492.54 kg·hm^(−2)(D)5个浓度梯度,研究不同土壤改良剂施用量对锥栗园土壤pH和养分含量(有机质、全氮、全磷、钙、镁、钾、硅)的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,D组显著提高了0~20 cm土层中镁、硅的含量,分别提高了35.3%、33.6%。B组显著提高了21~40 cm土层中有机质、全氮、全磷和硅的含量,分别提高了171.9%、52.4%、41.4%、23.1%;D组显著提高了21~40 cm土层中有机质、钾和硅的含量,分别提高了203.1%、54.8%、35.9%,同时pH值上升,有效改良土壤酸性环境。B组显著提高了41~60 cm土层中全氮、全磷、有机质的含量,分别上升了93.5%、41.7%、440.5%;D组显著提高了41~60 cm土层中有机质、全磷的含量,分别上升了297.3%、200%。不同浓度的酸性改良剂对锥栗土壤养分含量都有一定的改善效果,综合考虑土壤改良剂最适宜施加量为1492.54 kg·hm^(−2)。

永州植烟土壤pH分布特征及其影响因素初探

研究永州植烟土壤pH分布状况,为永州烟区土壤pH调节提供科学理论依据。在永州产烟区采集土壤样品689个,利用多元统计学和逐步回归方法分析了永州土壤pH空间变异及其主要驱动因素。结果表明,永州植烟土壤pH均值为6.95,仅有25.84%的植烟土壤pH处于“适宜”水平内,3.34%的植烟土壤pH处于“极低”(≤5.0)水平,51.52%的植烟土壤pH位于“极高”区间(≥7.5),存在偏碱性的问题。影响因素的分析结果显示,交换性钙、交换性镁、有机质、速效钾、全钾、全氮、有效硫、阳离子交换量8个指标对pH的累计解释能力达到了82.2%,交换性钙对永州植烟土壤pH的空间变异影响能力最大,可独立解释其变异的79.5%。各基础设施配套情况、各轮作制度、各成土母质下的pH均存在显著或者极显著差异。

耕地土壤pH值和有机质含量空间分布特征及影响因素——以长沙县为例

为了解长沙县耕地土壤有机质丰缺状况和空间分布特征,采集了长沙县2 118份耕层(0~20 cm)土壤样本,测定土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量,分析了不同母岩母质、土壤质地、土地利用方式对土壤pH值和有机质含量的影响。结果表明:长沙县耕地土壤主要以微酸性为主,其中部和北部耕地土壤酸性更强;土壤有机质含量较高,呈北高南低的分布趋势;不同母岩母质中,除砂岩风化物发育的土壤呈酸性,其他类型的母岩母质形成的土壤均呈弱酸性,土壤有机质含量平均值范围为27.2~38.3 g/kg;不同土壤质地中,轻壤的pH均值最高,为6.3,砂壤的pH均值最低,为5.5,有机质含量排序为轻壤>砂壤>中壤>黏土>重壤;不同土地利用方式中,水田的pH值平均为5.92,有机质含量平均为34.2 g/kg,旱地的pH平均值是5.89,有机质含量平均为30.5 g/kg。

冶炼企业土壤重金属污染与pH分布特征分析

土壤p H值是土壤化学性质的综合反映,也是最能直观反映土壤污染变化且最易测得的参数。本文以某铅锡冶炼企业地块为例,通过对地块土壤进行调查,分析土壤重金属与p H分布特征。初步调查、详细调查阶段共布设159点位,采集样品1 049个。调查结果表明,地块超筛选值指标有铅、镉、砷、锌、锑、铊,其中砷在不同浓度段超标率均占比最大。pH多数为酸性及以下,部分出现强碱性的碱化现象。土壤pH与超筛选值重金属指标含量大致成正相关,随着p H的升高,重金属含量超筛选值占比增加,且浓度升高;不同重金属在土壤中的超筛选值占比排序为砷>镉>铅。本实例可为同类型地块土壤污染状况调查提供借鉴。

Soil exchangeable base cations along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla plantation in a semi-arid sandy land,China

As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region, North China. C. microphylla planta- tions modify organic carbon （SOC）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus dynamics, bulk density and water-holding capacity and biological activities in soils, but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties. Variation in soil ex- changeable base cations was examined under C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land, and at the depth of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, respectively. C. microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties. The results showed that exchangeable calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg）, and potassium （K）, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） were significantly increased, and Ca saturation tended to decrease, while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years. No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium （Na） neither with plantation years nor at soil depths. Of all the base cations and soil layers, exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly, and it increased by 1.76, 3.16, and 4.25 times, respectively after C. microphylla was planted for 5, 10, and 22 years. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and CEC were significantly （P〈0.001） and positively correlated with SOC, total N, pH and electrical conductivity （EC）. Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in ex- changeable cations, and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C. microphylla plantation. It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species, C. microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils, and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.

AOA and AOB communities respond differently to changes of soil pH under long-term fertilization

Archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidizers drive the first step of nitrification,ammonia oxidation.Despite their importance,the relative contribution of soil factors influencing the abundance,diversity and community composition of ammonia oxidizing archaea(AOA)and bacteria(AOB)are seldom compared.In this study,the AOA and AOB communities in soils from a long-term fertilization experiment(which formed gradients of pH and nutrients)were measured using 454 pyrosequencing of the amoA gene.Results showed that both AOA and AOB communities were influenced by fertilization practice.Changes of AOA abundance,diversity and community structure were closely correlated with a single factor,soil pH,and the abundance and diversity of AOA were lower under the acidified treatments.By contrast,AOB abundance was higher in the acidified soil than in the control soil while AOB diversity was little impacted by soil acidification,and both the abundance and diversity of AOB were most highly correlated with soil carbon and available phosphorus.These results indicated that AOB diversity seemed more resistant to soil acidification than that of AOA,and also suggested that AOB have greater ecophysiological diversity and broader range of habitats than AOA in this lime concretion black soil,and the potential contribution of AOB to ammonia oxidation in acid environments should not be overlooked.

Generating soil salinity, soil moisture, soil pH from satellite imagery and its analysis

In an agricultural field,the water content and salt content are defined as soil moisture and soil salinity and have to be estimated precisely.The changing of these two factors can be assessed using remote sensing technology.This study was conducted by analysing the Landsat 8 satellite images,soil data of field surveys,laboratory analyses and statistical computations.Soil properties such as soil moisture and soil salinity were estimated using soil moisture index(SMI)and soil salinity index(SSI),respectively.The research combined and integrated the soil data from survey and laboratory with Landsat 8 satellite images to build two multiple regression equations model named the soil pH Index(SpHI).They are based on bare soil and paddy leaf models as the explanatory factors of soil moisture and soil salinity changes.All the computation processes were replicated three times using three different dates of Landsat 8 satellite images to produce the multi-temporal analysis.Soil moisture increased after 30 days,while the salt content was only trace amounts.Both proposed models detected 4.49–7.59 of soil pH,4.66 in bare soil model and 6.62 in paddy leaf model.During the planting period,the soil pH in bare soil model decreased to 2.12–6.47 while the paddy leaf model increased to 4.49–7.59 with RMSE 1.40 and PRMSE 24%of accuracy.The spatial relationship between soil pH,soil salinity and soil moisture are linear but varied in correlation level from weak,moderate to strong.Based on the bare soil model,the relationship between soil pH and soil moisture shows a weak negative relationship with R28.37%and a strong positive relationship with R281.94%in paddy area and bare soil area respectively,as like as in paddy area based on the paddy leaf model with R2100%.The relationship between soil temperature and soil pH shows a weak negative relationship for all models and a moderate negative relationship of soil salinity and soil pH in bare soil area based on the bare soil model with R234.89%.

土壤pH对果园土壤质量的影响及调控技术研究综述

在果园中,土壤pH值通常被描述为影响土壤物理、化学和生物特性的“主要土壤变量”,对果园土壤质量影响巨大。结合近年来国内外有关果园土壤pH的研究进展,综述了土壤pH对土壤物理、化学和生物特性的影响,以及如何调控土壤pH以提升土壤质量、实现水果可持续生产的策略。