Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its relation with antiHBc

AIM： To investigate the relationship between serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor （sIL-2R） level and anti-HBc in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection. METHODS： Sera from 100 patients with chronic HBV infection and 30 healthy controls were included in this study. The patients were divided into group A [HBsAg （＋）, HBeAg （＋） and anti-HBc （＋）, n = 50] and group B [HBsAg （＋）, HBeAg （＋） and anti-HBc （-）, n = 50]. sIL-2R levels were determined using ELISA. HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase （ALT） were also detected. RESULTS： Serum sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic HBV infection than in healthy controls. Moreover, serum sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in patients with HBsAg （＋）, HBeAg （＋） and antiHBc （＋） （976.56±213.51×10^3 U/L） than in patients with HBsAg （＋）, HBeAg （＋） and anti-HBc （-） （393.41±189.54 ×10^3 U/L, P〈 0.01）. A significant relationship was found between serum sIL-2R and ALT levels （P〈 0.01） in patients with chronic HBV infection, but there was no correlation between sIL-2R and HBV DNA levels. The anti-HBc status was significantly related to the age of patients （P〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： The high sIL-2R level is related to positive anti-HBc in chronic hepatitis B patients. Positive anti-HBc may be related to T-lymphocyte activation and negative anti-HBc may imply immune tolerance in these patients.

Changes in soluble interleukin-2 receptor level in serum and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen of infertile men caused by antisperm antibody

Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.

Study of the Effect of Leeching on Plasma Endothelin and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective: to explore the mechanism of leeching in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Forty-four patients with SLE were randomly divided into conventional corticosteroid treated group (control group, n =20) and conventional treatment group with leeching intervention added (leeching group, n =24). Before and after treatment the concentration of plasma endothelin (ET) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were determined. Results: Before treatment the level of plasma ET and sIL-2R in the SLE patients were all higher than those in the normal healthy group, ( P <0.01). But after treatment the level of these in both groups were significantly improved than those of before treatment ( P <0.05), and comparison between these two treated groups showed that the difference between them was significant ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Leeching added to conventional treatment of SLE could be more effective in improving the level of plasma ET and sIL-2R, and ameliorating the impairment of renal tissues.

Elevated pancreatic enzymes, IgM, soluble interleukin-2 receptor in anti-GADab(+) type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes can be classified into immune-mediated diabetes (type 1A) and idiopathic diabetes, which lacks immunological evidence for beta cell autoimmunity (type 1B). Type 1A diabetes is characterized by the presence of the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (anti-GADab). Fulminant type 1 diabetes is classified as type 1B diabetes, and characterized by the absence of anti-GADab, flu-like symptoms, and elevated serum exocrine pancreatic enzymes. We report a type 1 diabetic patient who showed flu-like symptoms, elevated serum exocrine pancreatic enzymes, and an extremely high-titer of anti-GADab, manifesting the characteristics of both type 1A and fulminant type 1 diabetes.

Effects of Aprotinin on Serum Interleukin-2 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Interleukin-2 and its receptor are of importance in regulating immunity responses. The changes of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) during heart valve (s) replacement operation and effects of aprotinin on them were observed. Twenty patients undergoing heart valve (s) replacement were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n=10) and apro- tinin group (n=10). In aprotinin group, 1 000 000 KIU aprotinin was given by vein injection and then 2 000 000 KIU was given as a bolus in prime. Blood samples were collected before CPB, right after CPB and on the 1st, 3rd and 7th postoperative day (POD) for serum IL-2 and sIL-2R determination. Results showed that after CPB, IL-2 was reduced and slL-2R increased. Meanwhile, serum IL-2R was lower in aprotinin group than that of control. It is concluded that the immunity depression after CPB is associated with low level of IL-2 and high level of sIL-2R and aprotinin can ameliorate the situation.

Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor-Alpha (sIL-2Rα) in the Peripheral Blood of Dogs—Comparison of Malignant Neoplasia with Other Diseases

Background: Cytokines are mediators of diseases. Expression levels in the blood could be of clinical relevance. Objective: sIL-2Rα is used as a marker for different malignancies in human medicine. The aim of this study was to show if sIL-2Rα is detectable and if there is any correlation to different diseases in dogs. Methods: For this purposes sIL-2Rα concentrations in the blood were measured in healthy dogs, in dogs with different non-neoplastic diseases and benign tumors and in dogs with malignant tumors. Serum levels of sIL-2Rα were measured by using a human specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Measurement of sIL-2Rα was successful in most of the samples. Dogs with diseases have significantly increased serum levels of sIL-2Rα compared to healthy controls. sIL-2Rα serum levels are higher in patients with non-neoplastic diseases and benign tumors than in those with malignant neoplasia. There is a strong correlation between sIL-2Rα and leukocyte count. Conclusion: Measurements of sIL-2Rα in serum may be helpful in detecting stages and grades of inflammation in the progression of disease. sIL-2Rα could actually not be used as an indicator for malignant diseases in dogs like in humans. The strong correlation between sIL-2Rα and the leukocyte count indicates the inflammatory response to the disease. This could be helpful in giving a prognosis in some cases, because the inflammatory reaction is of prognostic relevance in different diseases including malignant and non-malignant neoplasia. Although the results of our research studies were very promising, further studies should be performed with a canine ELISA.

DETECTION OF PLASMA SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN－2 RECEPTOR IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS B

Plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in patients with chronic active hepatitis B (CAHB) or severe hepatitis B (SHB) were measured quantitatively by 'sandwich' ELISA with monoclonal antibodies in order to explore the change of sIL-2R levels, its clinical significance,and its relation to liver damage. The results showed that the plasma sIL-2R levels in patients with CAHB and SHB were much higher than those in normal controls (P < 0. 01 ), and the level ofplasma sIL-2R in patients with SHB was greatly higher than that in patients with CAHB. These results suggest that there is close relation between plasma level of sIL-2R, the clinical types of hepatitis B,and the severity of liver damage. In addition, there is no significant difference in plasma levels of sIL-2R between acute severe hepatitis B (ASHB), subacute severe hepatitis B (SASHB), and chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB). No relation was found between sIL-2R level and hepatitis B virusreplication activity.

TSH抑制疗法对分化型甲状腺癌患者术后血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R及T淋巴细胞亚群水平的影响

目的:探讨促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)抑制疗法对分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)患者术后血清甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、肿瘤特异性生长因子(tumors pecific growth factor,TSGF)、白细胞分化抗原44变异型6(CD44V6)、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(soluble interleukin-2receptor,sIL-2R)及T淋巴细胞亚群水平的影响。方法:选择2014年1月~2017年1月我院收治的接受甲状腺全切手术治疗的100例DTC患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,各50例。对照组患者常规给予甲状腺素替代治疗,实验组患者给予TSH抑制疗法(口服左甲状腺素钠片,控制血清TSH水平低于0.1mU/L),两组患者均给予治疗1个月。比较两组患者治疗前后血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平及外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+水平。结果:两组治疗前的血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平比较,均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组治疗后的血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平相比治疗前均较低,且实验组治疗后血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平变化均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗前的外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+水平比较,均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组治疗后的外周血CD3^+、CD4^+水平相比治疗前均较高、CD8^+水平相比治疗前均较低,且实验组治疗后血外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+水平变化均优于对照组,具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:DTC行甲状腺全切手术治疗后接受TSH抑制疗法能够有效降低血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平,改善细胞免疫功能,值得在临床上推广应用。

支气管肺炎患儿治疗前后血清SIL-2R和白三烯测定的临床意义

目的探讨了血清可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(SIL-2R)和半胱氨酰白三烯(LTS)水平在支气管肺炎患儿治疗前后的变化及意义。方法应用ELISA对35例支气管肺炎患儿进行了血清SIL-2R和LTS测定,并与30例正常儿作比较。结果支气管肺炎患儿在治疗前血清SIL-2R和LTS水平非常显著地高于正常儿组(P<0.01)。治疗后2周后血清SIL-2R和LTS水平与正常儿比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论检测支气管肺炎患儿血清中SIL-2R和LTS水平可作为病情预后判断的重要指标。

血小板减少性紫癜患儿治疗前后血清IL-2、SIL-2R检测的临床意义

目的:分析了31例血小板减少性紫癜患儿治疗前后血清IL-2、SIL-2R水平的变化。方法:采用放射免疫分析检测患者血中IL-2含量和ELISA法检测SIL-2R含量,并与35名正常健康儿童作比较。结果:治疗前血清IL-2水平明显低于正常人,SIL-2R水平明显高于正常人(P<0.01),经1个月治疗后,血清IL-2和SIL-2R与正常人比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:观察血小板减少性紫癜患者的免疫功能变化与患者的病情和预后密切相关。

Expression of sIL-2R before and after Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer

Objective： To investigate the difference of peripheral blood sIL-2R before and after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients, and evaluate the clinical value of the sIL-2R in breast cancer＇s diagnosis and therapy. Methods： The peripheral blood sIL-2R levels of the breast cancer patients with or without chemotherapy were detected by ELISA. The healthy persons were made as the control group. Results： The sIL-2R levels of the breast cancer patients were higher than that of the control group（P（0.05）; the sIL-2R＇s levels in I^II stage breast cancer were lower than that in Ill^IV stage breast cancer （P（0.05）; the sIL-2R levels of the patients before chemotherapy were higher than that of the patients undergone chemotherapy（P（0.05）; The level of the patient with chemotherapy was still higher than that of the control group （P（0.05）; the sIL-2R levels of the patients whose chemotherapies were noneffective were higher than that of the patients received effective chemotherapies （P（0.05）. There was no significant difference between the group with ER（＋） or PR（＋） and the group with ER（-） or PR（-）（P〉0.05）. Conclusion： The breast cancer patients have the high sIL-2R levels. There is a close relationship between the cancer incidence and the patients, immune situation. The level of sIL-2R could be a clinical index which can be used for evaluating the cancer degree, because the higher levels of sIL-2R can indicate that the immune ability of patient is worse. There is a significant difference between the sIL-2R levels of the patients before chemotherapy and that of the patients undergone chemotherapy.

Effect of Kang’ai Injection (康艾注射液) on Serum Level of Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Esophageal Carcinoma during Radiotherapy

Objective： To observe the effect of Kang＇ai Injection （康艾注射液, KAI） on serum level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor （sIL-2R） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in patients with esophageal carcinoma （EC） during radiotherapy （RT）, and to investigate its synergistic effect with RT and its influence on immunological function of the body. Methods： One hundred and seventy patients with EC, who had missed the chance of surgical operational therapy, were assigned to the treated group （90 cases） and the RT group （80 cases）, and at the same time a control group consisting of 80 inpatients without tumors was set up. Patients in the RT group were treated with RT alone but KAI was given additionally to those in the treated group, with 50 ml given once per day via intravenous dripping, 15 days as one course, and 2 courses administered in total. The immediate therapeutic efficacy and changes of serum slL-2R and VEGF levels were observed, and the effect of KAI on patients＇ quality of life （QOF） was evaluated by Karnofsky scoring. Results： In 16 patients of the treated group it was completely remission （OR）, in 54 partially remission （PR）, in 18 it was stabilized disease （SD） and in 2 progressive disease （PD）, with the total effective rate （CR ＋ PR） as 77.8%, while in those of the control group it was 12, 46, 18, 4 and 72.5%, respectively, the immediate therapeutic efficacy in the treated group was somewhat better than that in the RT group, but showed no statistical significance （P〉0.05）. Serum levels of slL-2R and VEGF in all the patients before treatment were higher than those in the control group, which were decreased after treatment in both groups （P〈0.05）, but the improvement in the treated group was better than that in the RT group, showing significant difference （P〈0.05）, and patients＇ QOF improved more significantly in the former as well （62.2 % vs 40.0%, P〈 0.05）. Conclusion： KAI in combination with RT in treating patients with EC could enhance the immunological function of patients, improve their QOF and enhance their sensitivity to RT.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ELEVATED SERUM SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR IN GASTRIC CANCER

This is China’s pilot stndy in the assessment of the diagnostic value of serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in gastric cancer.We measured its level by ELISA method in 45 patients with gastric cancer (without metastasis:32;with metastasis:5;recurrence:8)27 gastric ulcer,

血清可溶性白细胞介素2受体表达与急性淋巴细胞性白血病复发的关系

目的: 探讨血清可溶性白细胞介素2受体(solubilityinterleukinreceptor,sIL 2R)表达水平与急性淋巴细胞性白血病(acutelymphoblasticleukemia,ALL)复发的关系。方法:采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法,检测48例ALL患者初诊、复发未治疗前及第1次完全缓解后sIL 2R表达水平。结果:ALL初诊组和复发组sIL 2R表达水平显著高于正常对照组,而在ALL缓解组与正常人比较,差异没有统计学意义;初诊或复发组患者sIL 2R水平显著高于缓解组;动态观察30例患者发现,治疗有效达到完全缓解时sIL 2R水平明显下降, 而病情复发时患者sIL 2R水平显著上升,sIL 2R水平上升出现在骨髓细胞形态学确诊之前一个月左右。结论:动态检测完全缓解后患者sIL 2R表达水平,有利于ALL复发早期诊断。

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma co-occurring with hepatitis C virus infection: A mathematical model

AIM: To develop a mathematical model for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a panel of serum proteins in combination with α-fetoprotein (AFP).METHODS: Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-8, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF-RII), proteasome, and β-catenin were measured in 479 subjects categorized into four groups: (1) HCC concurrent with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (n = 192); (2) HCV related liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 96); (3) Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) (n = 96); and (4) Healthy controls (n = 95). The R package and different modules for binary and multi-class classifiers based on generalized linear models were used to model the data. Predictive power was used to evaluate the performance of the model. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis over pairs of groups was used to identify the best cutoffs differentiating the different groups.RESULTS: We revealed mathematical models, based on a binary classifier, made up of a unique panel of serum proteins that improved the individual performance of AFP in discriminating HCC patients from patients with chronic liver disease either with or without cirrhosis. We discriminated the HCC group from the cirrhotic liver group using a mathematical model (-11.3 + 7.38 × Prot + 0.00108 × sICAM + 0.2574 × β-catenin + 0.01597 × AFP) with a cutoff of 0.6552, which achieved 98.8% specificity and 89.1% sensitivity. For the discrimination of the HCC group from the CHC group, we used a mathematical model [-10.40 + 1.416 × proteasome + 0.002024 × IL + 0.004096 × sICAM-1 + (4.251 × 10-4) × sTNF + 0.02567 × β-catenin + 0.02442 × AFP] with a cutoff 0.744 and achieved 96.8% specificity and 89.7% sensitivity. Additionally, we derived an algorithm, based on a binary classifier, for resolving the multi-class classification problem by using three successive mathematical model predictions of liver disease status.CONCLUSION: Our proposed mathematical model may be a useful method for the early detection of different statuses of liver disease co-occurring with HCV infection.

Effect of Shenmai Injection(参麦注射液)on sIL-2R NK and LAK Cells of Patiente with Advanced Carcinoma

Serum interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level , activities of natural killer cell (NK) and lym-phokine activated killer (LAK) cells were determined in 60 patients with advanced carcinoma (AC) beforeand after treatment with Shenmai Injection (SMI) , forty healthy persons were taken as non-carcinoma control(NC) . The results showed that: Serum slL-2R level in AC were much higher than those in NC (P<0.05) andactivities of NK and LAK cells in AC were much lower than those in NC ( P< 0. 05) before treatment. Therewas no significant difference among gastric, colonic and lung cancer ( P >0. 05) . After treatment with SMI, itwas found that the level of slL-2R in all patients were obviously lowered ( P< 0. 05) while the activities of NKand LAK cells were signifficantly higher than that prior the treatment ( P < 0. 05) . Relevancy was not foundbetween sIL-2R and NK , LAK cells. These data suggested that the immune function was compromised in AC,and SMI has a wide effect of immuno-regulation.

Arachnoid cell involvement in the mechanism of coagulation-initiated inflammation in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective： To assess if arachnoid cells have the capability to present antigen and activate T-lymphocytes after stimulation by bloody cerebrospinal fluid （CSF）, and to illuminate the mechanism of coagulation-initiated inflammation in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage （SAH）. Methods： Arachnoid cells were cultured, characterized, and examined by immunofluorescence for the basal expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR （HLA-DR）, Expression of HLA-DR, after co-culturing arachnoid cells in vitro with bloody CSF, was investigated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry （FCM）. The variation of arachnoid cells＇ ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Arachnoid cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs）. The content of soluble interleukin-2 receptor （slL-2r） in culture medium was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results： （1） Arachnoid cells were successfully cultured for many passages. The immunofluorescent staining was positive for HLA-DR in over 95% of the human arachnoid cells. The punctate HI_A-DR was distributed in cytoplasm and not in the karyon. （2） After co-culturing arachnoid cells in vitro with bloody CSF, numerous particles with strong fluorescence appeared in the cytoplasm on Day 6. On Day 8, the quantity of particles and fluorescent intensity were maximal. FCM showed that the percentage of HLA-DR expressing cells was （2.5＋_0.4）% at the first 5 d, increasing to （60.8＋_3.6）% on Day 7. （3） After co-culturing arachnoid cells in vitro with bloody CSF, many lysosome and secondary lysosome particles were present in the cytoplasm. Hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic re- ticulum and enlarged cysts were observed, with numerous phagocytizing vesicles also observed at the edge of the arachnoid cells. （4） Arachnoid cells stimulated by bloody CSF were co-cultured in vitro with PBMCs. The content of slL-2r in the culture medium, having been maintained at around 1.30 ng/ml during the first 3 d, had increased by Day 4. The content of slL-2r peaked 7.53 ng/ml on Day 7 and then reduced gradually. Conclusions： （1） Basic HLA-DR expression is present in arachnoid cells. （2） After stimulation by bloody CSF, arachnoid cells have the potential to serve as antigen presenting cells （APCs） and the ability to activate T-lymphocytes, indicating that arachnoid cells are involved in the mechanism of coagulation-initiated inflammation in the subarachnoid space after SAH.

Preliminary Study on Efficacy of Oxymatrine in Treatment of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of oxymatrine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and todiscuss its mechanism. Methods: Forty-three patients with chronic HCV infection were randomly divided intothe treated group (20 cases) and the control group (23 cases). The treated group was given oxymatrine 600 mgper day intramuscularly for three months, and the control group was given the general liver protective agentssuch as vitamins. Serum HCV-RNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), soluble interleukin--2 receptor and collagen type tV (IV-C) were determined before and after treatment. Results: Eight out of 17 HCV-RNA-positive(47. 1 % ) in the treated group converted to HCV-RNA-negative cases, while in 18 cases of the control group,the negative convertion only took place in 1 patient (5. 6% ), the negative conversion rate was significantlyhigher in the treated group than that in the control group (P < 0. 05). The normalization rates of serum ALT ofthe treated group at the end of the first and second month treatment were higher than those of the controlgroup, but after three months treatment, the normalization rates of the two groups were not different significantly. BOth serum levels of IV-C and plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor were significantly reducedafter oxymatrine treatment for three months (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Oxymatrine is effective on eliminatingHCV-RNA and reducing fibrosis activity, so it could be a safe, effective drug in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.Keywods: oxymatrine; hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid; soluble interleukin-2 receptor; collagen typeⅢ