Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates(20 September(SD1),1 October(SD2),and 10 October(SD3)) and three seeding rates(SR67.5,SR90,and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield.A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons.Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons,that was SD2 in 2012–2013,SD3 in 2013–2014,and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015.Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage,and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages.Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,leading to higher grain yield.SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014,it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5.For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons.The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years.Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield,while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield,especially when soil water storage was high.Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods.By selecting the suitable sowing date(1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1,the best yield was achieved.Based on these results,we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF LARIX OLGENSIS HENRY AND PINUS SYLVESTRIS VAR.MONGOLICA(Ⅰ)──THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL WATER CONTENT ON SEEDLINGS PLANTING IN FLOWERPOT

Water potential (φ w .) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Larix olgensis and Pinns.sylvestris var. mongolica deercased with the deerease of soil water content φw and Pn of L.olgensis changed hardly during the first 9 davs after stopping watering, then deereased sharply at the 10th dav Pn of P sylvestris var mongolica deereased slightly during the lirst 8 days, then deereased sharply at the 9th day Their respiration rate, chlorophyll content and their a/b ratio changed hardly. The tollowing 3 conclusions were obtained and discussed exhaustively . (Ⅰ) φ w can be used to direct watering as a sensitive index of judging whether L. olgensis and P.sylvestris var. mongolica lacking water (2 )The deereasc of Pn of L. olgensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica when drought had nothing to do with chlorophyll. (3) P. sylvestris var. mongolica had morphological drought resistance . while L,olgensis had physiological drought resistance, and their drought resistance was discnssed comparatively first time.

Analysis of Water Stress Prediction Quality as Influenced by the Number and Placement of Temporal Soil-Water Monitoring Sites

In an agricultural field, monitoring the temporal changes in soil conditions can be as important as understanding spatial heterogeneity when it comes to determining the locally-optimized application rates of key agricultural inputs. For example, the monitoring of soil water content is needed to decide on the amount and timing of irrigation. On-the-go soil sensing technology provides a way to rapidly obtain high-resolution, multiple data layers to reveal soil spatial variability, at a relatively low cost. To take advantage of this information, it is important to define the locations, which represent diversified field conditions, in terms of their potential to store and release soil water. Choosing the proper locations and the number of soil monitoring sites is not straightforward. In this project, sensor-based maps of soil apparent electrical conductivity and field elevation were produced for seven agricultural fields in Nebraska, USA. In one of these fields, an eight-node wireless sensor network was used to establish real-time relationships between these maps and the Water Stress Potential (WSP) estimated using soil matric potential measurements. The results were used to model hypothetical WSP maps in the remaining fields. Different placement schemes for temporal soil monitoring sites were evaluated in terms of their ability to predict the hypothetical WSP maps with a different range and magnitude of spatial variability. When a large number of monitoring sites were used, it was shown that the probability for uncertain model predictions was relatively low regardless of the site selection strategy. However, a small number of monitoring sites may be used to reveal the underlying relationship only if these locations are chosen carefully.

Interaction of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment and Soil Moisture on Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important oil and protein sources in the world. Interactive effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil water availability potentially impact future food security of the world under climate change. A rhizotron growth chamber experiment was conducted to study soil moisture interactions with elevated CO2 on gaseous exchange parameters of soybean under two CO2 concentrations (380 and 800 μmol·mol-1) with three soil moisture levels. Elevated CO2 decreased photosynthetic rate (11.1% and 10.8%), stomatal conductance (40.5% and 36.0%), intercellular CO2 concentration (16.68% and 12.28%), relative intercellular CO2 concentration (17.4% and 11.2%), and transpiration rate (43.6% and 39%) at 42 and 47 DAP. This down-regulation of photosynthesis was probably caused by low leaf nitrogen content and decrease in uptake of nutrients due to decrease in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased under elevated CO2 because increase in total dry weight of plant was greater than that of water use under high CO2 conditions. Plants under normal and high soil moisture levels had significantly higher photosynthetic rate (7% to 16%) favored by optimum soil moisture content and high specific water content of soybean plants. Total dry matter production was significantly high when plants grown under elevated CO2 with normal (74.3% to 137.3%) soil moisture level. Photosynthetic rate was significantly and positively correlated with leaf conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration but WUE was significantly negatively correlated with leaf conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate. However, the effect of high CO2 on plants depends on availability of nutrients and soil moisture for positive feedback from CO2 enrichment.

Influence of soil organic matter contents on soil water characteristics of forests on east slope of Gongga Mountain

By testing soil organic matter （SOM） contents, soil water contents （SWC） within low suctions, and saturated infiltration rates of samples taken from east slope of Gongga Mountain of China, the enhancive effects of SOM contents on SWC within low suctions and saturated infiltration rates were quantified. The simulated functions might be applied on regional experience forest-hydrology model. The improving function of protecting forest floor and increasing SOM contents on forest ecosystem hydrological effects were also embodied.

Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Respiration Probed by Numerical Analysis of Field-Observed Data Sets

Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is essential to predict possible changes in terrestrial carbon budget on various scenarios about atmospheric and soil climates. Although it is often evaluated by using respiratory quotient “Q10”, Q10 values of soil respiration seem to vary depending on methods or scales of evaluation. Aiming at probing how Q10 values of soil respiration are evaluated differently for a field, this study used a model of soil respiration rate, and numerically evaluated soil respiration rates along depth by fitting the model to depth distributions of CO2 concentration measured in a field. And temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rate was evaluated by comparing the determined soil respiration rates with atmospheric and soil temperatures measured in the field. The results showed that the relation between surface CO2 emission rates and atmospheric temperatures was represented by lower Q10 values than that between soil respiration rates and soil temperatures, presumably because the top soil layers had acclimatized in more extent to the existing thermal regime than the underlying deeper layers. Thus, for evaluating effects of long-term rise in atmospheric temperature on soil respiration, it is necessary to precisely predict the long-term change in depth distribution of soil temperature as well as to quantify temperature sensitivity of soil respiration along depth. The evaluated sensitivity of surface CO2 emission rate to atmospheric temperature showed hysteresis, implying the needs for more knowledge about temperature sensitivity of soil respiration evaluated in both warming and cooling processes for better understandings and predictions about terrestrial carbon cycling.

承压含水层水压传递速率变化规律

含水层内水压以能量的形式传递,其传递速率远大于水质点的迁移速率,水压传递速率对高压水体下工程安全施工及灾害预测预报具有重要意义。以无黏性土承压含水层为研究对象,通过理论分析、数值模拟、现场试验及室内物理模型试验等方法对水压传递速率变化规律进行探讨。结果表明:含水层中水压变化传递具有明显的滞后性,传递速率并不是无限大或接近声速,且存在随传递距离增加逐渐衰减的现象,水压径向传递的滞后时间t与水压传递距离r呈二次幂函数关系;稳定边界压力水头越大,在承压含水层中同等水压变量的传递速率越快,渗透系数越大水压传递速率越快;当渗透系数一定时,水压传递滞后时间与传播距离的拟合系数C随边界稳定压力水头的增加呈一阶指数函数减小;现场试验表明,边界稳定压力水头差异性不大时,在传输距离较远的条件下,其水压传递平均速率基本相当;室内试验表明,瞬态脉冲水压力随传递距离增加,波形发生明显变异,峰值压力逐渐减小、脉冲压力波波长变大、峰值压力传递速率减小,随传输距离的增加其传递速率呈指数函数衰减,说明瞬态脉冲水压力能量随传输距离增加快速衰减;瞬态脉冲压力值越大其初始阶段的传递速率越快,但随传输距离的增加其传递速率衰减幅度更大。研究成果对水压传递速率变化规律的影响机制及其应用于地下工程突水灾害预测及防治具有重要的理论及实践指导意义。

露天矿排土场土-泥岩混合体渗透特性研究

泥岩作为一种露天矿常见的岩石类型可作为排土场地层重构的隔水材料,利用自制土柱装置,按照正交实验设计原理,开展以土-泥岩混合体中的泥岩掺杂比例、泥岩颗粒度、土柱压实度、灌水量为可变因素的土柱渗透试验,通过观测湿润锋、土柱液面及烧杯积水高度的变化规律,探索土-泥岩混合体渗透速率及涵水率的渗透特性。结果表明,泥岩掺杂比例越高颗粒度越小,压实度越高,整体渗透速率越低,而灌水量越高混合体涵水率越高,此结果对露天矿排土场表层地层重构具有重要的参考价值。

不同土地覆被下岩溶洞穴滴水的水文特征

土地覆被类型是水循环过程的重要影响因子,为探究不同土地覆被下洞穴滴水的水文特征及其影响因素,文章选取了贵州岩溶区不同土地覆被下的清江洞(土层厚,植被中等)、广顺洞(土层薄,植被好)和石将军洞(土层薄,植被差,顶板厚)3个洞穴,基于滴水流量、土壤含水量及气象数据进行研究。结果表明:(1)3个洞穴的滴水流量均存在季节性变化规律,滴水在降水输入少的旱季易发生断流;(2)由于土壤的截留和储存作用,使得洞顶土层覆盖厚的清江洞相较于广顺洞和石将军洞在雨季8月到10月期间表现出特有的流量低值现象,且全年土壤含水量的最低值也出现在此时期;(3)3个洞穴滴水流量的年均值为石将军洞(1.185 mL·min^(-1))>清江洞(0.600 mL·min^(-1))>广顺洞(0.236m L·min^(-1)),流量的全年稳定程度为石将军洞>广顺洞>清江洞;(4)植被对洞穴滴水水文特征的影响弱于土壤,土壤发育较好的洞穴(清江洞)比土层薄但植被覆盖高的广顺洞全年更容易断流,另外顶板厚度大的洞穴(石将军洞)全年滴水流量稳定程度最好。综上,洞穴滴水流量除受降水、气温、湿度等气象条件影响外,还受土地覆被、含水层顶板厚度的影响。

水位下降速率对岩溶土洞塌陷的影响分析

水位升降引起的水气压力变化会导致岩溶土洞塌陷。通过开展物理模型试验与FLAC3D数值模拟相结合的方式,模拟相同供水速率不同排水速率下的水位升降波动对岩溶土洞的致塌过程,分析了水位升降波动过程中不同排水速率对既有土洞内水气压力的变化、覆盖层土压、变形的影响,建立了排水速率,覆盖层变形、塌陷与水气压力的关系,提出了水位波动对土洞塌陷的作用规律。结果表明:(1)排水速率对水气压力变化的影响规律基本一致但变化程度不同。水气压力的变化程度、响应时间与排水速率呈正相关。(2)覆盖层变形量、土压的变化与水气压力变化呈正相关,但影响程度不同,排水速率只是加快了其变化程度。(3)土洞变形、塌陷程度是综合因素所致。排水速率、水位波动次数对既有土洞中水气压力变化、以及土体变形效应均具有不同程度的影响。(4)数值模拟结果与试验室模型试验所得结论基本吻合。这些规律为进一步研究水动力因素对岩溶塌陷的作用规律提供了重要的理论支撑,为合理防治、预测岩溶塌陷提供了依据。

不同“干播湿出”处理方式对南疆棉田土壤水热盐和产量的影响研究

针对新疆南疆地区气候干旱,棉花出苗影响因素复杂的现状,为探索在“干播湿出”条件下棉花出苗期适宜的处理方式,在新疆阿克苏地区沙雅县海楼镇开展大田试验。试验共设计5个试验处理,即单膜覆盖(CT)、双膜覆盖(ST)、施用改良剂(GT)、滴灌冬灌(DT)以及对照组冬灌漫灌(CK),试验通过“水肥一体技术”,随出苗水滴施改良剂,播种时机械覆双膜,研究不同处理对土壤温度、含水率、含盐量以及出苗率和产量的影响。棉花出苗期0~20 cm土层的含水率变化表明,土壤含水率由高到低排序为ST>GT>DT>CK>CT;对0~100 cm土壤含水率分析,在0~30 cm土层含水率由高到低排序为ST>GT>DT>CK>CT,各处理方式在30 cm以下土层土壤含水率差别不大。在5cm土层,双膜覆盖处理的升温效果最好,保温效果最好,有效积温最高;在15 cm土层,双膜覆盖处理的土壤温度变化幅度最小,保温效果最好。分析0~40 cm土层土壤含盐量发现,施用改良剂处理能有效改变0~10 cm和20~30cm土层土壤盐分,但在10~20 cm和30~40 cm土层范围内盐分较对照处理并无显著差异。双膜覆盖能有效改变0~10 cm土层范围内土壤盐分,但在10~40 cm土层范围内盐分较对照处理没有显著差异。在干播湿出不同技术处理中,双膜覆盖处理可以有效提高棉花苗期土壤含水率与温度,提升棉花出苗率,有效改善水土环境,拥有更适合棉花出苗和生长的土壤环境。

水肥添加对草田轮作系统土壤呼吸速率的影响

土壤呼吸是生态系统碳排放最重要的途径,其微小变化将对陆地生态系统碳循环产生深远的影响。为探究不同管理方式对草田轮作系统土壤碳排放的影响,本研究开展水肥添加控制试验,动态监测紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)-冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)草田轮作系统中冬小麦阶段的土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物生物量碳/氮含量、土壤温度和土壤含水量等指标。结果显示水分添加使土壤呼吸速率提高28.5%(P<0.05),但肥料添加对其影响不显著。水分添加使土壤含水量提高24.7%,但使土壤温度降低9.7%;肥料添加使土壤温度降低11.0%,使0~10 cm, 10~20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量氮含量提高336%,131%。本研究说明水肥添加通过影响土壤温度、土壤含水量等土壤质量指标,影响植物根系生长发育和微生物活性,最终影响草田轮作系统土壤碳排放。

秸秆和氮肥耦合管控对盐渍化土壤地力综合效应的影响

为研究河套灌区盐渍化土壤秸秆配施氮肥模式下土壤水盐迁移特征规律,明晰该模式下地力提升综合评价效应,通过田间试验,设置3种秸秆还田量[无秸秆还田(C0)、4500 kg·hm^(-2)( C1)、9000 kg·hm^(-2)( C2)]和3种施肥水平[不施氮(N0)、传统施氮量减氮30%即210 kg·hm^(-2)( N1)、300 kg·hm^(-2)( N2)]。结果表明:灌水后秸秆隔层形成了“蓄水层”和“隔盐层”,秸秆隔层及上层土壤储水量较无秸秆还田显著提高22.19%、脱盐率提高18.20%,在秸秆下层土壤呈现不同程度积盐,耕层土壤盐分始终随秸秆还田量的增加而降低,C2处理脱盐效果最好。秸秆腐解呈指数衰减趋势增长,秸秆腐解速率前60 d快,后90 d逐渐减缓。秸秆还田量和施氮量均对秸秆腐解有显著影响,C2N2处理秸秆累计腐解率为67.02%,较C2N0处理提高29.57%,配施氮肥可刺激秸秆中有机物分解和营养物质释放。单施氮肥严重降低了土壤有机质和养分的供应,同时添加秸秆明显降低了土壤无机氮的残留量。秸秆还田与氮肥的互作对玉米产量有极显著影响,C2处理玉米产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后减趋势。氮素过多会抑制秸秆腐解,降低土壤中养分的积累,从而影响作物生长,C2N1处理的产量最高为16985 kg·hm^(-2),较当地常规施肥C0N2处理提高9.47%。综合考虑土壤结构、水盐运移、养分释放及作物产量,采用熵值法建立综合评价回归模型,结果表明玉米秸秆还田量9000 kg·hm^(-2)配施氮肥210 kg·hm^(-2)为最佳模式。

山西省水土保持率遥感估算

[目的]水土保持是保护和改善生态环境的重要途径,是生态系统可持续发展的重要基础,而区域尺度水土保持成效研究可为水土保护工作提供有效的理论依据。[方法]基于遥感技术,采用修正的通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)构建区域尺度水土保持率遥感估算方法体系,并估算山西省土壤侵蚀空间格局。[结果]山西省水土流失等级以中度侵蚀为主,水土流失面积约49545.68 km^(2),2022年水土保持率为68.38%,水土保持率高的等级面积占比最大。自然植被水土保持率高于农田,其中,森林水土保持率最高,为84.37%,且在自然植被与农田类型中,水土保持率高的等级面积占比最大,分别为48.11%,46.46%。水土保持率受坡度影响较大,且随坡度的变化呈现先显著减少后平缓波动的趋势。通过与已有研究成果对比,估算得到的山西省水土流失空间格局及规律与现有水土流失数据基本一致,且水土保持率估算结果与公布的水土保持率目标值呈显著强相关。[结论]综上所述,区域尺度水土保持率遥感估算方法可为水土保持生态工程及其他国家重大生态工程的成效和效益评估提供重要的理论和方法依据。

磁化微咸水对南疆盐渍土壤水分入渗及盐分淋出特征的影响

为探究磁化微咸水灌溉对南疆盐渍土入渗及盐分离子迁移特征的影响,采用恒定磁场强度400 mT对矿化度分别为0、2、3、5 g/L微咸水进行磁化处理,以未磁化处理为对照,对比分析各处理累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和淋洗后不同土壤剖面总盐、脱盐率、盐分离子和SAR的影响规律。结果表明:磁化微咸水入渗减小了相同时间内的累积入渗量和湿润锋深度,降低了Philip入渗模型吸渗率,土壤含水率比未磁化微咸水提高5.00%~6.29%;磁化处理显著降低了土壤含盐量,对0~50 cm土壤内总盐含量磁化处理较未磁化降低11.79%~41.64%,在同一磁化强度下,土壤含盐量随矿化度的增加而增加,脱盐率随矿化度的增加而降低。在同一矿化度下,磁化处理含盐量低于未磁化处理,脱盐率高于未磁化处理。磁化微咸水灌溉有利于降低土壤中盐分离子含量,0~50 cm土层K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、HCO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)含量磁化较未磁化处理降低16.90%~25.97%、43.62%~64.68%、11.15%~31.44%、-8.12%~49.07%、-74.14%~13.43%、21.46%~52.81%、6.66%~13.10%。磁化微咸水灌溉处理显著降低0~50 cm土层深度处土壤SAR。

水土保持方案编制现状分析与讨论

为贯彻落实《水利部印发贯彻落实〈关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见〉实施方案》,根据2022年水土保持方案质量抽查情况和2023年1月发布的《生产建设项目水土保持方案管理办法》(以下简称《管理办法》)要求,2023年7月水利部制定了针对不同区域、不同行业水土流失特点的《生产建设项目水土保持方案审查要点》(以下简称《审查要点》)。为更好地理解与把握新颁布的《审查要点》和《管理办法》,针对当前水土保持方案中存在的变更率过高、前期工作不扎实、水土保持内容缺失、响应法规标准要求不够等问题进行了剖析,并就项目的完整性、前期工作的重要性、对主体工程的理解程度、水土保持措施布设的科学性及其他相关内容的相符性方面,对方案编制内容进行了重点分析,在此基础上对《审查要点》的条款要求进行了系统解读,明确了水土保持方案内容审查的红线要求,为规范水土保持方案编制与审查提出了解决方案。

陕西省水土保持率远期目标值与分阶段目标值的确定与探讨

[目的]探讨和明确陕西省水土保持率远期目标值与分阶段目标值,为准确评价该区水土保持工作成效和科学推进水土流失综合防治工作提供科学支撑。[方法]综合考虑陕西省社会经济条件与自然条件,分析对应年度水土流失面积变化情况及水土保持率变化情况,结合各年度水利年鉴和全国水土保持规划实施情况考核评估结果,结合土壤侵蚀分类分级、土地利用、海拔地形、植被覆盖、地理空间数据,研判现状条件下陕西省水土流失治理形势,确定陕西省2050年水土保持率远期目标值,及2025,2030和2035年分阶段目标值,并结合目标责任考核,提出陕西省水土保持率的实现途径。[结果]①自2011年以来陕西省水土流失面积年均减少量不断降低,治理难度不断加大,陕西省水土流失面积由72686.00 km^(2)降低至2022年的62637.02 km^(2);②至2050年,水土流失治理措施全部实施后,预计削减水土流失面积21607.05 km^(2),水土保持率远期目标值为79.02%;③2025,2030和2035年分阶段目标值分别为71.42%,73.97%和75.62%。[结论]科学合理地确定陕西省水土保持率目标值,可以满足陕西省落实生态文明建设目标评价考核与水土保持目标责任考核等工作的需求。

播种深度与土壤水分含量对川牛膝出苗率及幼苗生长的影响

分析不同播种深度与土壤水分含量对川牛膝(Cyathula officinalis Kuan)种子出苗率及幼苗生长的影响,探寻适宜的播种深度与苗床土壤水分含量。通过盆栽试验,设置不同的播种深度与土壤水分含量处理,通过称重进行补水,测定发芽势、出苗率及幼苗生长与生理指标。结果表明,播种深度与土壤水分含量对种子出苗率及幼苗生长有显著影响。播种深度为0.31~0.61 cm时,种子发芽势与出苗率较高;播种深度为0.61~0.92 cm时,幼苗叶片叶绿素含量高,抗逆性较好;土壤水分含量为60.71%时,种子发芽势与出苗率较高;土壤水分含量为53.35%~60.71%时,幼苗长势较旺;土壤水分含量为38.62%~53.35%时,幼苗抗逆性较好;土壤水分含量为45.98%~53.35%时,幼苗叶片叶绿素含量较高。川牛膝种子适宜播种深度为0.61 cm,播种后土壤水分含量保持在60.71%左右,可以获得较高出苗率,出苗较整齐;出苗后,土壤水分含量保持在53.35%左右,幼苗长势旺盛,叶片叶绿素含量高,抗逆性好。

基于水土保持率目标导向的温州市林地水土流失防治优化策略研究

水土保持率为新时期生态保护与高质量发展的一项约束性指标,林地是温州市主要用地类型,其水土流失优化治理是提升未来一段时间内温州市水土保持率的关键。参照水利部的水土保持率目标确定方法,基于GIS/RS研究温州市林地水土流失空间分布状况。结果表明:温州市现状林地水土流失中,可完全治理水土流失面积为197.03 km^(2);不可完全治理水土流失面积为919.87 km^(2)。根据坡度、植被覆盖度等因素量化林地水土流失防治目标,结合林地建设优化温州市林地水土流失防治策略。

定西市水土流失现状及对策建议

水土保持率是反映水土保持总体状况的宏观管理指标,是美丽中国建设的22项评估指标之一。定西市统筹山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理,重点区域水土流失得到有效治理,生态环境逐步改善,但仍存在水土保持率提升难度大的问题,可通过完善水土保持防治策略、创新水土保持监管机制、加快推进水土流失综合治理、形成水土保持工作合力,稳步提升水土保持率。