Analysis of Influencing Factors of Pine Wood Nematode Disease in Lu an City Based on GIS

[Objectives]The paper was to figure out the distribution of Monochamus alternatus in the stumps of pine wood nematode infected wood in Lu'an City and to provide a theoretical and practical basis for differentiated prevention and control of pine wood nematode disease in the future.[Methods]The factors influencing the number of epidemic small classes and infected plants in all counties and districts of Lu'an City were analyzed by GIS method,and the number of worms and wormholes of M.alternatus inside and outside the stumps of pine wood nematode infected wood in Lu'an City were investigated on the spot.[Results]There were 98,40,54,781,193,268 and 34 epidemic small classes of pine wood nematode disease,and 7241,6099,9532,39161,11079,49876 and 4853 infected plants in Yu'an District,Jin'an District,Yeji District,Shucheng County,Huoshan County,Jinzhai County and Huoqiu County,respectively.Pine wood nematode disease in Lu'an City mostly occurred in Huoshan County,Shucheng County and Jinzhai County,with relatively high altitude,paddy soil,the annual precipitation higher than 2062 mm,and the annual average temperature lower than 16.2℃.The number of diseased plants of pine wood nematode disease was positively correlated with altitude and annual precipitation,and was negatively correlated with annual average temperature.The number of worms and wormholes in pine wood nematode infected wood was very small at different altitudes,stump heights and stump diameters.[Conclusions]The pine wood nematode infected wood can be differentially processed after stump treatment,and stumps can be peeled.The results will provide a theoretical and practical basis for differentiated prevention and control of pine wood nematode disease in the future.

Current Status of Soil-transmitted Nematode Infection in China

Objective To carry out national surveys for ascertaining the current status and trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in China, providing scientific basis for further developing control strategies. Methods In 1988-1992 （hereinafter abbreriated as ＂survey in 1990＂）, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used in the survey. In 2001-2004 （hereinafter abbreriated as ＂survey in 2003＂）, in order to compare with the survey in 1990, two-characteristic stratified cluster random sampling method was used and 687 investigation spots were sampled from the 2848 spots selected in the survey in 1990. Kato-Katz thick smear method was used to examine the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes in fecal samples. Results The prevalence rates were 53.6% and 19.6% for soil-transmitted nematodes, 14.6% and 6.120% for hookworms, 44.6% and 12.7% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 17.4% and 4.630% for Trichuris trichiura in survey 1990 and survey 2003, respectively. The prevalence rates of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in 13 provinces than the average level in China in the survey in 1990, and higher in 8 provinces than the average level in the survey in 2003. The prevalence of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in females than in males. It is estimated from the results of survey in 2003 that the number of persons with soil-transmitted nematode infections in the country is about 129 million, less than that in the survey in 1990. Conclusion The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes has declined considerably but is still relatively high in some provinces and autonomous regions. Control activities and socioeconomic development may have contributed to the decreased prevalence.

Study on Sweet Potato Stem Nematode Disease

The pathogen and characteristics, infection cycle, occurrence regularity and damage symptoms of sweet potato stem nematode disease were introduced in the paper. Moreover, the comprehensive prevention measures were put forward, including plant quarantine, agricultural control and chemical control. The study provided certain basis for reducing damages of sweet potato stem nematode disease and improving yield and quality of sweet potato.

A spatio-temporal multi-scale fusion algorithm for pine wood nematode disease tree detection

Pine wood nematode infection is a devastating disease.Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote sensing enables timely and precise monitoring.However,UAV aerial images are challenged by small target size and complex sur-face backgrounds which hinder their effectiveness in moni-toring.To address these challenges,based on the analysis and optimization of UAV remote sensing images,this study developed a spatio-temporal multi-scale fusion algorithm for disease detection.The multi-head,self-attention mechanism is incorporated to address the issue of excessive features generated by complex surface backgrounds in UAV images.This enables adaptive feature control to suppress redundant information and boost the model’s feature extraction capa-bilities.The SPD-Conv module was introduced to address the problem of loss of small target feature information dur-ing feature extraction,enhancing the preservation of key features.Additionally,the gather-and-distribute mechanism was implemented to augment the model’s multi-scale feature fusion capacity,preventing the loss of local details during fusion and enriching small target feature information.This study established a dataset of pine wood nematode disease in the Huangshan area using DJI(DJ-Innovations)UAVs.The results show that the accuracy of the proposed model with spatio-temporal multi-scale fusion reached 78.5%,6.6%higher than that of the benchmark model.Building upon the timeliness and flexibility of UAV remote sensing,the pro-posed model effectively addressed the challenges of detect-ing small and medium-size targets in complex backgrounds,thereby enhancing the detection efficiency for pine wood nematode disease.This facilitates early preemptive preser-vation of diseased trees,augments the overall monitoring proficiency of pine wood nematode diseases,and supplies technical aid for proficient monitoring.

Pine wilt disease: a short review of worldwide research

This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease （IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03） held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics covered were on pine wilt disease （PWD）, its causal organism, the pinewood nematode （PWN） Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plus other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD such as bacteria （e.g. Pseudomonasfluorescens）. Most of the papers that are reviewed are based on work on PWD-PWN in East Asia and Russia. Specific topics covered include： 1） the fundamental conceptions of PWD development, 2） pathogenicity, 3） host-parasite relationships including the histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4） PWN life cycle and transmission, 5） B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6） associations （with other nematodes）, 7） diagnostics, 8） quarantine and control of the PWN and 9） biocontrol of the PWN.

Investigation of beetle species that carry the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner and Buhrer)Nickle,in China

In order to found new carriers of pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,beetles were collected from pine wilt disease-affected areas in six provinces in China.A total of 8830 beetles of 29 species was collected and examined to determine whether they were PWN carriers.Eight species were identified as carriers.Results included the first worldwide report of Monochamus uigromaculatus,Semanotus siuoauster,and Uraecha angusta being carriers of PWN,and the first report from China of A rhopalus rusticus carrying PWN.Monochamus alternatus was commonly collected in all six provinces and was the dominant species in four inland affected areas and A.rusticus was dominant in two coastal affected areas.The species varied between different neighboring regions in the same province.The distribution of the same species varied considerably over different regions.

Integrated management of African rice gall midge (AfRGM) (<i>Orseolia oryzivora,</i>Harris and gagné), weeds and diseases of lowland rice

Studies were conducted during the 2001 and 2002 cropping years at Edozhigi and Sachi in the Southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria to study the effect of following rice with another crop on the next rice crop. There were twelve treatments consisting of poor, good and excellent weed management and pesticidal applications against (AfRGM and diseases set up in a randomized complete block design, in twelve plots in 3 replicates. Results showed that rice treated with gramular isazofos at 0.75 kg a.i. ha–1 and benomyl at 1.0 kg/ha at 20 and 40 days after transplanting (DAT), with good weed management and a follow up crop after rice reduced AfRGM occurrence and disease incidence with a consequent increase in yield of the next rice crop. In 2001 infestation of rice by ARGM was more at Sachi than Edozhigi, while in 2002 there was low ARGM occurrence at the two locations. Brown leaf spot was high at the two locations in the two years of the trial while leaf blast was checked by the integrated control methods used in the study. Higher yields were (1.7 - 11.9 t·ha) from treated-well weeded plots that were cropped to cowpea after the 2001 rice harvest Ludwigia decurens, Sphanoclea geylanica Cyperus difformis and Lepllocidia chinensis were the widely occurring weed species at Edozhigi site while Cyperus difformis, Ipomea mvolucrata, F. awuata and Firnbristylis litoralis were weed species prevalent at Sachi site. The rice nematode, hirschmanniella sp. was recorded at the Sachi site along with other nematodes but was absent at the Edozhigi site. The net benefit farmers would derive for following this rice-dry-season crop sequence vary from US$ 172 - 427 and US$ 175 - 265 ha–1 at Sachi and Edozhigi respectively.

2%甲维盐乳油对松材线虫病的防效测定

[目的]为测试2%甲维盐乳油(商品名:松高飞)对松材线虫病的防治效果。[方法]首先通过室内浸渍法比较了2%甲维盐乳油和2%甲维盐微乳剂(商品名:林源松韵)的杀线活性,然后在温室和林间通过树干注射测试了2%甲维盐乳油对松材线虫病的防治效果,最后通过高效液相色谱法测定了不同时间、不同松树体内甲维盐的含量变化。[结果]室内浸渍法结果显示,2%甲维盐乳油具有更强的杀线活性,LC_(50)为41.808 mg·L^(-1),显著低于2%甲维盐微乳剂的75.959 mg·L^(-1)(p<0.05)。温室预防组结果显示,2%甲维盐乳油的预防效果显著,2 a后松树无死亡。温室治疗组结果显示,2%甲维盐乳油治疗时间越早,治疗效果越好;2 a后,接种线虫后7 d注药治疗组,松树无死亡;而30 d后注药治疗组,白皮松、无死亡,油松死亡率为20%,华山松死亡率为40%。林间的试验显示2%甲维盐乳油在两块林地的防治效果显著,其试验组马尾松林2 a累计死亡率分别为2%和5%,远低于对照组马尾松死亡率20%和25%。随着时间变化,不同松树体内甲维盐变化有所差异,华山松体内平均甲维盐含量最高(36.59 mg·kg^(-1)),油松最低(27.11 mg·kg^(-1))。注射后15 d内,所有松树体内甲维盐含量均上升;15 d后,华山松树干中部甲维盐含量逐渐升高,60 d的含量最高;而油松、白皮松树干内甲维盐含量逐渐降低并趋平。[结论]2%甲维盐乳油对松材线虫具有显著的杀线活性,温室和林间防治效果显著,在不同松树体内传输和存留效果良好,无明显药害,可以进一步推广使用。

寡糖联合淡紫紫孢菌对化学杀线剂防治烤烟根结线虫病效果的影响

为更好地控制烟草根结线虫的危害,降低化学杀线剂的用量,将寡糖免疫诱导剂与噻唑膦、阿维菌素及淡紫紫孢菌协同使用进行田间小区试验,研究其对烟草根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明,壳寡糖15 L/hm^(2)、几丁寡糖15 L/hm^(2)分别与噻唑膦22.5 kg/hm^(2)协同使用,对烟草根结线虫的防治效果高于噻唑膦单独使用效果。相对防效由噻唑膦单独使用的45.20%分别提高到64.42%和65.38%。进一步试验发现,几丁寡糖1 kg/hm^(2)、淡紫紫孢菌15 kg/hm^(2)及噻唑膦16.875 kg/hm^(2)(减少25%)协同使用,对烟草根结线虫病相对防效及对烟草生长总体效应优于与噻唑膦正常用量(22.5 kg/hm^(2))组和噻唑膦减少50%(11.25 kg/hm^(2))组合效果。寡糖诱导剂单独或与淡紫紫孢菌协同使用,显著提高了噻唑膦对烟草根结线虫病的防治效果,减少了农药使用量,为烟草根结线虫病害的防控提供了一种新的技术手段。

生物炭肥对易感根结线虫病烤烟根际菌群和理化性质的影响

为明确生物炭肥对烟草根结线虫病及根际土壤的影响,通过田间试验研究拌塘施用不同量生物炭肥对烟草根结线虫病株根际土壤的影响。结果表明,常规施肥减量10%拌塘施用酵素生物炭肥能够显著降低烟草根结线虫病的病情指数,其中酵素生物炭肥施用量为350 g·株^(-1)时,根结线虫病防治效果较好,防治效果达23.98%,且烟株农艺性状表现较好;根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性较高,酚酸物质含量降低,化感自毒作用减弱。各处理土壤真菌数量均随生育期的推进呈先增高后降低趋势,其中酵素生物炭肥施用量为350 g·株^(-1)时,根际土壤中的细菌量随生育期推进逐步降低。各生育期土壤中均表现为真菌数量较高,细菌数量较低,真菌/细菌值较高,说明在烟草种植中,减量施肥10%同时拌塘施用酵素生物炭肥350 g·株^(-1)能提高土壤中真菌数量,降低土壤中细菌数量,显著提高土壤肥力及土壤酶活性,为生物炭肥对易感根结线虫病根际微生态调控提供了科学依据。

不同药剂对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果研究

为有效防治黄瓜根结线虫病,保证黄瓜安全生产,本试验选择10.5%阿维·噻唑膦颗粒剂、0.5%阿维菌素颗粒剂和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂等药剂进行了黄瓜根结线虫病的田间药剂防治试验。结果表明,施药40 d,每667 m^(2)用10.5%阿维·噻唑膦颗粒剂1500~1800 g和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂1800 g较其他处理防治效果显著,防治效果达到77%以上,药剂的持效期长;试验期间观察各药剂处理区黄瓜的叶片颜色、株型等,均未见药害,亦未见药剂处理促进或抑制黄瓜生长的现象,说明各药剂在试验用量下对黄瓜生长安全。建议生产中交替使用阿维·噻唑膦复配制剂和噻唑膦单剂,不仅能够有效防治黄瓜根结线虫病,还可以延缓抗药性的产生和发展。

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌TMQ-KSL-1分离鉴定及其发酵液对番茄根结线虫的生防作用

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)和根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)都是植物的重要病原物,这两种病原物在寄主植物中存在着非常复杂的互作关系,可导致严重的植物土传病害。为探寻对番茄根结线虫病害具有高效防治作用的优良菌株,本研究以禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)为靶标病菌,采用平板稀释涂布法从多年种植番茄的设施大棚土壤中分离和筛选到一株抑菌效果较好的生防细菌菌株TMQ-KSL-1,根据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因测序对该菌株进行鉴定;测定不同浓度的发酵液及发酵上清液对根结线虫卵孵化率以及根结线虫二龄幼虫死亡率的影响,通过盆栽实验分析其发酵液对根结线虫病害的防治效果。结果表明,菌株TMQ-KSL-1具有较强的杀线虫活性,其发酵液和发酵上清液处理48 h线虫卵孵化抑制率分别为94.76%和90.72%;处理24 h番茄根结线虫二龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为100%和97.37%;菌株TMQ-KSL-1发酵液100倍稀释液、200倍稀释液对番茄根结线虫病害防治效果分别为59.54%和12.14%,且100倍液处理防效与阿维菌素500倍液处理防效(61.56%)相当;地下鲜重分别提高了90.95%、19.65%。因此,菌株TMQ-KSL-1具有防控番茄根结线虫病害的能力,具有市场开发应用前景。

烟草嫁接组合对根结线虫病的抗性鉴定

在温室对以品种G278、G279、板桥B为砧木,以品种K326、红花大金元、云烟87为接穗的9个烟草嫁接组合进行盆栽试验,接种最常见的南方根结线虫,采用病理学指标聚类分析法、生物学指标以及病理学指标隶属函数值法综合评价了烟草嫁接组合对根结线虫病的抗性。结果表明:板桥B+K326、G278+云烟87、G279+K326、G279+云烟87、G278+K326、G278+红花大金元、G279+红花大金元、板桥B+云烟87和板桥B+红花大金元等嫁接组合抗根结线虫病,砧木和接穗品种中K326、G278、G279表现为抗病,云烟87表现为中感,板桥B表现为中抗,红花大金元表现为感病。采用嫁接技术可以有效地增强烟草品种对根结线虫病的抗性。

丛枝菌根真菌对番茄生长和根结线虫病的影响

为探究AMF对番茄植株生长的影响及对根结线虫的抑制作用,通过温室盆栽试验,在番茄幼苗期接种摩西球囊霉(Funneliformismosseae)与南方根结线虫2龄幼虫,并以不添加摩西球囊霉处理为对照。结果表明,与CK相比,接种AMF后,番茄幼苗地上部鲜、干质量均显著增加,分别增加18.1%、24.8%;根结线虫病病情指数降低29.5%;植株中N、P、K含量分别增加6.9%、80.5%、63.0%;土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别增加6.8%、20.7%、8.1%、7.8%。可见,接种AMF具有促进番茄生长、抑制番茄根结线虫病的发生、增加植株养分及土壤速效养分含量的作用。

药剂对根结线虫病防效及烤烟产质量的影响

对比化学药剂和微生物菌剂对烤烟根结线虫病防治的作用效果,为有效降低烤烟根结线虫病发生情况提供理论依据。设置对照喷施清水(Y_(0))、阿维菌素(Y_(1))、寡糖·噻唑膦(Y_(2))、杀线虫芽孢杆菌(Y_(3))、短短芽孢杆菌(Y_(4))等不同处理,对比分析不同处理土壤理化性质和烤烟农艺性状、根结线虫病防治效果、光合特性、原烟外观质量、经济性状及烤后化学成分。结果表明,相较对照,Y_(4)处理显著提高了土壤速效养分及有机质含量,且显著促进了烟株生长,增强了烤烟对烟草根结线虫病的抗病性,发病率和病情指数分别较Y_(0)处理降低23.59个百分点、11.03;Y_(4)处理显著提高了烤烟的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_(2)浓度及SPAD值。烤烟的产量、均价、产值和中上等烟比例均以Y_(4)处理最高,分别比对照提高1.1、5.2、6.4、3.4个百分点;在烤后烟叶化学成分方面,Y_(2)处理总体更好。综上所述,短短芽孢杆菌对烟草根结线虫具有较好的防效,对改善土壤理化性质、促进烤烟生长发育提高产质量有较好效果。

基于无人机高光谱的川南疫木林区早期监测研究

为探明马尾松感染松材线虫病早期地理位置及发病率。2021年7月上旬,利用无人机搭载高光谱成像仪采集遥感影像,选用支持向量机进行监督分类,在早期感病反演模型基础上,顺利提取了感病早期的马尾松地理位置及相关信息。结果表明:(1)利用460 nm、525 nm和635 nm的3波段组合真彩色影像进行ROI勾绘,马尾松与其他地被物分离度较高;(2)基于支持向量机的监督分类,顺利获取741株马尾松地理位置及高光谱反射率数据;(3)结合监测模型提取64株疑似感病马尾松,通过随机采样及镜检,马尾松聚类范围感病植株提取准确率86.67%,即马尾松林间发病率7.49%。综上,初步揭示川南地区马尾松林自然状态下松材线虫发病率,有利于今后指导松材线虫病早期精准防治。

具有解磷、解钾和固氮功能的甘薯茎线虫生防菌的筛选与鉴定

为筛选鉴定出具有解磷、解钾和固氮能力的甘薯茎线虫生防菌,本研究采集甘薯茎线虫发生地的甘薯根际土样,采用LB固体培养基分离出HC-6、GS3-X4等6个细菌菌株。通过初筛、复筛和性能测试,从6个菌株中筛选出一种对线虫病触杀效果好,定殖能力强,且解磷、解钾和固氮能力优秀的菌株,为GS4-S2;经生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,该菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌株,命名为HM-6。该菌株可作为防治甘薯茎线虫病的微生物菌肥研发材料,对于线虫病害防治和菌肥利用具有重要意义。

Ancylostoma ceylanicum and other zoonotic canine hookworms:neglected public and animal health risks in the Asia-Pacific region

Zoonotic hookworm infections remain a significant public health problem,causing nearly 500 milion cases globally and approximately four million disability-adjusted life years lost annually.More than one-fth of these cases are attrib-uted to Ancylostoma ceylanicum,an emerging zoonotic health issue in the Asia-Pacific region.This review presents key research gaps regarding the epidemiology,diagnosis,control,prevention and elimination of A.ceylanicum and other canine zoonotic hookworms as neglected health threats.A.ceylanicum is the second most prevalent human hook-worm in the region;it is the most common hookworm among dogs and cats-reservoirs of zoonotic infections.Previous population genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that A.ceylanicum has three possible transmis-sion dynamics:zoonotic,animal-only,and human-only pathways.The actual burden of zoonotic ancylostomiasis in most endemic countries remains unknown due to the use of parasitological techniques(e.g.,Kato-Katz thick smear and floatation techniques)that have reduced diagnostic performance and do not allow accurate species identifica-tion in helminth surveys.The emergence of benzimidazole resistance in soil-transmitted helminths(STHs),includ-ing hookworms,is a concern due to the protracted implementation of mass drug administration(MDA).Resistance is conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)that occur in theβ-tubulin isotype 1 gene.These mutations have been reported in drug-resistant A.caninum but have not been found in A.ceylanicum in the field.A.ceylanicum remains understudied in the Asia-Pacific region.The zoonotic nature of the parasite warrants investigation of its occur-rence in human and animal reservoir hosts to understand the dynamics of zoonotic transmission in different endemic foci.The detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated SNPs in zoonotic hookworms from Asia-Pacific countries has yet to be thoroughly explored.Considering the high level of hookworm endemicity in the region,the circulation of resistant isolates between humans and animals potentially presents a significant One Health threat that can under-mine current MDA and proposed animal deworming-based control efforts.

六安市松材线虫病影响因子分析及防治措施

为摸清六安市松材线虫病疫木伐桩松褐天牛分布情况,为松材线虫病差异化防治提供理论和实践依据,采用GIS方法分析影响六安市各县区疫情小班数量及感病株数的因子,实地调查六安市松材线虫病疫木伐桩内外虫体、虫洞数量。结果表明:裕安区、金安区、叶集区、舒城县、霍山县、金寨县、霍邱县的松材线虫病疫情小班数分别为共98、40、54、781、193、268、34个小班,它们的感病株数分别为7241株、6099株、9532株、39161株、11079株、49876株、4853株;六安市松材线虫病多发于海拔较高、土壤类型以稻田土为主、年降雨量高于2062 mm、年平均气温低于16.2℃的霍山县、舒城县和金寨县,松材线虫病发病株数与海拔高度和年降雨量均呈正相关,与年平均气温呈负相关;不同海拔、伐桩高度、伐桩地径的松材线虫病疫木虫体数量和虫洞数量非常少。得出松材线虫病疫木伐桩以后可以进行差异化处理,可对伐桩进行剥皮处理的结论,这一结论可为今后差异化防治提供理论和实践依据。

松材线虫病防治措施分析

本文从清理病死松树、媒介昆虫药物防治、健康松树打孔注药和林分改造4个方面对松材线虫病防治措施进行了分析。从保护松木资源、形成综合防治体系和积累防控工作经验3个方面对其防治效果进行了评价。提出从优化防治措施、强化检疫管理、完善防治方式、加强精准监测和促进联防联治等方面强化松材线虫病防治策略。目的在于为松材线虫病防治工作提供参考。