基于HJ-1星和GF-1号影像融合特征提取冬小麦种植面积

为提高基于国产环境与灾害监测预报卫星(HJ-1/CCD)影像大范围提取冬小麦种植面积的精度,以江苏省宿迁市沭阳县为研究区域,对冬小麦拔节期30 m×30 m的HJ-1/CCD多光谱影像和2 m×2 m的高分1号卫星全色影像(GF-1/PMS)进行融合与面向对象分类研究。将GF-1/PMS全色影像进行8、16和24 m重采样,得到4种空间分辨率(含2 m)的全色影像,分别与HJ-1/CCD多光谱影像利用光谱锐化法(Gram-Schmidt,GS)进行融合。通过对融合影像进行质量评价,选择适合研究区冬小麦种植田块格局的适宜尺度影像。将HJ-1/CCD多光谱影像重采样,得到与适宜尺度融合影像相同尺度的影像,在两景影像中分别选取包含光谱、纹理信息的训练融合影像样本(samples of fused image,SFI)和重采样影像样本(samples of resampling image,SRI),采用面向对象分类方法对适宜尺度融合影像(fused image,FI)和重采样影像(resampling image,RI)进行冬小麦种植面积提取。结果表明,16 m×16 m融合影像的效果优于2 m×2 m、8 m×8 m和24 m×24 m融合影像,其均值、标准差、平均梯度和相关系数分别为161.15、83.01、4.55和0.97。面向对象分类后,SFI对重采样影像RI16m分类的总体精度为92.22%,Kappa系数为0.90。SFI对融合影像FI16m分类的总体精度为94.44%,Kappa系数为0.93。SRI对重采样影像RI16m分类的总体精度为84.44%,Kappa系数为0.80。SFI对融合影像FI16m分类效果最好,说明基于融合影像和融合影像提取样本(SFI)结合的面向对象分类方法能准确提取冬小麦种植面积。另外,重采样影像和融合影像提取样本(SFI)相结合的面向对象分类方法也可较好提取冬小麦种植面积。为利用国产中空间分辨率HJ-1/CCD卫星和高分1号卫星融合影像有效提取大区域冬小麦种植面积信息提供了参考。

微波辅助sol-gel法合成Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)粉体及其压电性能研究

采用微波辅助溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)(BNT)粉体,通过DSC/TG,XRD,SEM,FT-IR等表征方法,分析BNT的反应历程,煅烧温度对BNT成分、晶粒尺寸和压电性能的影响.结果表明,当微波煅烧温度为650℃时,可合成出高纯度BNT粉体(30~120 nm),其居里温度为394℃,d_(33)=7.5 pC/N,ε_(r)=535.58,tanδ=0.29.对比传统马弗炉煅烧sol-gel法,微波辅助sol-gel法有利于提高BNT的介电性能和居里温度,降低介质损耗.

Thermococcus siculi HJ21高温普鲁兰酶基因的克隆表达及其热稳定性保护剂研究

普鲁兰酶是水解α-1,6糖苷键的淀粉脱支酶,可提高淀粉制糖的糖化率。该研究将古菌Thermococcus siculi HJ21的超嗜热普鲁兰酶Pul-HJΔ782基因克隆在冷休克启动子cspA的质粒pColdⅠ,在宿主大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21中诱导表达,研究其酶学性质,通过单因素和响应面试验优化该酶的热稳定性保护剂,并考察保护剂对酶水解马铃薯淀粉的影响。结果表明,该酶的最适作用温度和pH分别为90℃和6.5,在温度80~100℃及pH 4.0~9.0范围稳定性良好。最佳热稳定性保护剂配方为Ca^(2+)添加量0.15 mol/L、甘油添加量5.4%、Tween 20添加量3.8 mL/L、明胶添加量4.0 g/L。在该优化条件下,90℃保温12 h后,酶活保留率为97.43%,比对照组提高了34.94%。该酶的糖化率显著提高,对马铃薯淀粉糖化40 h葡萄糖当量(DE)值为58.35%,比对照组比提高了11.78%。

Sol-gel synthesis of nanometer silicon/silicon suboxide/carbon anode material

A stacked Si/SiO_(x)/C composite anode material with carbon-coated structure was prepared by sol-gel method combined with carbothermal reduction using organic silicon.The results of X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis show that the Si/SiO_(x)/C material is a secondary particle with a porous micronanostructure, and the presence of nanometer silicon does not affect the carbothermal reduction and carbon coating.Electrochemical test results indicate that the specific capacity and first coulombic efficiency of SiO_(x)/C composite with nanometer silicon can be increased to 1 946.05 mAh/g and 76.49%,respectively.The reversible specific capacity of Si/SiO_(x)/C material blended with graphite is 749.69 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C,and the capacity retention rate is up to 89.03%.Therefore, the composite has excellent electrochemical cycle stability.

Development of Modified Glasses by Transparent, Functional Hybrid Sol-Gel Nano-Ceramic Coatings, a Comparative Study

This paper concentrates on the development of glasses with self-cleaning surfaces exhibiting high water contact angles. In this study, we prepared super-hydrophobic nano-ceramic coated glass based on titania & silica using simple sol-gel & dip coating methods and studied the best composition of the coatings by altering ratios of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)/tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with different homogenizing agents. We characterized the coatings by surface roughness measurement, percentage of optical transmission, static contact angle, near-infrared (NIR) transmission, and diffuse reflectance. The fabrication of coatings on glass substrates played an important role in increasing the water contact angle of about 95° and visible & NIR transmission of about 90%. We compared our modified glass substrate with commercial low emissivity (Low E) glass using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which showed pure amorphous surface claiming excellent wettability and thus the prepared glass substrate could have a variety of applications in different fields.

HJ 741-2015试验条件的优化及在土壤中27种挥发性有机物检测中的应用

为改善不同基质土壤中挥发性有机物(VOCs)回收率偏低问题,优化了HJ 741-2015中提取、顶空和气相色谱条件。在提取样品时,加入0.20 mL甲醇作提取剂,同时优化顶空条件中顶空压力与柱前压力差为0.02 MPa,色谱条件中载气、燃气、助燃气流量分别为1.2,40,400 mL·min^(-1),分流比为4∶1。在优化的试验条件下,27种VOCs的加标回收率由HJ 741-2015的53.8%~114%变为82.2%~103%(特别对于1,1,2-三氯乙烷、二溴一氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、1,4-二氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯等低灵敏或高沸点VOCs),检出限(3s/2)降至1.00~6.97μg·kg^(-1),测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)降至0.50%~6.8%,适用于不同基质土壤样品中VOCs的检测。

HJ 1082-2019测定高有机质农业土壤中六价铬含量的方法改进

鉴于用HJ 1082-2019测定高有机质农业土壤中六价铬含量时存在的一些弊端,对该标准方法进行了改进。改进措施主要有以下5个方面:一是向碱性提取剂中加入乙醇,利用乙醇的共溶剂效应使提取剂与土壤中的有机质、矿物质等在均相中充分接触;二是以碳酸钠-碳酸氢钠代替磷酸盐作为缓冲溶液,避免六价铬被磷酸根与土壤中浸出的钙、镁离子缔合成的沉淀包裹;三是加入氯化镁,利用镁离子较强的离子交换能力,使其与土壤中六价铬进行交换;四是采用双频正交超声代替搅拌,以充分分解、降解有机质,特别是腐殖酸;五是采用锥形瓶和回流管代替聚乙烯膜封口,利用回流以减少六价铬的损失。结果表明:当称样量为3.000 0 g,提取剂加入量为40 mL,氯化镁加入量为0.4 g,碳酸钠-碳酸氢钠缓冲溶液加入量为0.6 mL时,可达到较好的提取效果。六价铬标准曲线的线性范围在5.00 mg·L^(-1)以内,改进方法的检出限(3.143s)为0.09 mg·kg^(-1),实际样品测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)小于0.30%,回收率为94.0%~100%。将改进方法与HJ 1082-2019进行比对,改进方法得到的六价铬测定值均高于HJ 1082-2019的,且前者的回收率更好,说明改进方法准确度较高,方法可行。

Sol-gel-based porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide films for high-performance dual-band electrochromic smart windows

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows(DESWs)with independent control of the transmittance of near-infrared and visible light show great potential in the application of smart and energy-saving buildings.The current strategy for building DESWs is to screen materials for composite or prepare plasmonic nanocrystal films.These rigorous preparation processes seriously limit the further development of DESWs.Herein,we report a facile and effective sol-gel strategy using a foaming agent to achieve porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide film for the high performance of DESWs.The introduction of foaming agent polyvinylpyrrolidone during the film preparation can increase the specific surface area and free carrier concentration of the films and enhance their independent regulation ability of near-infrared electrochromism.As a result,the optimal film shows excellent dual-band electrochromic properties,including high optical modulation(84.9%at 633 nm and 90.3%at 1200 nm),high coloration efficiency(114.9 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 633 nm and 420.3 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 1200 nm),quick switching time,excellent bistability,and good cycle stability(the transmittance modulation losses at 633 and 1200 nm were 11%and 3.5%respectively after 1000 cycles).A demonstrated DESW fabricated by the sol-gel film showed effective management of heat and light of sunlight.This study represents a significant advance in the preparation of dual-band electrochromic films,which will shed new light on advancing electrochromic technology for future energy-saving smart buildings.

Comparative structural and electrochemical properties of mixed P2/O′3-layered sodium nickel manganese oxide prepared by sol-gel and electrospinning methods:Effect of Na-excess content

The effect of Na-excess content in the precursor on the structural and electrochemical performances of sodium nickel manganese oxide(NNMO)prepared by sol-gel and electrospinning methods is investigated in this paper.X-ray diffraction results of the prepared NNMO without adding Na-excess content indicate sodium loss,while the mixed phase of P2/O′3-type layered NNMO presented after adding Na-excess content.Compared with the sol-gel method,the secondary phase of NiO is more suppressed by using the electrospinning method,which is further confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope images.N_(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms show no remarkably difference in specific surface areas between different preparation methods and Na-excess contents.The analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structure indicates that the oxidation states of Ni and Mn are+2 and+4,respectively.For the electrochemical properties,superior electrochemical performance is observed in the NNMO electrode with a low Na-excess content of 5wt%.The highest specific capacitance is 36.07 F·g^(-1)at0.1 A·g^(-1)in the NNMO electrode prepared by using the sol-gel method.By contrast,the NNMO electrode prepared using the electrospinning method with decreased Na-excess content shows excellent cycling stability of 100%after charge-discharge measurements for 300 cycles.Therefore,controlling the Na excess in the precursor together with the preparation method is important for improving the electrochemical performance of Na-based electrode materials in supercapacitors.

Investigation of UV photosensor properties of Al-doped SnO_(2) thin films deposited by sol-gel dip-coating method

Transparent conducting aluminum doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by sol-gel dip coating method with differ-ent Al concentrations and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis spectrophotometry and photoconductivity study. The variation observed in the properties of the measured films agrees with a difference in the film's thickness, which decreases when Al concentration augments. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that all films are polycrystal-line with tetragonal structure, (110) plane being the strongest diffraction peak. The crystallite size calculated by the Debye Scher-rer’s formula decreases from 11.92 to 8.54 nm when Al concentration increases from 0 to 5 wt.%. AFM images showed grains uni-formly distributed in the deposited films. An average transmittance greater than 80% was measured for the films and an en-ergy gap value of about 3.9 eV was deduced from the optical analysis. Finally, the photosensitivity properties like current-voltage characteristics, ION/IOFF ratio, growth and decay time are studied and reported. Also, we have calculated the trap depth energy using the decay portion of the rise and decay curve photocurrent.

Structural evolution-enabled BiFeO3 modulated by strontium doping with enhanced dielectric,optical and superparamagnetic properties by a modified sol-gel method

Multiferroic(BFO)nanoparticles doped with strontium with the general formula Bi1-xSrx FeO3(x=0,0.3,0.5,0.7)were synthesized using a modified sol-gel auto-combustion process.The structural,electrical,optical,and magnetic properties of the samples are discussed.The structural analysis,carried out using the x-ray powder diffraction technique,shows a structural transition from rhombohedral(R-3c)to cubic(Pm-3m)for the doping amount of strontium(Sr)equal to x=0.3.Morphological analysis of the prepared samples were carried out using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Frequency-dependent dielectric constant and ac conductivity were studied.The doped samples,with improved dielectric properties,can be used to fabricate different optoelectronic devices.Strong dielectric dispersion and broad relaxation were exhibited by all the samples.Cole–Cole plots were employed as an effective tool to study the dispersion parameters,namely,the optical dielectric constant,static dielectric constant,relaxation time,and spreading factor.The activation energy was calculated from the relaxation peaks and Cole–Cole plots,which were found to be compatible with each other.The bandgap of the samples was calculated using diffuse reflectance spectral(DRS)analysis.Sharp and strong photoluminescence in the IR region was observed in the samples,similar to ZnO,which was reported for the first time.Room-temperature and low-temperature magnetization studies point towards the superparamagnetic nature of the samples,with an improvement in magnetic properties with doping.The antiferromagnetic behavior of bulk bismuth ferrite transforms to superparamagnetic in nature for both pure and Sr-substituted bismuth ferrite nanoparticles due to the close dimensions of crystallite size with magnetic domains leading to the break-down of the frustrated spin cycloidal moment.

Application of g-C_(3)N_(4)/sol-gel nanocomposite on AM60B magnesium alloy and investigation of its properties

To protect the AM60B magnesium alloy from corrosion,a sol-gel coating containing hydroxylated g-C_(3)N_(4)nanoplates was applied.The chemical composition of the hydroxylated g-C_(3)N_(4)nanoplates was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The hydroxylation process did not affect the crystal size,specific surface area,pore volume,average pore diameter,and thermal stability of the g-C_(3)N_(4)nanoplates.After incorporating pristine and hydroxylated g-C_(3)N_(4)nanoplates,dense sol-gel coatings were obtained.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)revealed the uniform distribution of the modified g-C_(3)N_(4)in the coating.The average roughness of the coating was also reduced after adding the modified nanoplates due to the decreased aggregation tendency.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)examinations in simulated acid rain revealed a significant improvement in the anticorrosion properties of the sol-gel film after the addition of the modified g-C_(3)N_(4)due to the chemical bonding of the coating to the nanoplates.

增粘型无固相修井液在HJ203H井的应用

HJ203H井是一口含硫气井,完钻井深5767.00/4597.45m(斜/垂深),修井过程中采用反扣2-3/8″G105小钻杆及配套工具再进行套铣、倒扣打捞作业。使用增粘型无固相修井液体系,配方为:清水+3%提切剂ZN-AD+1%缓蚀杀菌剂HS-2+无固相加重剂HWJZ-1,该配方密度达1.55g/cm^(3),漏斗粘度36s,pH达11,动切力达3Pa,润滑系数降低率达98.4%,平均腐蚀速率为0.0056822mm/a,抗温稳定性良好。增粘型无固相修井液使用2个多月,性能稳定,满足了小钻杆作业期间的施工要求。

基于HJ-1A/1B数据的冬小麦成熟期遥感预测

基于遥感数据获取作物成熟度信息,制订收割顺序,是遥感在精准农业中的一个重要应用课题,目前的作物物候监测在空间分辨率和预测的时效性上尚无法满足精准农业的要求。以山东禹城市为研究区,选取观测点,分析冬小麦成熟期临近过程中水分和叶绿素的动态变化,获取基于遥感监测小麦成熟期的依据。以HJ-1ACCD数据构建的植被指数来反映作物绿度的变化,以HJ-1BIRS数据构建的归一化水指数来反映作物含水率的变化,通过回归分析建立了冬小麦成熟期的遥感预测模型,实现了禹城市冬小麦成熟期的遥感监测。小麦成熟期预测值与观测值的相关性达极显著水平,预测与观测小麦成熟期的先后顺序较为一致,在以误差小于1d作为成功预测衡量标准的情况下,预测结果的准确度为65%。提出了使用HJ-1A/1B数据开展冬小麦成熟期预测的模型,而使用不同时相遥感数据预测成熟期的通用模型将成为下一步研究重点。

HJ卫星数据在棉花种植面积提取中的应用研究

探索利用环境小卫星数据进行棉花种植面积的提取,旨在利用国产卫星数据建立一种方便快捷的棉花种植面积提取技术,为棉花的遥感估产奠定基础;选取2011年新疆北部国营农场棉花不同生育期内两期HJ卫星影像,根据棉花与研究区其他作物物候和光谱差异性、农作物生长规律,运用监督分类算法、密度分割和逻辑运算,辅助于人机交互的目视解译,得到研究区棉花种植面积;结果表明:不同监督分类算法中,神经网络分类法和最大似然法分类效果最佳;最终提取的棉花面积总体精度为87.7%;本文采用的方法较为实际、便捷,提取棉花种植面积的精度符合农场生产要求,可为棉花估产和作物种植结构分析提供科学依据。

基于HJ卫星IRS遥感数据的农作物秸秆火点提取模式研究

根据农作物收割前后的HJ-1B卫星红外相机(IRS)遥感数据特征,提出农作物秸秆焚烧火点提取模式:利用IRS波段3(3.78μm)与波段4(11.36μm)结合两种经典火点探测算法首先提取出所有类型的地面火点;再利用收割前后的IRS波段2(1.72μm)与波段1(0.9μm)建立农作物秸秆地判定依据,从而从所有类型的地面火点中识别出秸秆火点。结合10月6日、10月21日的HJ-1B IRS影像,对10月21日江苏省农作物收割时期的秸秆火点进行提取实验,并与对应的MODIS探测结果进行相关分析,相关系数R2为0.685,验证了研究方法的合理性。

江苏近岸海域HJ CCD影像悬浮泥沙遥感反演

基于2012~2014年期间江苏近岸海域实测遥感反射率、悬浮泥沙浓度及HJ CCD数据,建立该海域HJ CCD影像悬浮泥沙遥感反演模型。通过研究水体实测反射光谱特征,确定对悬浮泥沙浓度变化的敏感波段,并与悬浮泥沙浓度进行函数拟合分析。结果表明：将HJ CCD Band3的等效遥感反射率、HJ CCD Band3与Band2等效遥感反射率的比值分别作为敏感因子,并采用对数函数模拟低值区、指数函数模拟高值区获得的叠加模型表现最为突出。通过卫星应用发现,第2、3波段比值模型的遥感反演结果与实际情况相符,可有效削弱大气校正、表观反射率到遥感反射率的转换方法以及HJ CCD辐射分辨率较低等一系列问题的干扰,为江苏近岸海域HJ CCD悬浮泥沙遥感反演的最优模型。

基于HJ卫星的棉田土壤有机质空间分布格局反演

以北疆绿洲区棉田表层土壤为研究对象,利用国产HJ-1A/1B卫星CCD多光谱数据对裸土有机质空间分布格局进行研究。通过分析多光谱数据不同波段的光谱反射率及其变换形式与实地采样得到的土壤有机质含量的相关性,探寻适合绿洲区棉田表层土壤有机质含量快速反演的敏感波段及参数,并针对不同参数分别建立一元线性、二次、三次、对数、倒数、幂函数、生长型、S型回归模型,以及多元回归模型;对生成的模型进行综合对比分析,获取北疆绿洲区棉田表层土壤有机质含量的最佳反演模型,从而实现整个研究区土壤有机质空间格局的遥感反演。结果表明:HJ卫星多光谱数据4个波段的反射率均与土壤有机质含量存在显著的相关性,第3波段的倒数与土壤有机质含量相关性最为显著;且以第3波段光谱反射率作为因变量得到的三次线性回归模型对土壤有机质含量进行反演的效果最佳;通过空间布局反演得到研究区土壤有机质空间分布整体呈现南北两端有机质含量较高,中部有机质含量较低的格局。该研究表明虽然与黑土有机质含量具有差别,但是遥感技术仍能够作为绿洲区土壤有机质含量空间布局反演的方法,为遥感技术在土壤参数监测中更好的发挥作用提供理论支持,同时也为新疆棉田生产管理和农田可持续利用提供科学依据。

基于HJ卫星遥感数据的林果光谱特征分析

【目的】利用卫星遥感数据分析林果与其他地物的差异,并对林果中的苹果、香梨、核桃、红枣四种果树之间的差异性进行试验性研究,为林果区提取和果树树种识别提供理论依据。【方法】以新疆阿克苏市为研究区,以HJ卫星数据为数据源,结合当地实地调查资料,采用光谱分析法、归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)时序数据变化分析方法以及微分变换(d1[log(1/Rλ)])方法,对林果与其他地物的差异性和果树之间的差异性进行分析。【结果】(1)林果与其他地物在5月时相上的差异显著;(2)4和11月两个时相上的微分变换数据显示,红枣和核桃与其他两种果树差异明显,苹果和香梨相近。【结论】(1)利用HJ星遥感数据能对林果区进行准确提取;(2)利用HJ-CCD数据可以识别红枣和核桃,苹果和香梨的识别较难,有待进一步研究。

SPOT-5与HJ遥感影像用于冬小麦氮素监测的效果对比

为探讨HJ遥感影像对冬小麦氮素监测的适用性,利用同期获取的SPOT-5和HJ-1B遥感影像,结合同步地面取样测试,从传感器的光谱响应、监测模型精度以及叶片氮含量空间填图3个方面,对冬小麦氮素的遥感影像监测效果进行了分析与评价。结果表明,两类遥感影像的3个波段反射率及植被指数与小麦叶片氮含量均密切相关,其中,SPOT-5影像的最优模型植被指数为GNDVI(绿色归一化植被指数),HJ-1B影像的最优模型植被指数为NDVI(归一化植被指数),SPOT-5影像在监测精度上优于HJ-1B影像,但差别不大。填图结果表明,除地块较破碎地带外,利用HJ-1B影像反演填图所得的小麦叶片氮含量在空间分布上与SPOT-5影像结果比较一致。说明利用SPOT-5与HJ遥感影像监测小麦氮素营养状况都是可行的,而HJ遥感影像在一定精度要求范围内能够替代SPOT-5等遥感影像的监测效果。