Field experiment of rainfall infiltration on a soil slope and simulations based on a water-air two-phase flow model

Rainfall infiltration on a soil slope is usually an unsaturated seepage process that can be described by a water-air two-phase flow model.The effect of pore air pressure on rainfall infiltration has been widely recognized and validated by means of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments.However,whether a slope can actually seal pore air continues to be debated by researchers.In this study,a water-air two-phase flow model is used to simulate the rainfall infiltration process on a soil slope,and a field experiment is conducted to realistically test the sealing conditions of a slope.According to the numerical simulation,the areas of water and air flow in and out on the slope surface are relatively stable and can be classified as the“inhalation zone”and“overflow zone”,respectively.Intermittent rainfall on the soil slope has an amplifying effect on pore air pressure because rainfall intensity is usually at the millimeter level,and it causes pore air pressure to reach the cm level.A field experiment was performed to determine whether a slope can realistically seal pore air and subsequently verify the regularity of rainfall infiltration.Air pressure sensors were buried in the slope to monitor the pore air pressures during the rainfall process.The monitoring results show that the pore air pressure in the slope changed,which indicates that the slope can seal air.Moreover,the amplification effects of intermittent rainfall on pore air pressure were observed for natural rainfall,which agrees well with the numerical simulation results.

Experimental investigation on rainfall infiltration and solute transport in layered porous and fractured media

Layered structures with upper porous and lower fractured media are widely distributed in the world. An experimen- tal investigation on rainfall infiltration and solute transport in such layered structures can provide the necessary foundation for effectively preventing and forecasting water bursting in mines, controlling contamination of mine water, and accomplishing ecological restoration of mining areas. A typical physical model of the layered structures with porous and fractured media was created in this study. Then rainfall infiltration experiments were conducted after salt solution was sprayed on the surface of the layered structure. The volumetric water content and concentration of chlorine ions at different specified positions along the profile of the experiment system were measured in real-time. The experimental results showed that the lower fractured media, with a considerably higher permeability than that of the upper porous media, had significant effects on preventing water infil- tration. Moreover, although the porous media were homogeneous statistically in the whole domain, spatial variations in the features of effluent concentrations with regards to time, or so called breakthrough curves, at various sampling points located at the horizontal plane in the porous media near the porous-fractured interface were observed, indicating the diversity of solute transport at small scales. Furthermore, the breakthrough curves of the outflow at the bottom, located beneath the underlying fractured rock, were able to capture and integrate features of the breakthrough curves of both the upper porous and fractured media, which exhibited multiple peaks, while the peak values were reduced one by one with time.

Application of isotopic information for estimating parameters in Philip infiltration model

Minimizing parameter uncertainty is crucial in the application of hydrologic models.Isotopic information in various hydrologic components of the water cycle can expand our knowledge of the dynamics of water flow in the system,provide additional information for parameter estimation,and improve parameter identifiability.This study combined the Philip infiltration model with an isotopic mixing model using an isotopic mass balance approach for estimating parameters in the Philip infiltration model.Two approaches to parameter estimation were compared:(a) using isotopic information to determine the soil water transmission and then hydrologic information to estimate the soil sorptivity,and(b) using hydrologic information to determine the soil water transmission and the soil sorptivity.Results of parameter estimation were verified through a rainfall infiltration experiment in a laboratory under rainfall with constant isotopic compositions and uniform initial soil water content conditions.Experimental results showed that approach(a),using isotopic and hydrologic information,estimated the soil water transmission in the Philip infiltration model in a manner that matched measured values well.The results of parameter estimation of approach(a) were better than those of approach(b).It was also found that the analytical precision of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes had a significant effect on parameter estimation using isotopic information.

Rapid chemical vapor infiltration of C/C composites

With liquid petrol gas(LPG)as carbon source,carbon felt as porous perform and hydrogen as diluent,C/C composites were fast fabricated by using a multi-physics field chemical vapor infiltration(MFCVI)process in a self-made furnace.A set of orthogonal experiments were carried out to optimize parameters in terms of indices of density and graphitization degree.The results show the optimal indices can be achieved under the conditions of temperature 650℃,LPGconcentration 80%,gas flux 60 mL/s, total pressure 20 kPa,infiltration time 15 h.The verification experiment proves the effectiveness of the orthogonal experiments. Under the optimal conditions,the graphitization degree of 75%and bulk density of 1.69 g/cm are achieved with a uniform density distribution.At the same time,a new structure is obtained.

Evaluation of Infiltration Capacity and Water Retention Potential of Amended Soil Using Bamboo Charcoal and Humus for Urban Flood Prevention

In Japan, floods occur frequently in urban areas because non-infiltrating areas are seeing increased urbanization. To prevent floods, urban basins must improve the infiltration capacity and water retention of the whole basin. There are several basic technologies for river basin management, such as infiltration trenches or rainwater storage. However, a method of soil amendment that prevents flood disasters has not been established. This study aims to evaluate the infiltration capacity of soil amendments using bamboo charcoal and humus. A constant-head infiltration test and rainfall simulation were conducted to evaluate the properties of the soil amendments. The constant-head infiltration test＇s results showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the greatest potential for influencing initial and final infiltration rates, and the more the mixing rates of bamboo charcoal and humus were increased, the higher the water retention capacity. The results of the rainfall simulation showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the highest final infiltration rates and lowest multiplication spillage. To reduce the runoff volume using soil amendment technology, it is important to delay overland flow, and the hydraulic properties of the soils mixed with bamboo charcoal and humus were as effective as those of granite soils.

Infiltration Experiments in Layered Structures of Upper Porous and Lower Fractured Media

Investigation of infiltration through unsaturated zone which consists of both porous and fractured media is important for comprehensively understanding water circulation and effectively man- aging groundwater resources and contamination control. Infiltration experiments for three kinds of porous-fractured layered structures were conducted with application of a rainfall simulator in this in- vestigation. During experiments, the volumetric water contents of porous media and on the interface of porous-fractured media were monitored by moisture sensors （TDT）. The infiltration rate, water amount in the profile and on the interface between the soil and the fractured bedrock, and outflow from the layered structures were analyzed to identify the effects of porous-fractured interface on water movement in the upper porous media and the effects of various kinds of porous media on infiltration in fractured rocks. It has been observed from the experiment results that the porous media and the frac- tured rock bear considerable reciprocal impact each other on infiltration processes and water content distribution. The results showed fractured rock prevented vertical water movement in the layered structure, and it decreases infiltration rate of layered structure and slows the process for upper porous media saturation.

不同条件下粉碎度及大曲品质研究

制曲原料粉碎后的物料包含大皮、颗粒、细粉三个部分,本实验从钢辊物理特征、使用周期、原料润粮时间等方面探讨其对原料粉碎度影响。实验结果表明,钢辊拉丝角度与深度对物料大皮、颗粒影响较大。随着钢辊使用周期延长,呈现物料大皮偏大、颗粒减少趋势。原料润粮时间以浸润6~9 h为宜。结合季节特性设计粉碎度与水分梯度实验,得出理化指标均衡、感官品质优异的大曲。本实验结果可为中高温制曲生产提供参考。

东北黑土区不同侵蚀程度土壤入渗特征与模拟

土壤入渗与土壤侵蚀密切相关。研究黑土土壤入渗特征对于黑土土壤侵蚀预测与防护有重要作用。为探明不同侵蚀程度黑土的水分运移过程,采用室内土柱实验法观测并评价HYDRUS-1D模型在东北黑土区的适用性。其中,轻度侵蚀土壤表土层A层厚度和淀积层B层厚度分别为30和25 cm,中度侵蚀土壤A层和B层厚度分别为30和10 cm,重度侵蚀土壤A层和B层厚度分别为0和15 cm。结果表明:轻、中、重3种不同侵蚀程度土壤的稳定入渗率分别为0.16、0.25和0.72 cm/h,湿润锋运移速率为2.52、3.32和9.85 cm/h。由于黑土黏重特性,HYDRUS-1D模型在黑土区的适用性较低,轻、中度侵蚀土壤的稳定入渗率分别高估2.5倍和1.6倍,而重度侵蚀土壤的稳定入渗率低估0.4倍,其中中度侵蚀的土壤入渗的拟合结果相对较好,可为土壤水蚀过程模拟和水土流失治理提供基础依据。

排水沥青路面超渗流行为时空分布规律的试验研究

为探究排水沥青路面在不同降雨环境下真实的超渗流行为,并弥补现有渗水试验表征排水能力的不足,以目标空隙率为20%和22%、公称最大粒径为13.2 mm的排水沥青混合料(PAC-13)为研究对象,基于自主研发的降雨排水试验装置,采用降雨峰值比例为0.4、降雨历时为30 min的广州地区芝加哥雨型进行室内降雨试验和数据分析;探明重现期分别为0.5,1,2,10,50,100 a的降雨强度下,合成坡度为2.5%的路面超渗流行为时空分布规律;提出以极限降雨强度、超渗流水位曲线和径流时间参数来综合评价排水路面的排水性能。结果表明:(1)自主研发的降雨排水装置能得到排水沥青路面超渗流行为的时空分布规律;(2)20%和22%空隙率试验组的极限降雨强度分别为1.6 mm/min和2.0 mm/min,试验最大径流均出现在峰值降雨阶段,出现的位置一般在距离道路中心线0.7~1.5 m之间;(3)提升空隙率可以在一定程度上减少径流量的大小;(4)超渗流水位曲线越平缓,其内部渗流越流畅,排水能力越好;(5)超渗流水位曲线越集中,其排水能力越接近极限;(6)增加空隙率对路面径流的水膜厚度影响有限,但对路面径流的持续时间有着良好的削减作用,重现期越长这种削减作用越强,同时还能降低径流量持续时间随着重现期的增大而增加的速率。

渗流运动虚拟仿真实验平台设计与实现

下渗实验与井流实验是水文地质学科专业基础教学的重要实践内容,灵活开展定水头、变水头下渗及潜水、承压水井流实验是对本科生专业技能训练的基本要求。由于实验设备与空间不足,在有限学时内,无法为学生呈现完整的实验过程,且渗流运动发生于看不见摸不到的地面以下,对其理解具有一定难度,制约实验教学效果。为此,设计包气带—饱和带渗流运动模拟虚拟仿真实验平台,涵盖实验导学、下渗实验与井流实验等主要环节,重点模拟包括野外样品采集与理化性质测试、装填土柱等基本实验操作环节,同时拓展降水条件下,野外变水头下渗及井流过程的交互式虚拟仿真实验。通过可视化的仿真结果,帮助学生理解下渗及井流过程,为提升水文地质专业实践教学效果提供了一种有效途径。

土壤水分运动空间变异性尺度效应的染色示踪入渗试验研究

探讨了土壤水非均匀流动特性和描述方法,通过染色示踪剂调查了三种试验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式,并采用随机层叠模型对不同实验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式进行了模拟。随机层叠模型中具有对数正态分布性质的随机层叠发生器被用来描述水流入渗过程,不同的方法被用于模型参数求解。试验观测和模拟计算结果均表明,尺度特性是非均匀流动的重要影响因素之一,准确的描述不同研究尺度下的非均匀流动特征,须同时考虑流动在水平和垂直方向的变异性。随着研究尺度的增加,流动的非均匀性变异程度更加明显。

土壤渗透系数测定与计算方法的探讨

为准确地测定土壤渗透系数,采用能态学的观点,分析了双环入渗法和环刀法测定土壤饱和渗透系数时饱和土体中压力势的分布规律,根据达西定律定量研究了双环入渗法和环刀法测定土壤渗透系数的计算方法。结果表明,土壤饱和渗透系数大于双环入渗法测定的稳定入渗速率;当采用双环入渗法和环刀法测定土壤的饱和渗透系数时,土壤剖面土壤水压力势分布规律不同。因此,这2种测定方法对应的计算饱和渗透系数的公式也不同。

大田原生盐碱荒地入渗特性的试验

为揭示原生盐碱荒地土壤的入渗特性,基于大田原生盐碱荒地4个试验点的原位土壤入渗试验,并与非盐碱土壤入渗特性比较,探讨了盐碱荒地土壤的入渗的过程和特性。结果表明:原生盐碱荒地的入渗过程与非盐碱荒地相类似,但其累积入渗量和入渗率远小于非盐碱地,且入渗率的衰减速度远快于非盐碱地,究其原因是由其水力传导度小所导致,而水力传导度小的根本原因是由于盐碱土壤中含有较多的交换性钠离子;盐碱土壤的累积入渗量和相对稳定入渗率与其含盐量、Na+离子含量间呈反比例关系;其入渗过程也可用Kostiakov模型来表征,用与Kostiakov两参数模型结合的分段模型可获得更好的表征精度。研究结果对于推进土壤水分运动理论的研究具有一定的意义,可为原生盐碱荒地的改良提供技术支撑。

土壤干缩裂缝几何特征对入渗的影响

通过碘-淀粉染色示踪试验,结合数字图像处理技术,分析了裂缝宽度、深度及表面裂缝面积率3个裂缝表征参数对土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明：大裂缝即实际宽度大于1.25 cm的裂缝,其入渗深度超过45 cm,能够促进土壤水分入渗,为水分运移提供明显的优先通道,随着大裂缝宽度的增加,入渗深度在45～65 cm范围内变化,没有明显的规律,小裂缝对入渗的作用不明显。裂缝深度较小时,土壤水分可看作一维半无限均匀运动,而深度较大的裂缝对入渗的影响显著,土壤水分运移表现出明显的优先流特征。表面裂缝面积率与湿润的土体体积具有良好的正相关关系（r=0.95）,建立了一元回归模型,并提出以表面裂缝面积率作为裂缝对入渗影响程度的表征指标,面积率越大,裂缝对入渗的作用越明显。

风水两相侵蚀对坡面产流产沙特性的影响

为了研究黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区两相侵蚀的交互作用,该试验采用风洞和模拟降雨相结合的方法,探讨了风水两相侵蚀条件下坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙特征。结果表明:相对于未风蚀处理,中度风蚀处理(风速14m/s)使坡面产流时间延长,轻度风蚀处理(风速11m/s)对产流时间影响不大(P>0.05);风蚀处理(风速11m/s、14m/s)使坡面入渗率降低2.9%～10.0%,径流强度增加4.5%～21.7%,侵蚀率增加7.3%～39.0%,不同风速间差异不显著(P>0.05),且影响程度均随雨强的增大而降低;风力、水力两种侵蚀营力相互促进导致坡面糙度增大,风速14m/s、雨强100mm/h时,坡面糙度是风速11m/s、雨强60mm/h时的3倍。研究结果为评价风水两相侵蚀效应提供理论依据。

通信电子线路“渗透式”立体化实验教学模式的构建

分析了实验项目类型多样化的教学模式中课内学时相对不足、教学效果不好的瓶颈问题,提出以"渗透式"为手段,通过把多样化实验项目有机融入到课程设计、毕业设计、课外科技活动以及教师科研等环节,构建"渗透式"立体化层次性实验教学新模式,探索出一条挣脱瓶颈、全面开展实验、项目类型多样化的教学有效途径,激发了学生学习的兴趣和主动性,切实提高了实验教学效果和教学质量。

考虑气压势影响的降雨入渗数值模拟研究

利用一维下渗模型的数值模拟方法研究下渗试验过程中气压势与饱和水力传导度K_s的关系。数值分析表明,可通过由下渗过程中表层湿润的饱和度来折减K_s值的途径考虑气压势的影响,从而改进计算方法。下渗试验的模拟计算结果表明,改进后的方法比常用的方法有更高的精度。

环式入渗仪测量土壤初始入渗率效果试验

提出一种环式入渗试验装置,可以在入渗进行一段时间后,通过观测初始入渗水在土壤剖面的分布,估量初始入渗的过程。该入渗环为可拆分的两个半环,以便通过观察入渗水分在土壤剖面的分布估计初始入渗特性。论述了环的构成和测量过程与方法。同时用有机玻璃圆管装填土样,对比观察模拟真实一维入渗过程。用采自北京的粉壤土和该试验装置进行土壤入渗试验。试验分为3种入土打击能量:1、2、4 kg铁锤,自1 m高处自由落体打击入渗环入土。土壤干体积容积密度分别为:1.2、1.3、1.4 g/cm3。每次试验均向环内注入2 L水,每组试验进行2次重复。入渗环内土壤湿润土体表明,实际发生的土壤入渗为由环壁向环内土壤的径向入渗和由地表向下垂直入渗构成,环壁与土壤剖面间产生的优先流极大地影响了初始土壤入渗率的测量精度。在初始入渗阶段,由环壁向土体的水平径向入渗宽度和由地表向土体的垂直入渗深度近似相等,垂直入渗深度是水平径向入渗宽度的1.001倍。环式入渗仪测得的土壤初始入渗率为模拟真实一维入渗率的3.3倍。研究结果可为环式入渗仪测量结果的评估提供参考。

改变入渗强度的地下水流模式实验

自Tóth提出地下水流系统理论以来,大多学者基于定水头上边界的解析解或数值模拟研究地下水流系统发育特征,尤其是多级水流系统模式。认为复杂的盆地"地形势"就会发育多级地下水流系统,简单地形发育单一地下水流系统。利用自主研发的地下水流系统砂槽模型进行系列实验发现,实验条件下(模型尺寸、介质和多个河谷不变)水流系统的发育受控于降水入渗强度。得出随着降水入渗强度的增大,水流系统模式由单一的区域水流系统,到复杂的多级次水流系统,再到局部的水流系统的结论;盆地多个势汇中,只有实际成为地下水排泄点的汇势才能影响地下水流系统模式,而其他的势汇只是可能的潜在势汇。实验表明,用定流量上边界(降水入渗强度)能够更好地揭示盆地地下水流系统模式发育与变化机理。

土壤大孔隙发育特征对水和溶质输移的影响

在原状土条件下采用单离子示踪和多离子示踪技术各开展了两个入渗试验,通过对比分析试验观测结果研究了各试验区域土壤中大孔隙的存在状况、发育特征及其对入渗示踪剂溶液输移的影响。研究结果表明,试验1(单离子示踪)所在区域土壤中存在贯穿型土壤大孔隙(大孔隙贯穿整个入渗深度范围土层),试验3(多离子示踪)所在区域土壤中存在非贯穿型土壤大孔隙(大孔隙仅发生在上层部分土壤中),而试验2(单离子示踪)和试验4(多离子示踪)所在区域土壤中不存在土壤大孔隙。示踪剂溶液在含有贯穿型土壤大孔隙的试验1中运移速度更快、入渗深度更大、输移到深层土壤时的浓度更高;贯穿型土壤大孔隙对不同阶段注入的示踪剂溶液的输移能力无显著差异。与贯穿型土壤大孔隙不同,试验3中出现的非贯穿型土壤大孔隙对中间阶段(第二阶段)注入的示踪剂溶液的输移能力最大,而对第一、三阶段注入的示踪剂溶液的输移能力相对较小。