Proposal of a Solar Thermal Power Plant at Low Temperature Using Solar Thermal Collectors

To this day, only two types of solar power plants have been proposed and built: high temperature thermal solar one and photovoltaic one. It is here proposed a new type of solar thermal plant using glass-top flat surface solar collectors, so working at low temperature (i.e., below 100°C). This power plant is aimed at warm countries, i.e., the ones mainly located between -40° and 40° latitude, having available space along their coast. This land based plant, to install on the seashore, is technologically similar to the one used for OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion). This plant, apart from supplying electricity with a much better thermodynamic efficiency than OTEC plants, has the main advantage of providing desalinated water for drinking and irrigation. This plant is designed to generate electricity (and desalinated water) night and day and all year round, by means of hot water storage, with just a variation of the power delivered depending on the season.

Performance and Optimization of a Small Hybrid Solar-Thermal Collector

A hybrid solar collector was designed to investigate the effects of combining two different solar collector techniques on the overall collector’s effectiveness. While most solar collectors focus only on one solar collection method, the small hybrid system uses a flat plate collector in conjunction with five evacuated tubes to absorb the most energy possible from both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Data was collected over four months while the system operated at different flow rates and with various levels of available insolation from the sun to evaluate the performance of the solar collector. To understand the relative contribution of the flat plate collector and the evacuated tubes, temperature differences across each part of the system were measured. The results indicate the average first law efficiency of the hybrid system is 43.3%, significantly higher than the performance of the flat plate alone. An exergy analysis was performed for this system to assess the performance of the flat plate system by itself. Results of the second law analysis were comparable to the exergetic efficiencies of other experimental collectors, around 4%. Though the efficiencies were in the expected range, they reveal that further improvements to the system are possible.

Solar Thermal Systems Performances versus Flat Plate Solar Collectors Connected in Series

This paper shows the modeling of a solar collective heating system in order to predict the system performances. Two systems are proposed: 1) the first, Solar Direct Hot Water, which is composed of flat plate collectors and thermal storage tank, 2) the second, a Solar Indirect Hot Water in which we added an external heat exchanger of constant effectiveness to the first system. The mass flow rate by a collector is fixed to 0.04 Kg·s–1 and the total number of collectors is adjusted to 60. For the first system, the maximum average water temperature within the tank in a typical day in summer and annual performances are calculated by varying the number of collectors connected in series. For the second, this paper shows the detailed analysis of water temperature within the storage and annual performances by varying the mass flow rate on the cold side of the heat exchanger and the number of collectors in series on the hot side. It is shown that the stratification within the storage is strongly influenced by mass flow rate and the connections between collectors. It is also demonstrated that the number of collectors that can be connected in series is limited. The optimization of the mass flow rate on cold side of the heat exchanger is seen to be an important factor for the energy saving.

Experimental investigations on the thermal efficiency of a solar air collector with transverse rectangular baffles inclined by an angle of 135°

This work is experimental investigation on the impact of rectangular baffles on the thermo-hydraulic performance of a solar thermal collector.The study was conducted under moderate weather conditions and six cases were studied,including 2M135,6M135,10M135,14M135,18M135,and a smooth plate case.The results showed that the number and placement of baffles plays a crucial role in improving heat transfer and the best cases in terms of thermal performance were cases V and IV,with maximum values of h=15.84 W/m2.k,and h=17.46 W/m2k.The study also found that the heat transfer was greatest at the beginning of the channel and decreased towards the end.The highest thermal efficiency was recorded in case 18M135 with a maximum value ofȠ=0.73.

Assessment of High Concentrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Collector in Hot Climate

This work investigates the performance of combined hybrid high concentrated photovoltaic/thermal collector (HCPV/T) in Kuwait harsh climate. The proposed system consists of triple junction solar cells (InGaP/InGaAs/Ge) attached to heat source to discharge thermal energy to cooling media. Published HCPV/T models do not consider the effect of shunt resistance which greatly affects the system performance. So, a single diode model employing five parameters including the effect of shunt resistance is adapted to analyze the proposed system. To analyze the thermal performance of the proposed system, a two-dimensional thermal model based on the technique of finite difference is introduced to determine the efficiency of the hybrid HCPV/T system. The present developed subroutines are integrated with other involved codes in TRNSYS software to calculate HCPV/T system efficiency. Electrical and thermal as well as the whole system efficiency at different weather circumstances are evaluated and assessed. The effect of different weather conditions, cell temperature, concentration ratio and the temperatures of the coolant fluid on system performance are studied. Current results indicate that the model of single diode is a reliable one rather than using the two-diode complex model. Compared to measurements provided by high concentrated PV manufacturer, the current results revealed a total root mean square error of approximately 1.94%. Present predictions show that PV cell temperature has logarithmic increase with the rise in concentration ratio but with low values till concentration ratio of 400 suns after that the rise is faster at higher concentration values up to 1500 suns. Results also revealed that hybrid HCPV/T system works effectively specially in severe hot climate where thermal efficiency increases with high surrounding temperature for higher values of concentration ratio. In addition, an increase of approximately 15% in thermal efficiency and 10% in total efficiency can be achieved by utilizing active cooling device in HCPV/T system.

全玻璃真空太阳集热管关键技术参数研究进展

全玻璃真空太阳集热管是太阳能热利用系统的重要组成部分,其性能参数的优劣直接影响到太阳能热利用系统的热性能、耐久可靠性和节能效果。文章从真空管基本结构和工作原理的介绍出发,对影响真空管性能的光学性能、热性能等关键技术参数及玻璃管材料、真空性能等其他技术要求的研究进展做了详细分析,并在长期从事科研和检测工作的基础上,给出了提升真空管的产品性能可从玻璃管生产优化、新涂层开发、真空性能加强、技术创新、先进设备开发、标准修订等方面的建议。

太阳能光热发电系统研究现状

针对太阳能光热发电系统,综述了光热发电系统中集热器、蓄热技术以及动力循环的研究及应用现状,并阐述了太阳能混合系统的优势,总结了太阳能光热发电系统面临的关键问题,为光热发电系统的发展提供参考。

抛物面槽式太阳能集热器球形接头测试系统的研制与应用

球形接头是抛物面槽式太阳能集热器的关键部件,针对球形接头易发生运转卡涩和导热油泄漏问题,研制了一套球形接头性能测试系统。该测试系统可以实现球形接头在旋转、摆转或旋摆联动模式下,以及在导热油温度达393℃和压力达4.1 MPa工况条件下的加速寿命测试。以导热油为传热流体,开展了球形接头在导热油温度为393℃和压力为2.3 MPa工况条件,以及温度、压力变化条件下的性能测试研究,分析了球形接头在模拟12年寿命期的扭矩特性和密封性能,验证了该测试系统运行的稳定性和可靠性,并且关键技术参数的控制精度和测量精度满足使用要求,为球形接头的性能评价提供了技术支撑。

级联型潜热储存耦合热泵系统性能研究

为提高太阳能利用率和热泵热力学性能,将真空管集热器、热泵和填充床等结合,提出一种级联型潜热储存耦合热泵系统用于建筑供热。针对太阳能集热及室外温度等条件,将太阳能蓄热和室外空气作为热泵的热源进行系统集成设计。在FLUENT和EES中分别建立填充床和热泵的热力学模型,并分析填充床的换热流体流量、放热温度和用户回水温度对系统热力性能的影响。结果表明,填充床流体流量从0.05 kg/s增至0.07 kg/s时,热泵系统整体平均性能指数下降0.16;填充床作为热源的放热温度升高20℃时,填充床供热增加74269 kJ,有效放热率下降21.9%;当用户回水温度升高10℃时,热泵系统整体平均性能指数下降0.19,有效放热率下降16.2%。

基于太阳能分频利用的光伏/光热综合发电系统热力学分析

通过对太阳能聚光投入辐射进行分频,建立光伏与光热驱动有机朗肯循环综合供电系统。在冷却背板温度100℃的限制下,对该系统进行热力学分析,筛选了适宜的循环工质,获得了有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统优化的蒸发温度。结果表明:isobutene作为光伏系统的冷却工质和ORC系统的循环工质时系统效率最高,分频技术将冷却背板散热负荷转移至集热器,可降低光伏板的散热需求,从而降低循环工质质量流量,对提高系统发电能力有积极作用,该系统可将单纯光伏发电效率提高9百分点;同时,分频效率和太阳能电池吸收波段对综合供电系统的总效率影响较大。

交叉V型吸热板-底板太阳能空气集热器热性能的数值模拟

应用太阳载荷模型,利用FLUENT软件对九个交叉V型吸热板-底板太阳能空气集热器进行了数值模拟,得到集热器的热效率、出口温度、热损和吸热板温度,并对其进行了对比分析,发现集热器的热效率随着空气流道高度的增大而减小,热损失、吸热板温度和出口温度随着空气流道高度的增大而增大,最大效率为34.60%,最高出口温度为355.13 K.

用于农宅供暖的三角形太阳能空气集热器集热性能研究

用于农宅供暖的太阳能空气集热器均为平板型,通常安装于农宅南墙外侧,但农宅南墙除了门窗外,可用于安装集热器的面积有限,所以集热量也有限。为此,设计一种可安装在南、东、西墙的新型三角形太阳能集热器,以提高对太阳能资源的利用率。基于有限体积-能量法,建立了集热器的光学模型;联合光学模型,构建集热器的动态传热模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性;分析了集热器安装在农宅南、东、西墙的集热性能,并与传统贴墙安装平板太阳能空气集热器以及倾斜安装平板太阳能空气集热器进行了对比。结果发现,集热器安装在农宅东墙和西墙的集热量约为安装在南墙的60%和80%;三角形太阳能空气集热器安装在南墙的供暖季集热量比贴墙安装平板太阳能空气集热器高33.5%,比倾斜安装平板太阳能空气集热器高15.0%。

内插式真空管集热器集热性能提升技术研究综述

真空管太阳能集热器是太阳能热利用的重要途径。内插式真空管集热器是一种结构优化后的真空管集热器,为提升其集热性能,介绍了内插式真空管集热器的工作原理,对其传热机理进行了分析,归纳了当前对内插式真空管集热器的集热性能的研究现状,并在此基础上通过建立集热效率关于环境参数及流量的关联式、改进内插管主管和支管管径尺寸、综合优化集热器布置方式及管间距并设置反射板的方式等方法分析了存在的问题,为低成本、高效率的内插式真空管集热器的研究发展提供了参考依据。

抛物面槽式太阳能集热器热损失因素研究

将太阳能热发电技术与分布式能源系统相结合,有利于加大可再生能源在能源消费结构中的比重。抛物面槽式太阳能集热器是目前太阳能热发电中应用最为广泛的太阳能-热能转化设备,其运行特性决定了太阳能热发电技术与分布式能源系统中其他能源技术是否能够相互协同。因此,针对影响槽式集热器运行特性的热损失,开展了基于现场的规模化实验系统测试工作,验证了所建槽式集热器数学模型,并且进一步应用该模型对真空区残留气体量、风速和吸热体发射率等因素开展了参数比较分析研究。

火星表面薄膜型太阳能集热器设计及应用

为解决火星表面探测器热能短缺挑战,克服火星表面太阳能原位热利用中的性能和环境适应性困难,提出一种基于火面太阳能原位热利用的薄膜型太阳能集热器,热能收集采用高透明聚酰亚胺膜窗和选择性吸收涂层,储能采用3D打印高填充率相变储能装置,并利用半刚性赋形设计、热变形自适应、被动式泄压分别解决火星表面尘积、大温差热交变和星际飞行过程中快速泄压问题。仿真和试验表明,集热器最大光热转化效率为74.9%,日平均集热效率为32.5%~49.8%,单位面积集热量为1105.7~2381.5 Wh/(m^(2)∙sol)(其中sol代表火星日,火星的一个恒星日的平均长度是24小时37分23秒),可适应火星严酷的应用环境。

不同加热方式下热管接收器传热性能研究

为研究不同加热方式下热管的传热性能,该文设计并搭建一套具有非均匀加热功能的热管传热性能实验测试台架。实验测试加热方式(均匀加热、上表面加热、下表面加热)、加热功率和放置倾角对热管传热性能的影响。实验结果表明:加热功率和放置倾角一定,均匀加热时热管热效率最大,下表面加热时次之,上表面加热时最小;下表面加热时,热管总传热热阻最小,蒸发段传热系数最大,外壁面平均温度最低。无论采用哪种加热方式,随着放置倾角的增大,热管热效率均逐渐减小,总传热热阻逐渐增大,蒸发段传热系数逐渐减小;蒸发段液池区域外壁面温度均明显高于液膜区域;液膜区域,沿高度方向外壁面温度变化较小。

基于设备互补特性的冷热电系统优化

为提高能源系统综合性能,将地源热泵、光伏和光热等可再生能源集成于以原动机为核心的冷热电系统,并着重对系统设备的效率进行研究。基于设备能量互补特性,提出优化多个设备运行参数,分别是地源热泵供冷启动因子和供热启动因子以及原动机的启动因子来实现整个系统设备效率的提高。将控制多个设备的启动因子结合以电定热运行模式与传统以电定热运行模式进行对比分析,并以单独的地源热泵系统为参考系统,采用黑洞算法对系统进行优化。研究结果表明,与传统模式相比,控制多个启动因子模式系统具有更好的性能。与参考系统相比,耦合可再生能源的冷热电系统性能指标有了较大改善,特别是以启动因子模式运行(年能源节约率达到36.03%;年CO_(2)减排率达到53.24%;年总成本降低率达到36.85%;年综合性能达到42.04%)。

太阳能热发电熔盐槽式集热回路流量分配特性研究

在太阳能热发电站中,抛物面槽式集热系统多回路的流量分配特性对集热工质出口温度和电站运行性能具有重要影响。传统U型集热回路采用调节阀可实现各回路流量的平衡分配,但对系统的控制水平要求较高,且建设成本较大。该文以熔盐槽式集热系统为研究对象,提出采用Z型布置结合母管变径的新型集热回路,以实现多回路流量自平衡;通过开展流量分配的理论设计计算,以及基于Apros软件搭建的集热系统动态仿真模型,研究太阳直接法向辐射DNI、入口质量流量变化以及云遮扰动工况下,Z型集热回路的流量分配、出口温度和回路压降的稳态和动态变化规律。研究结果表明,槽式集热回路Z型布置结合母管变径的方式在稳态和瞬态工况下都具有较好的流量自平衡特性。

槽式太阳能集热管弯曲测量及溢出损失分析

槽式太阳能集热管的弯曲变形会造成聚光能量的溢出损失,需要进行测量和分析。提出基于无人机摄影的槽式太阳能集热管弯曲测量方法:采用无人机搭载高分辨可见光相机,实现对槽式太阳能集热管的图像采集;基于边缘检测算法对集热管图像进行处理,最终获得集热管的弯曲变形量。基于光线追迹理论建立槽式聚光器聚光过程数学模型,推导弯曲集热管的溢出损失计算公式。选取3种不同弯曲量的集热管进行测量实验,测得的最大弯曲量分别为1.23、7.75、18.79 mm,平均测量误差为±0.75 mm,计算对应的溢出损失分别为0.02%、0.57%、3.72%,结果表明:集热管弯曲量较大时,会造成较大的溢出损失。

平板太阳能集热器冬季运行策略优选实验与集热性能对比研究

为进一步改善平板太阳能集热器(FPSC)冬季水温提升能力的不足,通过搭建的实验平台对FPSC冬季运行策略展开多项实验,分析不同运行模式所对应的集热性能以及适用条件,为平板集热器更高效利用提供参考方案。研究发现:单块FPSC高流速运行的集热效率可达63.74%,各项热性能指标参数优异,但水箱温度偏低;串联、并联系统的水温提升能力较单块模式显著增强,全天温升超过30℃,[火用]效率达到5.15%。其中,并联系统的热效率、对流换热系数、热损失系数分别为51.52%、41.95 W/(m^(2)·K)、4.74 W/(m^(2)·K),明显优于串联系统的45.33%、38.74 W/(m^(2)·K)、4.81 W/(m^(2)·K),集热性能更佳;系统冬季低流速运行将出现断流现象,同时水箱内部温度分层明显;高流速运行工况下,降低水箱容积将缩短有效集热时间,无法充分吸收太阳辐照能;增大水箱容积虽能减少集热损失,但系统温升下降造成热能品质降低。